National Attributes Analysis of Indonesia Thousand Friend Zero

Enemies Policy

Arsinta Rahadianty K. and Annisa Pratamasari

Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga

Keywords: Indonesia, million friends zero enemy, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, middle power, democracy

Abstract: The foreign policy of a country is certainly influenced by many factors, internal and external, including

Indonesia. President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is the first president elected through direct elections.

Indonesia was experiencing rapid development of democracy in the era of president of the leadership of SBY.

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in the second period of his tenure to make a different move with the

advent of the motto on Indonesia's foreign policy, namely million friends zero enemy. Policies million friends

zero enemy then bring Indonesia to a different level in international politics. Indonesia sought to build

conception to play a larger regional role, while strengthening bilateral relations with each country. Indonesia's

foreign policy making is certainly influenced by elements of the domestic as well as the role of national

attributes such as size, the element of geopolitical, demographic, political systems, as well as military and

economic capabilities. National attributes become one of the elements that influenced the foreign policy

making. This paper then discusses the underlying reasons for the selection of foreign policy million friends

zero enemy through the Level of Analysis of national attributes.

1 INTRODUCTION

The process of making a country's foreign policy

indirectly reflects the international system that is

developing in the world and the national attributes

that are owned by the state, without exception those

that occur in Indonesia. Indonesia's behaviour in the

formulation of its foreign policy can be understood

from the history of its predecessor. In early

independence, Indonesia implemented a free and

active foreign policy strategy whereby Indonesia

became one of the NAM initiators. In the next era,

Indonesia actually kept a lower international profile

and established close ties with Western economic

powers to develop its economy (Piccone and Yusman

2014).

Indonesia in the era of reform with an increasingly

growing democracy later inaugurated Susilo

Bambang Yudhoyono in 2004 as the first president

elected by direct election. The establishment of

Indonesia's foreign policy at the time could be said to

be a combination of its two predecessor strategies.

Indonesia is involved in the international

environment, but is still holding back to make

significant commitments that can challenge its

preference, especially as a relatively neutral party in

international disputes. Foreign policy during SBY

then cannot be separated from the motto "million

friends zero enemy" expressed during his

inauguration speech in the second period of 2009.

SBY stated that Indonesia is facing a strategic

environment in which no country views Indonesia as

an enemy and no country which Indonesia considers

enemies. Thus Indonesia can apply its foreign policy

freely in all directions, with motto million friends and

zero enemy (Piccone and Yusman 2014). In addition,

Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa also expressed

the dynamic equilibrium expression. Unlike in the

more traditional concept of balance of power, the

dynamic equilibrium seeks to involve all the relevant

main forces in a more cooperative framework as a

basis for the development of inclusive regional

architecture (Anwar 2014).

Indonesia in the SBY era dreamed of a world that

enabled cooperation between the South and North

countries, where Indonesia was in the middle with an

emphasis on neutrality (Falahi 2013). Indonesia sees

the conception of its role as a peacemaker and bridge-

builder through multilateral cooperation is key to

addressing global and regional concerns (Rüland

2015). One of the things that stands out is the

development of democracy. Indonesia in the era of

SBY is experiencing the swift flow of democracy

with the growing distribution of information as a

Krisna, A. and Pratamasari, A.

National Attributes Analysis of Indonesia Thousand Friend Zero Enemies Policy.

DOI: 10.5220/0010278500002309

In Proceedings of Airlangga Conference on International Relations (ACIR 2018) - Politics, Economy, and Security in Changing Indo-Paciﬁc Region, pages 441-447

ISBN: 978-989-758-493-0

441

consequence of globalization. The promotion of

democracy is a key element of Indonesia's soft power

to gain a voice in regional and global affairs (Rüland

2015).

However, on the other hand Indonesia tends to

refrain from making a strong commitment to uphold

human rights on an international level as it continues

to struggle with human rights issues within the

country. As a democracy with the world's largest

Muslim, the issue of internal human rights will pose

a real threat to the credibility of Indonesia's claim to

be a pioneer of democracy in other fragile

democracies (Piccone and Yusman 2014). From the

existence of this fact, it is necessary to study about the

reasons why underlying Indonesia during SBY

administration to take the policy million friends and

zero enemy. The thing that needs to be underlined

then is Indonesia's national strength as its

competitiveness in the international world. The

national power is converted into Indonesia's national

attributes and influences foreign policy making. The

national attribute will then be used in analyzing the

million friends and zero enemy Indonesia policy

described in more detail in the next paragraph.

1.1 National Attributes and Foreign

Policy

Foreign policy analysis is essentially part of an

international relations study. However, due to wider

functions and discussions, foreign policy analysis

then becomes a separate study. The subject of foreign

policy focuses on the state and studies on the

rationalization of the decisions of each country in

making foreign policy. Therefore, a system of

analysis level or level of analysis (LoA) is used.

There are seven LoAs in analyzing the foreign policy

of a country, ie individual, group, national identity,

domestic politics, media or public opinion, national

attributes, and international system. Analysis of

foreign policy million friends and zero enemy under

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in this paper using Level

of Analysis attribute national.

The national attributes of a country can actually

be a unit of analysis in reviewing foreign policy

making. In simple terms, national attributes can be

described as typical characteristics that reflect

national strength in a country, and then can influence

the formation of foreign policy (Hudson 2014). The

national attributes have a basic principle that the state

is seen as a unitary actor, namely the representation

of a single political body that processes the policy-

making process. The national attribute can be a tool

of state consideration in determining the direction of

its relationship with other countries. There are several

variables that can be used in identifying national

attributes of a country, namely the size of the country,

geopolitics which consists of natural resources owned

and geographical location, demography, political

system, military strength and economic capabilities

(Hudson 2014).

The first variable is the size of a country that refers

to the extent of the area affecting the model and

techniques of a country in creating and responding to

an issue of foreign policy (East 1973, 559). Generally,

small countries do not have the ability to maintain the

security of their territory, as well as relatively low

economic capabilities compared to large countries. In

addition, smaller countries are slower in responding

to the development and change in policy direction

than other international actors, thus tend to be less

active in international politics (East 1973, 559).

Hudson (2014) also states that small-sized states tend

to be pragmatic in global politics and neutral in the

face of conflict, while large countries tend to be more

active.

The second variable is geographical, ie natural

resources such as oil and gas, minerals, water, and

minerals can be an important point that can be

considered as one of the policy considerations of a

country (Hudson 2014, 172). In general, countries

that have a lack of resources will tend to rely on

diplomacy with countries that have natural resource

potential that meets the domestic needs of the country

(Shaohua 2015, 9). Next is the geographical position

of a country that also indirectly determines the

ownership of natural resources. In addition, the

geographical location of a strategic country will bring

many benefits. For example, Indonesia has the border

of the Malacca Strait which is one of the world's

important trade routes.

The next variable is the demographic state of a

country such as the distribution of age, religion,

gender, as well as the level of education and health

which will affect foreign policy, whether stable or

lame (Hudson 2014, 174). The political system of a

country will affect its relations with other countries.

Countries with the same political system tend not to

conflict and certainly more easily cooperate. The

democratic system is a system of politics adopted by

many countries in the world, where democratic peace

theory explains that democratic countries will not

conflict with other democratic countries (Hudson

2014). Countries that embrace democracy also tend to

make peaceful policies.

The last variable is military strength and

economic capability. Increasing military power of a

nation-for example in arms ownership-will support

ACIR 2018 - Airlangga Conference on International Relations

442

the defense system so as to influence the diplomatic

model that tends to coercive (Hudson 2014, 174).

Meanwhile, as stated by Lenin (Shaohua 2015, 9) that

the domestic economic growth of a country can affect

foreign policy. Countries with high economic

capabilities can indirectly control the poor countries

through their policies. This is because the capabilities

are asymmetric, so the level of interdependence is

higher. Countries with high economic capabilities - in

general large countries - will certainly show their

ability in international issues (East 1973, 558).

Economic capability can actually be translated into

military capability, and military capability can

indirectly increase the prestige of a country.

Dimensions that appear small if they can be

connected to one another will play a significant role

in the interaction of the state in international relations

(Lebovic 1985, 48).

The author will examine each variable, then the

writer will elaborate further the influential variables

on Indonesia's foreign policy making million enemy

zero friends of the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono era

government, and the conclusions will be included in

the last part of the explanation.

1.2 National Attributes and Thousand

Friend Zero Enemy Policy

The first national attribute variable is the size of the

country. In simple terms, the size of the country is

generally divided into 2, namely small and large

countries. Indonesia has a total area of 1,904.59

square kilometers, making Indonesia the 15th largest

country in the world and the largest country in

Southeast Asia (Central Intelligence Agency, t.t.).

With more than 18,000 islands, the Indonesian

archipelago is the largest in the world, covering 2.8

million square kilometers, to 7.9 million square

kilometers including an exclusive economic zone

(EEZ) (Admiral 2011, 160). When viewed from the

area, Indonesia can be categorized as a large country.

Meanwhile, East (1973, 558) in his paper explained

that grouping countries based on size not only

involved broadly, but also economic capacity,

availability of natural resources, and conditions of

population. If it is related to East's understanding, that

Indonesia can be grouped in large developing state,

where Indonesia is classified as a large country but its

economy is still developing and began to emerge as a

middle power country.

Middle power countries can be defined as state

actors who have limited influence to decide the

distribution of power in a given regional system. But

it is able to mobilize various resources to change the

position of great powers and maintain its own

position regarding matters relating to national or

regional security that can affect directly (Shin 2012 in

Shin 2015). Indonesia under SBY's leadership with

zero enemy million friends policy is described as a

strategy in which Indonesia seeks to play an

important role regionally, by strengthening bilateral

relations with other countries at the same time

(Márton 2015, 26). It is understandable that the size

of the country and large population provide capital for

Indonesia in playing regional and even global

leadership roles (Laksmana 2011, 158).

The next variable is the ownership of natural

resources. Indonesia is a country known for its natural

resources. Indonesia is an exporter of gold, bauxite,

tin, zinc and copper. The potential in renewable

resources is also large, where Indonesia is the number

one palm oil producer in the world and exporter. In

addition, the second largest producer of rubber,

robusta coffee and fishery products, and holds 40% of

the total geothermal energy reserves (IEA 2008 in

Dutu 2015). This can then be explained in East's

(1973) statement that the size of a country indirectly

also influences the availability of natural resources.

Indonesia is a large country, and has abundant natural

resources. Indonesia has large reserves of natural gas

and oil, and until 2009 was the only Asian country in

the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OPEC) (Dutu 2015). Since 2000,

Indonesia has made several real achievements by

becoming a central player on the world stage in

agriculture and food as the main commodity. Besides

palm oil and rubber, Indonesia is also the second

largest producer of fishery products in the world after

China and the third largest producer of rice and spices

after China and India. Overall, now ranks fifth, with

2.5% of total agricultural output in the world, after

China (23%), the United States (10.1%), India (9.9%)

and Brazil (6%) ( FAOSTAT 2015 in Dutu 2015).

This then shows Indonesia's natural resources that can

be used as a separate bargaining power to be active in

international politics.

In geographical variables, Indonesia is a country

with a strategic location between the Pacific and

Indian oceans, making Indonesia a bridge between

Asia and Australia and controlling the strategic sea

lanes of communication essential for military and

commercial activities between the Pacific, Europe,

East Asia, Middle East and South Asia. Indonesia

also has sovereign rights in the Malacca Strait, one of

the busiest trade routes in the world (Admiral 2011,

160). Since the 1940s, Indonesian foreign policy

makers, political elites and observers have seen this

asset as proof that Indonesia is entitled to play the role

National Attributes Analysis of Indonesia Thousand Friend Zero Enemies Policy

443

of regional leaders and global players (Laksamana

2011, 160). Indonesia's geographical location then

plays an important role in Indonesia's active regional

scale, namely ASEAN.

The next variable is demographic conditions,

where Indonesia has a population of around 238

million, making Indonesia the fourth most populous

country in the world (worldbank.org, t.t). Indonesia is

also a multiethnic, multilingual and multi-religious

country. The interesting thing then is that Indonesia is

a democracy with the largest Muslim population in

the world, even though it is not an Islamic theocratic

country (Admiral 2011, 160). As a country with a

majority of Muslims, Indonesia certainly gives extra

attention in international conflicts involving Muslim

populations, although its diplomats do not mention

Muslim-majority countries particularly as one of

Indonesia's most important relations. For example,

conflict in the Middle East occupies a prominent

place in Indonesia's foreign policy rhetoric. Various

foreign policy-making actors, seeing the Middle East

quite prominent with the presence of large numbers

of Indonesian migrant workers in the region, Muslim

solidarity, and historical ties with certain countries

(McRae 2014).

Indonesia is one of the world's most democratic

countries. Even during the newly independent

Indonesian era, democratic values were established in

free and active foreign policy during the Soekarno

administration. However, during Soeharto's

authoritarian rule, foreign policy-making became a

closed affair and the prerogative of the president, with

the military exercising considerable influence in

security matters (Rüland 2015). After experiencing

the New Order period, there was a transition period

that restored the application of pure democracy.

Indonesia's consolidation of democracy then made

democracy begin to play a greater role in Indonesia's

foreign policy, both as a process and as a theme.

Indonesia under the leadership of Susilo Bambang

Yudhoyono also placed democracy as a foreign

policy agenda (Rüland 2015). Domestic

democratization and the fact that Indonesia was

chosen as the only full democracy in Southeast Asia

is the basis of Indonesia's active promotion of

democracy in the Southeast Asian region and beyond.

To this end, the Indonesian government inaugurated

the Bali Democracy Forum (BDF), held for the first

time in 2008 and sought to promote democracy

(Rüland 2015, 11). Indonesia during the Susilo

Bambang Yudhoyono administration made

democracy a key element in order to be active in

regional and global affairs (Rüland 2015).

In military capabilities, Armed Forces of

Indonesia (the Indonesian Armed Forces, or TNI,

formerly ABRI) has a total of about 350,000

members, including the army, navy, marines and air

force. The number of soldiers is the largest, with

around 280,000 active personnel. Spending on

defense in the APBN is only 1.8% of GDP but has

been supplemented by revenues from various military

businesses and foundations. Indonesia runs a system

of military centralized control through the Minister of

Defense and Security, Commander of the Armed

Forces, and general staff of the armed forces (Marine

Corps Intelligence Activity 2005, 52). Indonesia is a

country with the largest economy in Southeast Asia.

In 2009, Indonesia had a GDP of 539, 58 billion US

dollars with a GDP of 2,150 US dollars per capita

(worldbank.org, t.t). Keep in mind that in 2008-2009

there was a global economic crisis, including

Indonesia. Indonesia's economic growth during 2008-

2009 only slowed in the last quarter of 2009, and

Indonesia was still able to maintain its economic

growth compared to other developing countries

(Tambunan, 2010). If pulled back, Indonesia was hit

by the economic crisis of 1997-1998. The 1997-1998

Asian financial crisis was triggered by sudden capital

flight from Indonesia, so the national currency, the

rupiah, depreciated significantly against the US

dollar. At that time the impact of the crisis caused

considerable chaos (Tambunan 2010, 157). It can be

said that Indonesia's performance in overcoming the

2008 crisis was better than during the 1997-1998

financial crisis. This shows an increase in Indonesia's

economic capability which is quite good, especially

in dealing with the crisis. As a country with the largest

economy in Southeast Asia, Indonesia also has its

own competitiveness to establish economic

cooperation with other countries. Nevertheless,

Indonesia still relies on agricultural exports and other

raw natural resources, so it is still classified as a

developing economy.

It can be said that from the national attribute

variables that have been described, the variable of

state size and political system is the most influential

national attribute in foreign policy making million

friends zero enemy. The size of the country of

Indonesia itself is also followed by the wealth of

natural resources, strategic geographical location, and

demographic conditions where Indonesia is the fourth

most populous country in the world. Even so,

Indonesia's economic capabilities are still classified

as developing countries, making Indonesia a middle

power in international politics. This fact is then in

accordance with SBY's steps to introduce the concept

of multi-directive diplomacy, which is known as the

ACIR 2018 - Airlangga Conference on International Relations

444

zero enemy million friends. This approach can be

described as a strategy, in which Indonesia plays a

larger regional role, while strengthening bilateral

relations with individual countries (Mendiolaza and

Hardjakusumah 2013 in Márton 2015, 26).

Under President Yudhoyono, Indonesia not only

returned to pursue regional leadership status in

ASEAN, but also began to take a stronger stance in

organizations such as the G20 and the UN. The author

himself saw that SBY's steps were intended to

embrace countries so that profitable cooperation

could be easier to build. At the regional level, the idea

of dynamic equilibrium is used, where ASEAN

members will work closely together in order to build

mechanisms, such as the East Asia Summit (EAS) or

ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting Plus (ADMM

+). In this mechanism there is nothing dominant or

excluded. Regardless of the differences between

member countries, these initiatives will help to create

mutually beneficial relationships between them,

enabling regional security to expand (Márton 2015,

26).

The concept of million friends zero enemy Susilo

Bambang Yudhoyono also brought changes in

Indonesia's bilateral relations. On the one hand, SBY

strengthened relations with neighboring countries,

such as Australia, Malaysia or Singapore to achieve a

more peaceful regional environment. On the other

hand, while increasing relations with neighboring

countries, the president also redefined bilateral

relations with the United States, South Korea, India,

Iran and China. Taking relationship between the

United States and Indonesia for example, Yudhoyono

managed to strengthen the relationship that had

wavered between them (Márton 2015, 26). It can be

said that Indonesia is a global medium power in

international politics. Take a firm but independent

position at the UN and in the G20 on issues such as

civil war in Syria or climate change. SBY's policy

proves that Indonesia is feasible at the regional level

as well, by reclaiming its main role in ASEAN. With

the ability and willingness to implement proactive

diplomacy, Yudhoyono? S multi-directive

diplomacy, the policy of million friends zero enemy,

is an effort to bring Indonesia to a new level in

international politics (Márton 2015, 28).

Nevertheless, there is still a gap between regional

efforts and Indonesia's actions at the global level. At

the UN for example, in human rights issues in

Myanmar and North Korea, Indonesia has a relatively

small record. Indonesia tends to bring issues of

political reform at the bilateral level, so that Indonesia

only looks focused on national and regional levels

(Sukma 2011, 23). This can then be linked to

Indonesia's categorization into a large developing

state, where Indonesia can become a major country at

the regional level but cannot play a big role at the

global level.

Indonesia's political system in the era of Susilo

Bambang Yudhoyono's administration showed a very

significant increase in democracy and entered the

consolidation stage. Indonesia has a diverse dynamics

of democratic development, from an actively free

Sukarno government, a Suharto-led government with

a pancasila democracy, and evolving towards a

reform-era democracy. Indonesia then shows more

democratic values, both at the domestic, national and

international levels. Looking back slightly, signs of

Indonesia's democratic promotion efforts began to

emerge in 2001 when the foreign minister declared at

a UN General Assembly meeting that the

implementation of Indonesian foreign policy would

reflect the government's democratic system (Sukma

2011, 23). This is inseparable from most Indonesian

elites influenced by Western education, which also

began to articulate the democratic peace theory, that

democracies will be less likely to engage in conflict.

In 2003, Indonesia proposed that ASEAN, then a

largely non-democratic country, be transformed into

a security community with democracy and respect for

human rights as its foundation. In Sukma's view

(2011, 23), Indonesia has also projected democratic

values in bilateral relations. In Myanmar, Indonesia

has put pressure on the regime there to move towards

democracy and implement reforms (Sukma 2011,

23).

In the early era of reform Indonesia has also

pursued the image of advocates for peaceful conflict

management as exemplified by participation in the

UN peace mission, with peaceful resolution of its own

separatist conflict - such as Aceh - and strong

attention to the issue of disarmament, especially

nuclear disarmament. In addition, the conception of

Indonesia's role as a peacemaker and bridge-builder

becomes clear in government references to state

mediation in armed conflict, usually conflicts

involving Muslims. This implies that Indonesia is not

only able to mediate conflicts among Muslims but

also between Muslim countries and non-Muslim

countries (Rüland 2015, 13). In the era of Susilo

Bambang Yudhoyono's own leadership, democracy

became a major component of the conception of

Indonesia's role, which changed from "advocates of

colonialism and imperialism" under Soekarno, then

"development advocates" under Suharto, and then

"good global citizen" under Yudhoyono (Rüland

2015, 16). Actually, even though the changes appear

to be large in priorities and concepts, there is a basic

National Attributes Analysis of Indonesia Thousand Friend Zero Enemies Policy

445

element of continuity that marks Indonesia's foreign

policy, namely strict adherence to the principle of

"free active". Indonesia's foreign policy under SBY

has combined these key elements from previous

years. It can be said that the emphasis in Indonesian

regional policy has changed from Sukarno's

confrontational character to close cooperation with

neighboring countries to the formation of regional

communities. The dominant theme of foreign policy

has led to new themes, such as the promotion of

Indonesia's soft power assets as the world's third

largest democracy and the largest Muslim majority

country (Anwar 2014). As has been known that

Indonesia emerged as a country where democratic

and Islamic values can coexist.

In addition, the promotion of democracy is a key

element in Indonesia's quest to accumulate soft power

and is recognized as a major voice in regional and

global affairs. Indonesia's democracy promotion is

focused on several levels: local level, highlighting

decentralization reforms in Indonesia; national level,

with a focus on Indonesia's democratic transition;

ASEAN regional level; and the international level by

trying to democratize executive multilateralism

(Rüland 2015, 16). The Indonesian government also

emphasized its leadership ambition by initiating

many international conferences and events. This then

has a close relationship with Indonesia's self-image as

a peace builder and trying to produce soft power is a

conception of its role as an organizer and facilitator

of interreligious and intercultural dialogue (Rüland

2015). Explanation of Indonesian democracy can then

be said to have an effect on the million friends zero

enemy policy, where Indonesia tries to emerge as a

neutral party that does not conflict and always

chooses a peaceful path.

From the above explanation can be concluded that

among the variables of national attribute, the size of

state and political system become influential variable

in foreign policy million friends zero enemy Susilo

Bambang Yudhoyono. Indonesia belongs to a large

developing state, which has an abundance of natural

resources, population, and geographical location, but

is still classified as a developing economy. The size

of the country and large population and strategic

geographical location then provide capital for

Indonesia in playing regional and even global

leadership roles. SBY's own step to introduce the

concept of million friends zero enemy is described as

a strategy in which Indonesia plays a larger regional

role, while strengthening bilateral relations with each

country. At the regional level, ASEAN members will

work closer together, no one is dominant or excluded.

This initiative will create mutually beneficial

relationships, and allow for regional stability. In

bilateral relations, SBY strengthens ties with

neighboring countries, such as Australia, Malaysia or

Singapore and on the other hand also redefines

bilateral relations with the United States, South

Korea, India, Iran and China.

The national attributes of the Indonesian political

system show the dynamics of the Sukarno-free,

Suharto-led government with pancasila democracy,

and evolved into a reform-era democracy. This is

inseparable from most Indonesian elites influenced

by Western education, which also began to articulate

the democratic peace theory, that democracies will be

less likely to engage in conflict. In the early era, the

reformation of the concept of Indonesia's role was as

a peacemaker and bridge-builder and was the key to

overcoming global and regional problems. In the era

of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's leadership

democracy became a major component of Indonesia's

role as a "good global citizen". The principle of "free

active" is one of the basic values of democracy which

is a continuity in Indonesia's foreign policy. The

promotion of democracy and the role of facilitator

become the main elements of Indonesia's strategy to

accumulate soft power and establish a positive image

in the international eyes, so that it can be recognized

as a major voice in regional and global affairs.

Indonesia, which adheres to a democratic system,

tends not to get involved in problems and try to be

neutral and become a facilitator in conflicts.

Indonesia seeks to bring the image of a friendly

country to the international world. In addition,

Indonesia's involvement in various collaborations and

regional and multilateral organizations shows

Indonesia's efforts to advance from the middle power

towards the major player in global politics. All this is

reflected in the policy of million friends zero enemy

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.

2 CONCLUSION

From the above explanation can be concluded that

among the variables of national attribute, the size of

state and political system become influential variable

in foreign policy million friends zero enemy Susilo

Bambang Yudhoyono. Indonesia belongs to a large

developing state, which has an abundance of natural

resources, population, and geographical location, but

is still classified as a developing economy. The size

of the country and large population and strategic

geographical location then provide capital for

Indonesia in playing regional and even global

leadership roles. SBY's own step to introduce the

ACIR 2018 - Airlangga Conference on International Relations

446

concept of million friends zero enemy is described as

a strategy in which Indonesia plays a larger regional

role, while strengthening bilateral relations with each

country. At the regional level, ASEAN members will

work closer together, no one is dominant or excluded.

This initiative will create mutually beneficial

relationships, and allow for regional stability. In

bilateral relations, SBY strengthens ties with

neighboring countries, such as Australia, Malaysia or

Singapore and on the other hand also redefines

bilateral relations with the United States, South

Korea, India, Iran and China.

The national attributes of the Indonesian

political system show the dynamics of the Sukarno-

free, Suharto-led government with pancasila

democracy, and evolved into a reform-era

democracy. This is inseparable from most Indonesian

elites influenced by Western education, which also

began to articulate the democratic peace theory, that

democracies will be less likely to engage in conflict.

In the early era, the reformation of the concept of

Indonesia's role was as a peacemaker and bridge-

builder and was the key to overcoming global and

regional problems. In the era of Susilo Bambang

Yudhoyono's leadership democracy became a major

component of Indonesia's role as a "good global

citizen". The principle of "free active" is one of the

basic values of democracy which is a continuity in

Indonesia's foreign policy. The promotion of

democracy and the role of facilitator become the main

elements of Indonesia's strategy to accumulate soft

power and establish a positive image in the

international eyes, so that it can be recognized as a

major voice in regional and global affairs. Indonesia,

which adheres to a democratic system, tends not to

get involved in problems and try to be neutral and

become a facilitator in conflicts. Indonesia seeks to

bring the image of a friendly country to the

international world. In addition, Indonesia's

involvement in various collaborations and regional

and multilateral organizations shows Indonesia's

efforts to advance from the middle power towards the

major player in global politics. All this is reflected in

the policy of million friends zero enemy Susilo

Bambang Yudhoyono.

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