Meaning beyond the Clause in Critical Discourse Analysis:

Ideational Function with Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach

Chalimah

, Riyadi Santosa

, Djatmika

, Tri Wiratno

Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36A, Jebres, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia

Keywords: Meaning beyond the clause, Critical discourse analysis, Systemic functional linguistics, Transitivity

Abstract: Critical discourse analysis in the religious context is now a significant issue to be investigated through the

linguistic way because the discourse shows the strength of language. The aim of this research is to make the

world understand and reject the discrimination in religion. This study used descriptive qualitative method to

describe the ideational function by using transitivity analysis to analyze the experiential realities in a

phenomenal speech delivered by one of the religious leaders in Myanmar, Ashin Wirathu, who put a

pressure on Islam. This research drew on finding from a study of verbal social process through Systemic

Functional Linguistics (SFL) to look at discourse critically. The research finding shows that the speech

created the discrimination by showing Buddhist’s insecurity, dissatisfaction, and hatred signs to Muslim

through processes in transitivity. This discrimination is clearly shown from the data: using 62% of verbs

with negative meaning about Muslim in material process; using negation as much as 43% in mental process

about Muslim,; 100% verbal process from Wirathu indicated that all information taken from Wirathu’s only;

using 92% of behavioral process to complain about Muslim ideology; using 61% of relational process to

describe negative value about Muslim.

1 INTRODUCTION

Giving pressure through language has become an

essential thing to be investigated. The power of

language can make many people trust and follow to

do something even it really takes a risk. It creates a

conflict when it deals with the ideology. Ideology is

used by Government and leader of religion to show

their role and their identity.

Critical discourse analysis is used to find out the

implicit code behind the overt propositions in the

social and political context. The discourse shows the

face of the speakers or the writers and it appears as

the same reflection from the past, the recent time, or

even the future. The language shows the value of

culture, norms, belief, and ideology (Caldas-

coulthard & Coulthard 2003); (Pragmatics &

Linguistic 2009).

Referring to history, the crusade war was caused

by the speech delivered by Paus Urbanus II who

wanted to get the land called Jerusalem as their holy

land. He created the war through his speech because

he could convince that war was the right thing to do

to get honor in the God’s side. From critical

discourse analysis, it can be assumed that the

crusade happened not only for the sake of God but it

had other implicit strategy to get position in politic

and economy. It is believed that all religions in this

world actually teaches us peace in fact, differences

among religions become a reason not to live in peace

particularly stimulated by the leader’s speech, for

instance in crusade war done by Paus Urbanus II

(Jackson 2009); (Ul & Wani 2013); (Madaniyah

2015); (Gada 2015); (Prijanto 2017)

The similar conflict recently happens in

Myanmar in Asia especially for the Rohingya

people. They are Islamic people and have conflict

with Buddhist people. The conflict was triggered by

Buddhist leader’s speech named Wirathu. He asked

people to drive out Rohingya people because of

difference in belief, politic, and economic sections

(Mujiraharja 2015).

The research gap of this research is seen from the

different locus, focus, subject of the research, and

the theoretical base. This study investigated the

, C., Santosa, R., , D. and Wiratno, T.

Meaning beyond the Clause in Critical Discourse Analysis: Ideational Function with Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach.

DOI: 10.5220/0008215200002284

In Proceedings of the 1st Bandung English Language Teaching International Conference (BELTIC 2018) - Developing ELT in the 21st Century, pages 14-20

ISBN: 978-989-758-416-9

language power and the implicit language meaning

through oral media, especially for speech delivered

by the religion leader of Buddhist in Myanmar

related to the conflict of Rohingya. This study

focuses on the use of grammar to find out the

meaning beyond the clause through transitivity

analysis.

2 LITERATURE REVIEWS

A large number of researches have conducted a

critical discourse analysis to investigate the power

and the ideology in president’s speech (Wang 2010);

(Alvi et al. 2011); (Kondowe 2014); (Ar, Studi &

Inggris 2015); (Chalimah & Sumarlam 2017); (Al-

momani 2017) however there is limited study on

other leader’s speech such as religion leader

therefore this study attempts to analyze a speech

from a Buddhist’s leader –Wirathu- using (Halliday

1994); (Halliday 1985) on systemic functional

grammar especially for the experiential meaning and

the logical meaning through ideational function.

The ideational function: experiential meaning

reflects the real experience of the participants by

analyzing the process and the circumstance. Its

function is to convey new message or new

information reflecting the events and the

experiences. According to (Santosa 2003) & (Wang

2010), there are six kinds of process in the

experiential meaning: material process, mental

process, verbal process, behavior process, relational

process, existential process.

Material process has a functional meaning to

describe what the government or the leaders have

been achieved, what they are achieving, and what

they will achieve. It also has a purpose to arise the

confidence and attains a support from the listener of

the speech (Wang 2010).

The next process is mental process. It is believed

that the function of mental process is to make other

people feel to have close relation with speaker and

even they are willing to devote to do something as

the speaker asks to do as (Wang 2010) says mental

process describes about what the government or the

leaders have felt, seen, and thought and shows the

intended meaning then it can be connected to the

political belief between the speaker and the listener.

Furthermore, it shows the speaker’s emotion and

hope in the speech.

Another process is verbal process and this

process shows the art of saying (Santosa 2003). The

speaker wants to show the important position the

person who states the information and indicates

specific person who have the same perception to be

given the information. The words used in the verbal

process can be in direct or in indirect speech, such

as: say, ask, tell.

The next process is behavior process. This

process uses verbal in doing an action (Santosa

2003). The process functions to show the people that

the speaker has done something through his verbal or

his statement. It means that verbal process has the

main function to give information what he has

done through saying. The relational process is

divided into two parts namely attributive relational

process and identification relational process. This

process functions to describe people and objects. It

also describes the abstract items such as belief and

this process can be also used to explain and convince

the listeners indirectly. The relational process is used

as linking verbs and as verbs in identifying

something.

The last process is existential process. This

process is used to show that something existed. The

existential process can be used as a proof that what

the government or the leader said is true. This process

has great contribution if it is correlated with the other

processes. For instance, the leader of the religion

makes a statement in material process about what

Rohingya people did in the politic, and the evidence

shows that there are many of them have high position

in the government. It can be seen further and

described clearly from the data analysis in the next

discussion.

According to (Caldas-coulthard & Coulthard

2003) critical linguistics has close relation to history

rather than sociology. In fact, linguists aim to

understand values in terms of social, economic,

political formations and diachronically changes

therefore critical linguistics such as critical discourse

analysis is equal to history and sociology since

present value reflects value in the past. As (Caldas-

coulthard & Coulthard 2003) suggests that it is

essential to seek out the semiotic potential of the

grammar through the speech articulation and value.

Beyond language, the speech shows as public

communication with its own characteristics, social

recognition, value, and effect. The value can be

analyzed especially from the relational process. The

attribute given to the carriers will show whether it is

about happiness, insecurity, or dissatisfaction (Martin

& Rose 2007).

This study focuses on investigating meaning that

the verbs show in transitive and intransitive verbs

where the actor or the subject did something.

Moreover the study also considers the value of the

verbs whether the verbs have a positive or negative

meaning in showing emotion.

Meaning beyond the Clause in Critical Discourse Analysis: Ideational Function with Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach

3 METHOD

3.1 Research Design

This study applied descriptive qualitative research

design to describe the data taken from the form of

oral speech delivered by Ashin Wirathu using

Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) theory. This

research is limited to merely analyze the ideational

function through transitivity to show experiential

realities. There are six kinds of processes to be

analyzed in transitivity, namely: material process,

mental process, verbal process, behavioral process,

relational process, and existential process. The data

analysis will lead to reach the research aim.

3.2 The Introduction of Ashin Wirathu

Ashin Wirathu was born on July 10 in 1968 in

Kyaukse near Mandalay. Wirathu started to be a

monk when he was fourteen years old. In 2001,

Wirathu involved and became the leader of group

called 969 which was anti Islamic people. Wirathu

avoided the spread of Islam in Myanmar. Wirathu

was indicted to have 25 years in prison but he was

released in 2012.

In September 2012, Wirathu asked the monk in

Mandalay to support President Thein Sein’s

controversial idea to send Rohingya people out from

Myanmar and the peak of the tragedy happened in

Rakhine state. Wirathu started to be active in his

sermons to hate Islam in you tube in 2011. The

Ashin Wirathu’s biography was taken

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashin_Wirathu

and from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-

asia- 30930997.

3.3 Speech for Analysis

The Wirathu’s speech was downloaded

from

Youtube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GE7BI4f0VE.

The sample speech is the radical speech delivered by

Wirathu in a temple in Mandalay, Myanmar.

Wirathu’s speech was analyzed by using transitivity

analysis to find out the hatred signs.

4 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND

DISCUSSION

The analysis intended to separate the verbs which

showed the process into six kinds of experiential

functions: the material process, the mental process,

the verbal process, the behavioral process, the

relational process, and the existential process.

Table 1: Transitivity in material process (Muslims)

Verbs referred to

Muslims

Type

Do, make

friend, work, unite,

cooperate, elect, join,

get, protect, move, get,

involve, happen,

refuse, keep, use, form,

return, surround,

abolish, abuse,

differentiate, marry,

destroy, increase,

snatch, compete, take

Declarative

proposition in positive and

negative clause

There are 28 verbs out of 45 verbs or approximately

62% from all the verbs (data in table 1) used in the

material process by Wirathu to describe about

Muslim Rohingya’s activities. By using the material

process, he succeeded to convince the people of

Myanmar that Muslim people were very dangerous

for their economic and their position in politic. He

also added the proposition that the problem also

related to religion development. He told the mass that

Muslim people have succeeded in developing their

religion, economic, and politic because of some

reasons such as: Muslim people do not do anything

for their nationalism; they close with Generals in the

previous government, they do monopoly in the

Yangon market; they compete in an unfair way by

selling and having

transportation

service with cheaper

cost; they married Buddhist women and forced them

to change their belief; and they have position in the

political parties.

In the experiential context, mentioning what

people had done and achieved will lead to

disappointed feeling of Buddhists since they do not

have equal achievement as Muslim do. They also lost

their benefit in economic because Muslim people are

capable to expand their business Yangon. The use of

such material process will worsen the mass’ feeling.

From the propositions and from the analysis of the

material process, Wirathu had mentioned the bad

activities of Muslim people in economic and politic

which led to the problem in spreading Islam through

marriage, business, and political party. It is clearly

seen that Wirathu lead the people to hate Muslim to

support the current political government to get

success in economic and politic by arising conflict

through different religion reason although the world

knew that Buddha teaches to live in peace.

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These are some examples of the full sentence

taken from the speech: United among under one idea

‘nationalism’ they have worked for their own people;

when they do business, they do it in nationalist sense;

they keep buying land and properties everywhere.

Table 2: Transitivity in material process (969)

Verbs referred to 969

followers

Type

Do, make friend,

work, unite,

cooperate, elect, join, get,

protect, move, get, involve,

happen, refuse, keep, use,

form, return, surround,

abolish, abuse, differentiate,

marry, destroy, increase,

snatch, compete, take

Declarative

proposition in

positive and

negative clause

There are 17 verbs or approximately 38% of all verbs

(based on table 2) used by Wirathu to describe the

activities done by the people in Myanmar who got

sorrow because of Muslim people. He arranged the

Buddhist people to do everything with the

nationalism. They should have avoided doing their

daily activities such as eating, traveling, and shopping

by using Muslim property. They might eat and travel

to the Buddhist people’s shop and travel only. He also

urged people to sacrifice their money to support 969

Buddhist movements. Even, He had made an

announcement not to have a business or have a

relation with Muslim people in Myanmar.

The data of the material process shows that

Wirathu persuaded the people to give much

contribution for the Buddhist people and vice versa,

he prohibited the people to give any benefit for

Muslim. He mentioned clearly why the people of

Myanmar must do it. The reasons are: the Buddhist

people have been killed by Muslim people, the

Muslim business is better than the Buddhist business,

the growing of Islam in Myanmar becomes threat.

This is also ways to create the conflict.

These are some examples taken from the speech:

we visited Mon state; we golden Burmese would win

this fight; we have to protect our race.

Table 3: Transitivity in mental process (Muslims)

Verbs referred to Muslims

Type

Love, interest, respect

Negative Polarity

The data in table 3 showed that Wirathu had many

negative statements about Muslim. He used the verbs

in mental process as much as 43% of all the mental

process. He stated explicitly that Muslims did not

love military but the benefit. They involved in

political party for the sake of their people and they did

not have any respect in human rights.

Wirathu preferred using negation than other verbs

because it makes the speech become more powerful

because the negation is followed with the negative

statement again. In one sentence, there are two

negation clauses. He would get much benefit in

persuading people with this way. For example: he did

not directly say that Muslim hated military in fact but

he asked the people not to think that Muslim loved

military, but think that they loved military to protect

their people. There are two negative clauses found in

one sentence and it means that using two clauses are

better to urge people to have a conflict than one clause

directly stated the negative meaning.

These are some examples taken from the speech:

it is not because they interest in politics, not because

they respect human rights but for the sake of their

people.

Table 4: Transitivity in mental process (969)

Verbs referred to 969

followers

Type of words

Look, see, listen, think

Imperative

From the data in table 4, Wirathu used 57 % of

mental verbs to reflect his hope and his intention to

make the people of Myanmar look at, see, listen, and

think about the position of Muslim people in

Myanmar. He involved the sense of eye, ear, and their

cognition since he wanted to interact closely with the

people by using their sense and their cognition.

There are three kinds of mental processes used,

such as: sense, cognition, and affection. He did not

choose the affection as he wanted to create anger by

showing the fact that Muslim unites to develop their

position in Myanmar. Wirathu led his people to look

at, see, listen, and think this fact, and then they were

urged to consider Muslim as their enemy. In addition,

Muslim and Buddhist lived in a very different

condition and this situation stimulates the conflict

easier. The affection was not used as in the affection,

there would appear the feeling from the heart to find

out who we were. Therefore, he did not use the

affection at all when he spoke to Myanmar people.

The following excerpts were the examples of the

speech words: Think about it! They don’t have any

believe in politic; I thought the authority was so rude.

Meaning beyond the Clause in Critical Discourse Analysis: Ideational Function with Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach

Table 5: Transitivity in verbal process (Muslims)

Verbs referred to Muslims

Type of words

No vers was found

Not found

From the data in table 5, there is no verbal

process at all referred to Muslim and it shows that

Wirathu spoke in one side as he told the

proposition and received the proposition only from

Buddhist’s side. He did not give any chance to

Muslim to speak or even give clarification about the

way they succeeded in achieving economic and

politic position.

Table 6: Transitivity in verbal process (969)

Verbs referred to Muslims

Type of words

Say, tell

Declarative

By using verbal process such as: say and tell,

Wirathu wanted to inform people that there are some

Muslims joins in the political party. He also eager to

share one of the monks’ complaint in Myot Hla

town on governor’s refusal in Buddhist ritual

ceremony during Martyrs day.

Wirathu wanted to tell the world that the

proposition he gave was based on the information and

complaints from Buddhist followers and it is not from

he himself. This makes people trust him and believe

that their action is for the sake of preserving their

culture. The verbal process could help him to get

closer relationship because they have the same belief,

the same culture, and the same ancestors.

These are the examples of the speech words: He

said all the Muslims become member of the party;

what a rude governor of the Township I said.

Table 7: Transitivity in behavioral process (Muslims)

Verbs referred to Muslims

Type of words

Influence

Declarative

The behavioral process is used to urge the

people of Myanmar unconsciously to be willing to

do the instruction through verbal and connects

into their minds. The verbal process by using the

word “influence” has negative impact for the

audience. Based on the world experience, the

people influenced by other people in making

decision have no power within their life. The

percentage of the behavioral process referred to

Muslims is only 8%.

This is the example of the speech: when political

parties are formed and influenced the head of the

parties; when NLD become famous they influenced

her (DASSK).

Table 8: Transitivity in behavioral process (969)

Verbs referred to 969

followers

Type of words

Listen, force, ask,

complain,

explain, remember,

prioritize, differentiate,

sacrifice, concentrate, allow

Declarative,

imperative

The percentage of the behavioral process refers

to Buddhist people is 92%. The verbal behavior

consists of the verbs such as: listen, ask, complain,

and explain. All the verbs relate to the sense of

hearing and it means that Wirathu led the people to

listen and act like what he expected and even trusted

the information from him and it shows that the

remark is very important to be listened and to be

obeyed.

The examples of the behavioral process could be

seen in these clauses: local monks complained me

that they could not perform Buddhist ritual ceremony

on Martyrs day; but the local monks explained me

that the property owner is a “kalar” (a Muslim

person); remember it carefully.

Table 9: Transitivity in relational process (Muslims)

Verbs referred to Muslims

Type of words

Are, is, become, was, have

Declarative,

negative polarity

The examples of the relational process are: The

weakness of nationalism in our public forced me to

preach but they are not like that (referring Muslims);

they have now the monopoly of construction market

in Yangon; Their religion is the most abuse Human

Rights; It is their aim to join; Their race and religion

is progressing; What would happen if they become

head of the party, become a member of parliament or

become a leader of our nation. It is not easy; it is

scary.

There are many negative attributives for the

Muslim’s side, for instance: Muslim are not weak (it

was like a threat of Muslim for 969 followers),

Muslim took the monopoly in business in Yangon,

Islam is cruel and denies the Human Rights, the

spreading of race and Islam is scary, choosing the

leader from Muslim should be avoided.

From the relational process, it is clearly seen that

the remarks are the realization of dissatisfaction and

insecurity. Generally, people will give negative value

or bad attribute to the opposition when they feel less

power and disappointed about their economic and

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politic conditions. The more people hate Islam, the

more relational process use. This idea is clearly seen

from the data that shows 61% of relational process is

used to give negative value about Muslim.

Table 10: Transitivity in relational process (969)

Verbs referred to 969

followers

Type of words

Be, was, is, are

Declarative,

negative

The examples of the relational process are:

nationalism must be routine in your life as you eat,

move or doing business; I was blasted; Daw su was

silent ; It is very important; When you do shopping, it

is not good enough to get cheaper; your little money

would be insignificant; they are more dangerous for

us.

The relational process shows that there is

realization in dissatisfaction and insecurity especially

for the economic in the side of Myanmar people,

especially for the 969 followers. 39% of the use of the

relational process shows the insecurity and the

dissatisfaction on the previous government’s policy.

Naturally, the need of economic and politic position is

very sensitive therefore the ideology differences

could be used as the main tool to create a very serious

conflict. The conflict appears easily through the

negative propaganda by using the power of language.

The ideology problem is always related with the

history and sociology.

Table 11: Transitivity in existential process

Verbs referred to Muslims

and 969 followers

Type of words

Not found

From the data in table 11, the

existential

process is not

used. The existence is not considered as important

activity to be explored. There are merely the material

process, the mental process, the verbal process, the

behavioral process, and also the relational process.

Based on the findings, it is clearly seen that

transitivity could be the best alternative to understand

the meaning behind the texts. It focuses on the

process only shown from the use of verbs. The benefit

of using transitivity is to show the ideology and

Santosa (2003) states the main point of transitivity

was from the verbs. In addition, polarity form should

be considered in making accurate interpretation.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Referring back to the aim of the research, this

research was conducted to build world awareness of

the discrimination in religion. This study reveals the

meaning and the function behind the delivered

speech. The speech talked about the insecurity,

disappointment, and hatred signs from Buddhist to

Muslim can be seen obviously from the material

process, mental process, verbal process, behavioral

process, and relational process. This study makes the

world understand this complicated problem and

against the discrimination in religion in Myanmar.

The discrimination in this case one group considers

that its community is better than other is a mistake.

This discrimination can be reflected from the words

in the form of verbs they uttered namely transitivity.

The material process shows the declarative

proposition in positive and negative clause from the

Muslim’s side (62%) bigger than the Buddhist (38%)

showed the declarative imperative type from the

Buddhist’s side. In this case, the material process by

using such kinds of the verbs mentioned in the

previous data was chosen to implicitly say what had

been done by Muslim and which had not been done

by the Buddhist in Myanmar. Naturally, it could make

them feel insecure and disappointed then the hate

appeared from their heart and mind. Rohingya as

Muslim were the comers in Myanmar. The speech

implicitly said that it should not have happened. The

signs of insecurity, disappointment, and hate also

exist in other processes. The mental process shows

that 43% from the Muslim’s side is in the form of

negative polarity less than Buddhist who had 57%

which was in the form of imperative. This intends to

mention that Muslims do not deserved to be

appreciated as it is stated in negative polarity.

Wirathu also intended to interact closely with

Buddhist followers by using imperative through their

sense and cognition in verbal process to see, to listen,

and to think about the danger of Muslims when they

succeeded in economics and politics. The verbal

process completely 100% came from the Buddhist

followers only. There is no verbal process referred to

Muslim and it is not fair because the information is

only from Wirathu site and his followers and all of the

information blamed Muslim. The behavioral process

also used negation in 8% for Muslim by using the

word “influence”. This simple word makes the people

think that Muslim is negative or bad in building

relationship. In another side for Buddhist, there was

92% of behavioral process in the form of hearing

sense so the use of the behavioral process like this

could urge the people to be willing to listen to his

complaint, to convince, and to urge to obey him. The

61% of the relational process contains negative

Meaning beyond the Clause in Critical Discourse Analysis: Ideational Function with Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach

attribute in describing Muslim’s character and 39% of

the relational process shows the same negation in

different purpose by showing that Buddhist’s

followers were the victims of being insecure and

dissatisfied with the presence of Muslim people in the

politics and

economics

in Myanmar. These conditions

become their reason to hate Muslim. The relational

process is used to blame Muslim of the poverty there.

Since there is no existential process used, there is no

data analysis related to the existential process.

This study suggests meaning behind text needs to

be explored by observing the use of adjective, noun,

verb, and adverb deeply. (Martin & Rose 2007) states

that another way to evaluate the language to find the

meaning and function of the discourse was from the

use of verb, noun, adverb, and mostly in adjective in

the form of attitude, amplification, and source which

was called “appraisal”.

The essential information that transitivity focused

on the ideational function through experiential

realization and it can be analyzed further mainly in

the form of verbs but vice versa, appraisal focused on

the grading of noun, adverb, verb, and mostly

analyzed for the use of adjective although it could

also be analyzed from the aspects of noun, verb,

and adverb in the less number.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the

BELTIC committee (Bandung English Language

Teaching International Conference) in 2018 for

accepting my article and giving me the chance to

become one of the speakers in the international

conference. Hopefully, my research can give the

theoretical and the practical contribution. The article

is a part of my dissertation research. I also want to

thank very much to BUDI DN-LPDP Republic of

Indonesia for the scholarship as well as the fund to

join BELTIC 2018. I really appreciate it. I also want

to say my gratitude for my lecturers whose names are

listed in this article from UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS

MARET for giving me guidance and motivation to

finish this article. I also thank to my institution,

STKIP PGRI JOMBANG which always gives me a

big support in my study. Lastly, I want to say once

again that I really thank for all of this kindness and

opportunities.

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