Speech Act Power in Narrator’s Story of Jidor Sentula Play

in Jombang

Susi Darihastining

, Endang Sulistianingsih

STKIP PGRI Jombang Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia, East Java, Indonesia

endang.sulistia@gmail.com

Keywords: Speech Act, The Narrator, Pragmatic, Language And Literary Show

Abstract: The pragmatic power lead to interactive image and bring a suggestive way for the spectators. This research

aims to describe (1) the kinds of speech acts used by the narrator in narrative text of Jidor Sentulanwhich is

showed in Jombang, and (2) the pragmatic power of the narrator’s speech act in narrative text of Jidor

Sentulan. This study employed pragmatics theory as primary theoretical framework.. This research used the

descriptive qualitative method. The data source was taken from the narration and Jidor Sentulan context in

Jombang. The data obtained in this research were (1) kinds of speech acts used by the narrator in narrative

text of Jidor Sentulan, and (2) pragmatic power of the narrator’s speech act in narrative text of Jidor

Sentulan. The findings were comprising of: (1) kinds of the speech act of narrator: locution, illocution and

perlocution. The illocution consisted of (i) representative (stated and mention), (ii) directive (direct) dan (iii)

expressive (criticism and praise), (2) Pragmatics power were realized by directive in narrator’s speech act in

literary show of Jidor Sentulan in Jombang: (i) giving information, (ii) impress, (iii) recommend, and (iv)

direct.

1 INTRODUCTION

Language becomes a fundamental element in

communicating. Within interaction process, a human

being should understand what is meant in the on-

going conversation. To encourage fluid and good

communication, people need to pay attention

(parole) on speech acts and linguistics elements

(Allwood, 1976; Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984;

Searle, 1985, 1969a; Trask, 1999). A narrator needs

to master the use of the language along with the

capability of good speech acts. The mastery of a

good speech act will inspire the audience. The

observation results indicate that the play of Jidor

Sentulan has a narrator who is brilliantly able to

narrate the dialogue to attract the audience. During

the play, the narrator will also take a role a

protagonist cast.Within the chanting of play

narration, pure Javanese language with an inclusive

element of Hinduism and Islamic nuance is used.

Jidor Sentulan has four main characters, namely

(Pentul who takes a role as the oldest brother and as

well as a narator), Tembem is a Pentul’s sister,

Mbah Wiraguno acts as a person who has a miracle

in healing Tembem and Kumbang Semendhung who

has animal figures ).

Pragmatics main elements are based on speech

act. Speech act aims to generate sentence by

contributing to generating interactional movements

in the communication process. The speech act theory

was based on, Austin (1962), Pratt (1977), Searle

(1969) , and Searle et al. (1980) statement which

state that when someone says something, he or she

does mean something. Speech acts is defined as an

act done through speech (McCarthy, 2008; Perrault,

1990; Yule, 1996), while others scholars suggest that

speech acts as an element of functional unity in the

communication process (Cohen, 1996; Félix-

Brasdefer, 2010; Hornberger, 1996, 2001;

Kimbrough & Moore, 1997). Therefore, speech acts

are utterances that contain actions as elements of

functional unity in communication that takes into

account aspects of the speech situation.There is also

a distinction between performative and constative

Darihastining, S. and Sulistianingsih, E.

Speech Act Power in Narrator’s Story of Jidor Sentulan Play in Jombang.

DOI: 10.5220/0008218200002284

In Proceedings of the 1st Bandung English Language Teaching International Conference (BELTIC 2018) - Developing ELT in the 21st Century, pages 65-71

ISBN: 978-989-758-416-9

speeches. In the pragmatic contex, it is also needed

to understand the meaning of partner’s speech act.

Pragmatics implies the power of the implied

message or meaning which is contained behind the

speech and attempts to move the speech partner in

interacting in the course of action which is intended

by the speaker behind the utterances and meanings

(Givѓn, 1988; Leech, 1983; Miller, 1990). Pragmatic

power can generate the power of suggestion on the

speech partner and attract the speaker to further

stimulate the meaning. According to Searle (1969),

illocution can be classified into five forms of speech

act, each with a communicative function. The five

forms of speech that indicate function can be

classified as follows: (1) Assertive: speech form that

bind speakers to the truth of the proposition which is

expressed, for example stating, suggesting, boasting,

complaining, and claiming, (2) Directives: speech

form that means to influence the partne to act

according to what is being said, for example,

ordering, commanding, requesting, advising, and

recommending, (3) Expressive: speech form that

serves to express or show the psychological attitude

of the speaker to a situation, such as thanking,

congratulating, pardoning, blaming, praising,

condoling. (4) Commissives: speech form that serves

to declare a promise or offer, for example promising,

vowing, and offering something, (5) Declarations:

speech form that connects the content of speech to

reality, such as resigning, dismissing, christening,

naming, appointing, excommunicating, and

punishing.

According to Austin's theory (1962), what we

say have three kinds of meanings: (1). Meaning

locus; the literal meaning of what is being said, for

example, “It is hot here” which means that the

weather is literally hot here (2) illocution meaning; it

has a social function of what is being said (2) for

example, “it is hot here” which' can be an indirect

demand to ask someone to open the window or

indirect refusal to close the windows because it is

cold, or a complaint which implies that one should

keep a window closed (express firm) (3) Perlocusion

meaning; the effect of what is being said. The

statement “it is hot here” could lead to someone in

opening the door window.

Based on the aforementioned background, the

questions of this research can be formulated as

follows: What are (1) the type of speech actswhich

areused by narrator, namely locution, illocution, and

perlocution, (1a) Illocution consists of (i)

representative (stating), (ii) directive (ruling) and

(iii) the expressive (criticizing and praising). And (2)

How is the pragmatic power realized through

directive speech acts, contained in the the narration

of Jidor Sentulan, namely (i) to provide information,

(ii) influence, (iii) suggest, and (iv) to rule.

2 METHODS

This research used the descriptive qualitatve method.

The data source of this research wasthe narrative and

the context of Jidor Sentulan. Then, the obtained

data in this research are in the form of: (1) speech

act type used by a narrator, namely locutions,

illocution and perlocution in which (1a) illocution

consists of (i) representative (stating), (ii) directive

(ruling) and (iii) the expressive (criticizing and

praising). And (2) the pragmatic power realized

through directive speech acts which are contained in

the narration of Jidor Sentulan, namely (i) to

provide information, (ii) influence, (iii) suggest, and

(iv) rule. To obtained the data, the researchers

employed observation, documents analysis,

interviews and it was assisted by instrument table

which is according to the research formulation of

indicators and descriptors. Then, the data obtained

were analyzed using interactive analysis technique

that consists of data reduction, and conclusion.

Please remember that all the papers must be in

English and without orthographic errors.

3 DISCUSSION

This section provides an explanation of the speech

act types which are contained in the narration of

Jidor Sentulan play. This will discusses the

indicators of the formulation of the issues, namely

(1) the type of speech act used by a narrator, namely

locution, illocution and perlocutionin which (1a)

Illocution consists of (i) representative (stating), (ii)

directive (ruling) and (iii) expressive (criticizing and

praising). And (2) the pragmatic power which is

realized through directive speech act which is

contained in the narration of literary Jidor Sentulan

play, namely (i) to provide information, (ii)

influence, (iii) suggest, and (iv) rule. Jidor Sentulan

is dialogic drama play which is conducted by Pentul

and Tembeb. This performance is well-known

among the local community. Within the local

community, when they conduct an important

occassion, such as wedding party or any cultural

occassion, the players of Jidor Sentulan are asked to

play to entertain the guests. There arefouressential

players who are served as the main character,

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namely Pentul who acts as the oldest brother as well

as the narrator, Tembebis Pentul’s sister, Mbah

Wiraguno who possesses magical power in curing

Tembeb and Kumbang Semendhung figures as an

animal.

Speech acts which are contained in Jidor

Sentulan play and had been transcribed by the

researchers are locution, illocution, and perlocution.

Locution is defined as the literal meaning of certain

statment. While, illocution is a statement which has

a social function and perlocution is defined as an act

which has a function to enable certain effect form

what is being said by the speaker. Additionally,

locution is a statement which has a literal meaning

of certain words, phrases, and sentences. The

sentences below are the examples of representative

speech act which express a fact or reality.

Excerpt (6:40)

"...manungsa minangka iku-

uripanyauripanaurip...." (LKS. SPJD.1)

Translation;

"... man is an alive and mutual struggle for life ...."

Context Information:

Narrator (Pentul) tells Tembeb and the audience

that human beings are alive, need a life and to be

lived. These words were told several times in the

play. Representative speech act expresses a certain

fact or reality within the sentence. The above-

mentioned excerpt, further expresses that human

beings need to struggle to be able to fulfill the basic

essential necessities. “Manungsa iku minang-ka-

urip-uripanyauripana.."(LKS.SPJD.1).

Additionally, it communicates that human

beings should have their own prominent

responsibility regarding the basic necessities.

Illocution speech act is considered having a

social function towards what is being said or

communicated. The example is presented in the

following excerpt.

Excerpt (6:19)

“Aku duwe paguron sing wong sesepuh ing pucuke

gunung Blolok, sing jenenge Mbah Wiroguno….”

(ILKS. SPJD 3)

Translation

"I have a teacher, an old man named

Mbah Wirogunointhe top of the mountBlolok ...."

Context Information:

Pentul mentions and tells that there is a hermitage in

the top of mountain’s Blolok chaired by Mbah

Wiroguno, this aims at informing the spectators as

well as Tembem.

Illocution that took effect in the excerpt above

(ILKS. SPJD 3),the narrator, Pentul,was not only

informed and mentioned that he had a teacher in a

village on a top of the mountain. But Pentul would

like to invite his brother to meet Mbah Wiroguno. It

was the effect of social functions in the form of

illocution with the intention to heal the wounds

bitten by kumbang Semendhung. Also, the narrator

would like to know more about the figure of Mbah

Wiroguno as the elders who had hermitage or a

place of witchery learning or martial training.

Perlocution which takes an effect within a

meaning from what was being said to encourage

certain action or activities is in the form of tangible

response. The example is presented in the following

excerpt.

Excerpt (6:02)

“Mbem Bedhug tengahe lingsir tak rewangi panas-

kepanasan, udan kodanan. Tak rewangi mlebu alas

metu alas, sikil mlentung sajagung-jagung Mbem”.

Sikil rasane gatel-gumatel, yo ngene iki wong rasa-

rasane wong dhuwe tanggung jawab utawa titipan

sa kanca, Mbem Kumbang Semendhung

sarombongan dolan.”(PRL.SPJD2).

Translation

"Mbem, noon I am willing to sunbathe, if it

rain I am rained, go out into the forest, until

blistered feet of grains of corn, Mbem". "Legs feel

itching, this is what it feels responsible for or

obtain a friend’s surrogate,Mbem, Kumbang

Sumendung with the group are going playing."

Mbem, when it is noon I am willing to stay

overheating and when it is rain, I am willing to be

wet. I am willing to go to the forest until my feet are

hurted. My feet are itching, this is what I feel about

responsibility.

Perlocution embodied in the data was

meaningful to the group of Jidor Sentulan for

enterprising play (art activists) to be committed,

responsible for the development of Jidor Sentulan

interests through the efforts and cooperation.

Speech Act Power in Narrator’s Story of Jidor Sentulan Play in Jombang

3.1 Illocutionary: Representative,

Directives, and Expressive

Illocution consists of (1a) illocutionary speech acts

which consist of (i) representative (stating and

mentioning), (ii) directive (ruling) and (iii) the

expressive (criticizing and praising).

a) Representative (stating)

Excerpt (6:15)

“Mulane Mbem selaku dulur rong kilter

cacahe,

wong urip- uripannyauripana.”

(PNJS.DR.PL3)

Translation

“Hence Mbem, as the brothers were only two of

us, let's strive to support each other”

Context Information:

Pentul told Tembem that they are brother andsister.

For they must cooperate with each other in life and

living.

In the above-mentioned excerpt, the

illocutionary acts of the representative states that

they have no people to rely on except they are as a

family. Also, they only can rely on the struggle they

make as well as the cooperation to fulfill their basic

needs.

b) Representative (mentioning)

Excerpt(6:28)

“…wah wis suwe rah ngombe iki, rong dina rong

mbengingelak sangelak-ngelake, ngombe sekngombe

dhisek…..” (PNJS.DR.PGH1)

Translation

“... long time no drink, been not drinking for two

days, and I am really really thristy, gonna drink

first....”

Context Information:

Pentul told that he had no time to eat and drink, for

two days. It is usually done by the player performing

on the stage. So,Pentul wanted to drink at the time.

And as a jokealert the host to provide food from the

partyheld.

Illocutionary speech acts which were

mentioning this, meaning that the team players

had been working overtime Jidor Sentulan in

holding together in such a staging to play perfectly.

Narrator tried to mention the circumstances which

had not been drinking and eating for two these

days that means working hard for staging and solid.

And it was usually done to perfection staging.

c) Directives that are (to rule)

Excerpt (6:41)

“…sabejad-bejate rai, sarusak-rusakelambe

ayo

padhadigugu ucap sakecap, marga yen ana

kedadean mengkene gak urung dulur tuwaya repot

dulur tuwa ya kerepotan.…” (PHJS.FKS.REP3)

Translation:

"... although I am ugly in appearance, my advice as

the elder brother will be kept, if there issomething

wrong then elder brother will be an inconvenience.

That’s the elder brother means for ..."

Context Information:

Pentul asked Tembem to respect, maintain a

relationship with her brother and help each other

because they are still brother and sister.

Directive speech act (ordering) in the narrtion is

presented in the above-mentioned example from the

narrator or Pentul. Pentul, the narrator, asks us to be

respectful and cooperative in order to keep a good

relationship with our relatives, particularly with the

elderly. Social effect within the speech act in the

form of directive brings enables a psychological

effect for the players which are represented as a

sibings. This also enables a social effect for the

spectators which is narrated by the narrator through

the dialogue performed in the stage.

d) Expressive character (criticism)

Excerpt (6:21)

“Mbem ayo padhadirungokna dibuka kuping

tengen, dikipatna kupingkiwa, sing bener ayo

padha diwasna mata, dulur tuwa yen elek

kecangking, kebag kecangking, Mbah

Wiroguno kula ingkangsowanminangka njaluk

senjata, Mbah kula ingkang sowan.”

(PNJS.DR.PCP2)

Translation

“Mbem let us listen with the right ear, left

ear ignore, which is true we look at, so your

elder brother who bothered too, that what elder

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brother mean, like a jar of water or jug will always

carry, Mbah Wiroguno I come to ask for help,

Mbah It’s me who come before.”

Context Information:

Pentul warns and scolded Tembeb who already

ignore her older brother advice in keeping her pets.

So Tembeb’s hand was bitten by the Kumbang

Semendhung. By saying that the older brother is like

a jug filled with water, if it is fully loaded with

water, it is carried and if it is not loaded, it is also

carried. It means that older brother is always

carriedon the merits of his brother's behavior.

Illocution speech acts which showed criticism is

the illocution speech acts which have the effect of

social criticism on the players and spectators to

better listen to the advice of our older brother.

Because the old brother can provide examples and

elderly relatives are also responsible for our actions

good and bad behavior

e) Expressive Nature (praising)

Excerpt (6:10)

“Muga-muga kekarepanku lan kekarepanmu

bias katulungan, tak suwunnake morang GustiAllah,

bismillah hirrohmannirrohim…salam musalamu

alaikum salamku sing tak tujoake marang Gusti

Allah sing manggone ing tlenge swarga, klisenen

martabat limopancer disekseni para nabi,parawali,

lan bapa Adam dan ibu Hawa. Duh, Gusti dinten

menika sang Wiroguno nyuwun sanjata pitulungan

krana Allah, muga-muga Tembem lan Kumbang

Semendhung bisa mulya.” (PNJS.PTW8)

Translation

"Hopefully, my hope and and your hope can be

achieved, I ask Allah All The Mighty,

bismillahirahmannirrohim ... salam alaikum your

greeting, the greeting for Allah almighty in heaven,

with five siblings press, sanctioned the prophets, the

saints, and the father Adam and mother Eve. God,

Wiroguna pleading for help, hopefully, Tembem and

Kumbang Sumedung can live again.

Context Information

Mbah Wiroguno is trying to heal Temben from

Kumbang Sumedhung’s bite. Mbah Wiroguno

chants a spell while praying to the Almighty Godin

healing Tembem’s hand which was bitten by

Kumbang Semendhung at the time of feeding the

pet. Temben’s wound was a consequence of her

negligence.

Illocution speech act which expresses a praising

is illustrated in the example below. The following

example presents a praising to the Almighty God.

When the player expresses his or her praise to

the Almighty God, it further gives an effect to

both players and spectators. It further encourages

the players and spectators to consistantly worship to

the God and wish for His blessing. The expression

was chanted in Javanese culture which creates a

magical effect during praying.

3.2 Pragmatic Power

Pragmatic power can affect impressions and

messages deeply so as to create in-depth structure

performatively during communication and impact on

the effects of activities or behavior. The pragmatic

power was realized through directive speech acts,

which is contained in the narrator's narrative of Jidor

Sentulan, covering several aspects (i) informing, (ii)

influencing, (iii) suggesting, and (iv) directing.

a) Pragmatics Power of Informing

Excerpt (6:07)

“Tak rewangi mlepes tenaga tak rewangi

pecahe mata, patang puluh sijidina.Ora mangan

sega, ora mangan-mangan nek gak wis kesel,

oraturu-turunek gak wisngantuk, tapi bukti lan

nyatane? Ya sing penting olehwisik lan

padugongaman gawengedang de’wa. Eleko tanpa

rupalandhepe pitungcumukurdisabetna kali, asad

saumpamane, disabetna gunung jugrug lan

takgasak tak lucuti ajur modar sakabehe. Gaman

Tapak Edan tak tamaknaKumbangSemendhung,

kana budhalla jabang bayine Gaman Tapak Edan

njaluk pitulunganne Kumbang Semendhung.”

(PNJS.PTW6)

Translation:

"I have a weapon named Tapak Edan. I get this

weapon when studied on a top ofthe mountain. I was

willing to be imprisoned, did not sleep for forty

days, did not eat rice, and would not eat if not tired,

did not sleep when not sleepy. This evidence and

reality? The important thing is I get a weapon Tapak

Edan to fondle God. The appearance is bad, but the

sharpness is amazing. If (Tapak Edan) insertedinto

the river, the river had dried up. When inserted into

a mountain, the mountain will collapse, and

whatever I lunge will melt. Go (Tapak Edan), I ask

for your help to stab Kumbang Sumendung "

Speech Act Power in Narrator’s Story of Jidor Sentulan Play in Jombang

Context Information:

Pentul tells that the Tapak Edanweapon has a magic

power to cure Tembem’s hand which was bitten by

Kumbang Sumedhung. The magic power of Tapak

Edan is followed by doing meditation regarding the

weapon’s perfection.

Informative pragmatic power was realized

through directive speech act in the narrator’s

narrative text of Jidor Sentulan. Explicitly, Pentul’s

speech informed that Gaman Edan has a magical

power to heal Tembem’s hand which was bitten by

Kumbang Semendhung. Pragmatics suggestive

power wasalso influencedby the use of Javanese

language during the performance which enables a

more suggestive power. In addition, it is influenced

by the use of figurative language in describing

Tapak Edan weapon.

b) Pragmatics Power of Influencing

Excerpt (6:05)

“Ayo dulur digawe seneng tak senengna sanak lan

marang keluwargane. Urip digawe seneng lan

ngguyu, kabeh sesuk tanggung jawab manungsa

Mbem.” (PNJS.PTW4).

Translation:

My brother, let’s be happy with our family. Life

should be happy and laugh; someday every (deed)

will be a human responsibility, Mbem.”

Context Information:

Pentul influences us to always be happy in life and

suggest that obligations should be done with

sincerity.

Speech act which had the power to influence was

stated by Pentul to life happily, excited in seeking

God’s blessing and obligations should be done with

sincerity.

c) Pragmatics of Suggesting

Excerpt (6.32)

“Ayo muga-muga bocah imanne besok isa taat

imanne, apik lan dewasa isaa disumerepi marang

wong tuwa, isa e’ling lan ke’elingang kang iman, isa

nglaksanakno ibadah marang Kang mahakuasa

Mbem, mulane Mbem manungsa iku minangka urip-

uripan yaa uripana,aja duwe wirang lan isin ayo

padha nyambut gawe samlaku panggon, sing

penting kenek digawe tuku lan nyukupi sandang

kelawan pangan.” (PNJS.KUC.ARH1)

Translation:

“Let’s hope this child be keeping his faith, good and

gentle. Dutiful to parents, careful and religious, be

able to pray to God Almighty.” “Mbem..., so man

lives doesn’t have to be ashamed to work hard, as

long as can buy and sufficient the need.”

Context Information:

Pentul asks and suggests humanspray to the

Almighty God, and live in harmony and accept the

destiny and keep the hardwork.

It suggested the activist of Jidor Sentulan to always

strengthen the faith regarding the Almighty God as

well as keeping the hard work and accepting what

has been given by the God.

d) Pragmatics ofDirecting

Excerpt (6:25)

“...Ngertiamarang wong tuwa tolah-toleh marang

tangga lan aja sampek lali....” (PNJS.DR.SKN2)

Translation:

“.....Please, understand the parents and live side by

side and respect each other and don’t forget about

the neighbours.”

Context Information:

Pentul asks the audience and his friends to respect

their neighbours and help each other.

The aforementioned excerpt is the example of

directing speech act. Directive speech act to the

entire spectators and fellow players was intended to

encourage them in doing good deeds and preserve a

good relationship.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The study about speech act power in narrator’s story

of Jidor Sentulan Play in Jombang shows (1) kinds

of the speech act of narrator: locution, illocution and

perlocution. The illocution consisted of (i)

representative (stated and mention), (ii) directive

(direct) dan (iii) expressive (criticism and praise),

(2) Pragmatics power were realized by directive in

narrator’s speech act in literary show of Jidor

Sentulan in Jombang: (i) giving information, (ii)

impress, (iii) recommend, and (iv) direct.

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Speech Act Power in Narrator’s Story of Jidor Sentulan Play in Jombang