Strength Analysis of a Container Lashing on the Container Ship by
using Finite Element Method
Totok Yulianto
1
, Septia Hardy Sujiatanti
1
, Rizky Chandra Ariesta
1
and Muhammad Rifqi Aufar
1
1
Department of Naval Architecture, Faculty of Marine Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya,
Indonesia
Keywords: Strength Analysis, Container Lashing, Finite Element Method
Abstract: Lashing is a safety equipment on the ship which is used to tie containers. Lashing system is divided into two
parts, they are turnbuckle and lashing bars. The purpose of this study is to find the lashing strength value when
the ship conditions are on an even keel and tilted with angles 10º, 20º, 30º and 40º using finite element method.
In addition to tilted angles, the calculations are varied against the rotation of small, medium and large
turnbuckles. The results are shown in stress value. The minimum force which obtained is 230,000 N with a
variation of rotation reach the minimum tensile force is small turnbuckle on rotation 398.45°, medium
turnbuckle 318.76° and large turnbuckle 227.69°. On small turnbuckle, when the ship tilted up to 40º, the
rotation limit which added from minimum tensile strength is about 120° with stress value 766.86 MPa. On
medium turnbuckle, the rotation limit is about 60º with stress value 713.48 MPa. On large turnbuckle, the
rotation limit is about 60º with stress value 749.22 MPa. From all those three sizes of the turnbuckle, the most
suitable turnbuckle for lashing system on 1 tier container 20 feet is medium turnbuckle.
1 INTRODUCTION
Almost Every year ships in Indonesia are problematic
which results in an accident. One of the accidents that
are stability factor from moving load. Around one
year ago exactly March 2016 were accidents at Bali
Strait which results seven people died. That is KMP
Rosalia II who had an accident when sailing from
Java to Bali. This is the fourth ship to sink at that area,
previous accidents occurred in 1960, 1994 and 2000.
KMP Rosalia sank because it was alleged that the
sailing permit was uncertain, overloaded, and
unstable when sailing because the cargo was not in
accordance with the procedure.
Some literature tells about the power, including
the wing tank strength of the tanker ship can be said
to be effective, if the calculation of stress results in
small condition (Sanjaya, et.al, 2017). Installation
two part of wave bulkhead be resulted in big stress
better more than the stress of one part, in this research
can relations between lashing bars and turnbuckle
(Rabbani, et.al, 2017). If stress results do not meet the
standard, stress can be compared with the yield
strength of material (Chabibi, 2013). Material
strength can be said to be safe if it meets maximum
stress criteria (Pramono, et.al, 2016).
In this research the calculation of lashing strength
on ship container when even keel condition and tilted
condition. The stress of lashing have strong pull force
and back be original condition have press force. In
Park Journal the stress of lashing adjusts with pull
force for rotate system element which has on the
turnbuckle, but the principle turnbuckle is
conventional whose can’t force pull calculation
without certain measurement equipment. So, in this
research that is calculation lashing stress when even
keel and tilted condition because rotate of turnbuckle
on a container ship and can know who better effective
turnbuckle for the strength of lashing.
2 LITERATURE REVIEWS
Lashing function by SOLAS Chapter VI Regulation
5 is Cargo and cargo units carried on or under deck
shall be so loaded, stowed and secured as to prevent
as far as is practicable, throughout the voyage,
damage or hazard to the ship and the persons on
board, and loss of cargo overboard. Fastening from
lashing have four points and two sides on the
container. Part of lashing that is lashing bars on the
Yulianto, T., Sujiatanti, S., Ariesta, R. and Aufar, M.
Strength Analysis of a Container Lashing on the Container Ship by Using Finite Element Method.
DOI: 10.5220/0008375401010105
In Proceedings of the 6th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management (ISOCEEN 2018), pages 101-105
ISBN: 978-989-758-455-8
Copyright
c
 2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
101

top and turnbuckle on the bottom of lashing which
useful tighten and locked when cruising Firmansah
and Yulianto, 2013).
The turnbuckle is fastening of the container which
can be loosened and tighten of lashing system
container. Turncbukle used too rigging for steel or
steel rope. Turnbuckle must be used in a line. The
specification must be given to prevent overloading.
During tension, turnbuckle strength must avoid
whose can deformation. If turnbuckle begins
deformed, tension must be reduced immediately and
every part broke to be replaced. When the worst
situation, this is must be calculated when choosing
product correctly which used for application Park,
2016).
Lashing bars is one of equipment safety used for
fastening container when cruise which will be
connected with turnbuckle (Australian Standard,
2001).
2.1 Stress-strain
If  is a total extension of long begin L which
reviewed then extension per unit epsilon () of long
is as follow:

∆

(1)
Extension of stem or system can be obtained from:
∆
δ
360
P (2)
The force of intensity which perpendicular or
normal for the normal stress of one point, the symbol
with  (ASTM, 2001). The result of stress more than
big because of the rotation of turnbuckle against
lashing. So that must have been adjustments stress to
the rotation system of the turnbuckle. A certain Stress
is considered true for one point, mathematically
defined as follows:



(3)
Where:
 = Stress (N/m²)
F = Force (N)
A = Area (m²)
2.2 Permissible Stress
Determination of stress will not be meaningful at all
without carrying out physical testing of material in
the laboratory which provides information about the
resistance of a material to stress. In the test mentioned
a rod is given a tensile stress by being given a load
until it finally breaks, the force needed to break is
called ultimate load. For the design of parts of the
structure of stress level is called the permit stress is
made lower than ultimate strength obtained from a
safety factor. Permit stress is set so that the material
strength is in a safe state. If stress exceeds stress
permit material properties will approach plastic
which cannot return to its original shape. The
maximum material will be damaged when stress
reaches the ultimate stress (Shoberg, 2016).
  





(4)
Permit stress can be calculated with having safety
factor which result must more than 1 so that fail can
be avoided. A safety factor of lashing is 1.4 (Shoberg,
2016).
In this research, it is known that tensile strength of
lashing 870 MPa and ultimate stress worth 1080 MPa.
The permissible stress with 1.4 of safety factor is
771.43 MPa.
2.3 Turnbuckle
Turnbuckle as shown in Figure 1. Lashing stress is
adjusted with tensile force to the element of rotation
at the turnbuckle, but principally turnbuckle tend
conventionally cannot calculate tensile stress without
equipment specific calculation.
Figure 1: Turnbuckle
The principle of the turnbuckle for tightening of
lashing with rotation indicated by the red color part at
Figure 1. The result of rotation is part of P or stem
which will be near or away from each other (Popov,
1984).
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Finite Element Modeling
The finite element model in this research is
turnbuckle and lashing bars. Turnbuckle use jaw type.
When making turnbuckle model, it is divided into 4
part that is jaw, body, nut, and bolt. Finite element
model of turnbuckle as shown in Figure 2.
After modeling every part, next process assembly
on a gradually. Part modeling before will assembly
ISOCEEN 2018 - 6th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management
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together. The result of assembly every part turnbuckle
and lashing bars as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Finite Element Model
Meshing is a process to divide small element
between the model. The size of element used when
smaller is better. The trial of lashing is method hex
element.
Convergence is carried out to the model lashing
between turnbuckle and lashing rod with 15 mm
element size to 5 mm element size. Model when
convergence proses to do with considering computer
requirement so that meshing proses can running
smoothly. The result of convergence as shown in
Table 1.
Table 1: Result of Convergence
No
Element
Size
(mm)
Nodes
The
Number
of
elemen
t
Stress
(Mpa)
1 15 65804 16682 163.61
2 14 85845 23688 177.4
3 13 102854 28594 194.56
4 12 115112 30681 186.19
5 11 163093 46085 171.98
6 10 189109 49354 180.28
7 9 254603 71786 185.91
8 8 373380 100948 227.54
9 7 522478 148517 264.54
10 6 758847 206684 264.66
Based on the Table 1 it can be seen that modeling
convergence when element sized 7, and the element
will use for determined of stress is element sized 7.
From the result of convergence, size of an element
using every variant of the turnbuckle.
3.2 Loading
First loading was found of strength obtained on
Germanisher Llyod Rules (GL, 2013). First force of
lashing has same value every turnbuckle. First force
value at 240 kN when the rotation of turnbuckle
differently. The force as shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Minimum Force on Rotation of Turnbuckle
Turnbuckle Turnbuckle Rotation ()
Small 398.45
Mediu
m
318.76
Lar
g
e 227.69
On the Table 2 show turnbuckle rotation to reach
maximum worth 230 kN. The value has a certain
rotation so that maximum result meet the permissible
stress when rolling ship. Stress, calculated until angle
40 for ship length of under 100 M (Kobylinski, 2005).
4 Result and discussion
Lashing of stress showed when shipping even keel
and tilted ship for shipping. When even keel condition
there is force first of minimum turnbuckle worth 230
kN. Force of rotation is an increase until 300 rotate
off the turnbuckle. The increase of turnbuckle is in
multiples 60 and maximum when 300 of rotation.
Different rotation because different of the pitch is
from variant turnbuckle which results in different
lashing stress on the same rotation. The stress results
are shown in the following figure.
Figure 3: Lashing Stress in the Even Keel Condition
Strength Analysis of a Container Lashing on the Container Ship by Using Finite Element Method
103

Figure 4: Lashing Stress in the Ship Rolling on 10º
Figure 5: Lashing Stress in the Ship Rolling on 20º
Figure 6: Lashing Stress in the Ship Rolling on 30º
Figure 7: Lashing Stress in the Ship Rolling on 40º
The result of highest lashing is variant of big
turnbuckle rotation compared small turnbuckle and
medium turnbuckle that can be seen in Figure 3 up to
Figure 7. This is because one value of rotation big
turnbuckle is biggest if compared with the other.
When rolling ship condition value of stress on lashing
has increased more than even keel condition, because
when the rolling ship has increased load cause weight
of the container. Increasingly angle of the rolling
ship, higher stress will result.
Variation of turnbuckle which has on catalogue
has a different length. Different length not yet can use
for all size of lashing bars whose size 2400 mm. From
all size different, long of turnbuckle must adjust to
long of lashing bars
For adjusting between the turnbuckle and lashing
bars when the jaw turnbuckle opens half produces a
different length. For length selection when the
turnbuckle is open halfway with the length of lashing
during the 20 feet container binding, the most suitable
can be seen in Table 3.
Variation of size small turnbuckle opens half, the
result of long when installed lashing bars sized
reduced 3580.07 that can be seen Table 3. If binding
container 20 feet condition with 1 tier, from 3
variation size of turnbuckle which meets calculation
container 200 feet can be used medium turnbuckle
variation. That is because of medium turnbuckle if
compared with small turnbuckle can meet
requirement long when combined with lashing bars
and fastening upper 3580.07 mm and tilted condition
40 result of stress still below permit stress that is
731.48 MPa.
Table 3: Comparison of turnbuckle variation
Turnbuckle
variant
Length of
lashing
for
binding
container
[mm]
The
length
required
[mm]
Rotation
of
turnbuckle
on 60º
[MPa]
Small 3580.07 470.07 696.55
Mediu
m
3580.07 143.43 713.48
Lar
g
e 3580.07 271.93 749.22
5 CONCLUSION
According to the analysis and results, this research
can be concluded as follows:
1. A minimum force of lashing is 230000 N with
variation rotation of turnbuckle reach tensile force
minimum that is small turnbuckle when 398.45°
rotation, medium turnbuckle 319.76° rotation and
big turnbuckle 227.69° rotation.
2. On small turnbuckle when tilted ship until 40°
rotation limit which increases of tensile force
ISOCEEN 2018 - 6th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management
104

minimum is 120° rotation with the value of stress
766.86 MPa. For medium turnbuckle worth 60°
with a value of stress 713.48 MPa. Big turnbuckle
of angle rotation which can fulfill is 60° with a
value of stress 749.22 MPa.
3. The most suitable for one tier container 20 feet is
medium turnbuckle size.
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Strength Analysis of a Container Lashing on the Container Ship by Using Finite Element Method
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