Questioning Action, Ideology, and Politics of ISIS Extremism Group

in North Sinai, Egypt: A Study with Post-foundationalism Approach

Herza

and Ignes Novirensi

Sociology Department, Gadjahmada University, Indonesia

Keywords: Action, Political Ideology, ISIS, Post foundational, Egypt

Abstract: This writing explained ideology and politics action by ISIS extremism group in North Sinai, Egypt in

November 2017 as a study with post foundationalism. Most studies and researches so far developing

regarding this group action and ideology have been merely dominated by the thought based on descriptive

review. This writing also describes that it needs some reconsideration for action, ideology, and politics they

were applying in their past terror action. The method and approach used in describing this case was

qualitative research method using literature review and Post-Foundational thinking framework by Jean Luc

Nancy and Saul Newman. The result showed that in understanding this group emergence should be

particular by not fixing either the study result or thought from certain experts on ISIS group, as such way

thinking would finally present inexactitude and incoherence in mapping the ISIS group’s political ideology,

goal, or dynamics. Furthermore, in either understanding or reading ISIS group, though it could not be

denied if it would be needed a foundation rooting from either ISIS group formation history or previous

studies trying to probe this group ideology; however it would be better not to make all of them as the sturdy

basis or foundation and immune from improvements. Finally, the terror performed in this North Sinai was

led by two things: the government understanding about this group tended more to apply point of view as

what Nancy called as politics, in that its understanding was overly organizational.

1 INTRODUCTION

On the last 24 November 2017, there recurred a

bloody tragedy in Egypt. This time, extremist group

attacked in North Sinai region, and ironically, the

attack took place in a mosque, Al-Raudha, as the

North Sinai people would perform Friday prayer.

Dozens of terrorists besieged the mosque, when the

sermon was being delivered, they showered the

pilgrims with bullets so that 305 people were died,

included 27 children and hundreds other were

injured (Misrawi, 2017). Other sources stated that

the attack began with bomb explosion and by several

terrorists. Egypt Public Prosecutor informed that 305

people were killed, included 27 children; 128 people

were injured. It seems that there were between 25

and 30 attackers; they raised a flag identified as

Daesh (NIIS), although the terrorist group hadn’t so

far claimed that it was their action (Abu Haniyah,

2017).

As for the assumption arising after the attack was

that The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria was the

actor. It appeared without any reason, considering

this group for several recent years has been quite

actively committed terror in North Sinai. According

toThe Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy, within

the last one year there have been 130 attacks

launched by Daesh in North Sinai region. Between

2013 and 2017, there were 100 soldiers died and

around 200 more died in 2017 (Misrawi, 2017).

Furthermore, it was not a public secret anymore if

Daesh group considered the people in North Sinai

region who had Islamic Sufism as their enemy since

according to that group they were apostate and

infidel.

In referring to the explanation and fact

mentioned above, terrorism action in North Sinai

(Egypt) was not a new one. The form of attack

conducted in an Islamic worship place, a mosque,

moreover as the Friday prayer executing was indeed

the first, and it had clearly never been expected

before by the people over there. One of Muslim

scholars in Bir Al-Abed said to New York Times (in

Ericson, 2017) that the attack was really surprising

the Egyptian as it was not commonly occurred in

Egypt. “I don’t believe they attacked a mosque,”

said that scholar.

Herza, . and Novirensi, I.

Questioning Action, Ideology, and Politics of ISIS Extremism Group in North Sinai, Egypt.

DOI: 10.5220/0010277400002309

In Proceedings of Airlangga Conference on International Relations (ACIR 2018) - Politics, Economy, and Security in Changing Indo-Paciﬁc Region, pages 375-381

ISBN: 978-989-758-493-0

375

So far, indeed not all extremist groups attack

Islamic worship place. Therefore, it was equity if

North Sinai community didn’t expect and very shock

of it. For example, Al-Qaedah group known as one

of extremist groups previously active in conducting

attack in Egypt region had never attacked Islamic

worship place. Furthermore, this group’s attack

target was not civilian, but government officers,

security guard and other military target (Bar’el,

2017).

Extremism itself could be called as a theology,

signed by disbelieving toward other party (al-takfir)

and accompanied by murder. This theology keeps

growing and spreading without conducting serious

deconstruction. Consequently, someone or a group

could easily disbelieve anybody who has different

opinion, either in one religion or not (Misrawi,

2017). In another article titled ‘Moderate Islam’

Misrawi (2017) said that global extremism theology

groups kept growing, such asJamaah Islamiyah, Al

Qaedah, and NIIS. As for some extremist groups,

based on the information obtained from some

sources, only NIIS that in several recent years quite

active in launching attack in North Sinai region,

including the one in Al-Raudah mosque during

Friday prayer (14 November 2017). The reason why

NIIS has been actively enough to attack North Sinai

region, though it was taken place in the mosque, as

previously mentioned that the people in North Sinai,

the sufism community with their belief, was

considered by NIIS as the apostate and infidel;

hence their worship place could be claimed as a

legitimate place for them to attack. In an interview

with magazine on last January, one of NIIS chief

commanders in Sinai underlined his hatred on

‘tasawuf’ (the faith embraced by sufism group). He

labeled Rawda, a district where the attack occurred

on Friday, as one of three regions dominated by

Sufis that were wanted to be “eradicated” by his

group (Erickson, 2017).

After some attack actions performed by NIIS

Extremism Group in Egypt, especially in North

Sinai as described above and started also from either

the government complexity or Egypt nation to tame

this extremist group; therefore, writers were

interested to further review this community. This

writing would try to review on how extremism

theology (community) emergence especially NIIS

and try to search the goal of the group present and

how the group’s political dynamics and ideology so

that their attack object leading to the fellow

Muslims, even in their worship places. The review

in this writing would apply Post-Foundational

school of thought from Jean Luc Nancy and Saul

Newman.

2 METHOD

The method used in this study was qualitative by

collecting data and writing in the form of analytic

and descriptive. Data was obtained and collected by

literature reviews that were from some mass media,

books and previous documents. This method can

assist the researchers in describing and analyzing

action, measure, and political ideology conducted by

ISIS extremist group in North Sinai, Egypt

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 The Emergence of ISIS Extremist

Group

Understanding the ISIS emergence history, the first

to trace was the history and the name of ISIS itself.

In Arabic language, ISIS or Islamic State of Iraq and

Syiria is the translation of Ad-Daulah al-Islamiyah fi

al-Iraqwa asy-Syam organization. Associated Press

and United States called it as Islamic State in Iraq

and The Levant (ISIL). This organization is related

to Salafiyah Jihadiyah movement compiling some

different elements to fight in Iraq and Syria. In a

battlefield, they were separated into many groups.

Therefore, itrose an organization name stating a term

as Ad-Daulah Al-Islamiyah (Islamic State). This

name was also an interesting magnet for many

soldiers from many places in the battlefield to

declare their loyalty under the big umbrella. In 2006,

Zarqawi declared his loyalty to former al-Qaeda

leader, Osama bin Laden and asked this organization

to be a part of al-Qaeda. It was then, in the similar

year, created Mujahidin’s Board of Syuro under

Abdullah Rashed al-Baghdadi leadership. However,

Az-Zarqawi was finally death in the US attack in the

middle of 2006 and Daulah Islamiyah leadership

switched to Abu Hamza al-Mohajir. It was only four

years separated, precisely on 19 April 2010; United

States army was succeded to murder Abu Hamzaal-

Mohajir. Finally, Abu Bakr Al Baghdadi was elected

as Daulah Iraq Islamiyah leadership substitude

(Waid, 2014).

On 29 June 2014, this organization claim itself as

the world caliphate. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was

known by his supporters as Amirul Mu'minin,

Khalifah Ibrahim was appointed as caliph, and this

ACIR 2018 - Airlangga Conference on International Relations

376

group replaced its name into ad-Dawlah al-

Islāmiyah “Islamic State”. As a “caliphate”, NIIS

claimed control on religion, politics, and military of

Muslims all over the world. Caliphate concept and

“Islamic State” name was rejected by government

official and Islamic figures all over the world

(wikipedia). Quantitatively, the number of ISIS

soldiers in Syria was between 6000 and 7000

persons. While in Iraq, they were between 5000 and

6000 persons. It signedthat ISIS existence was truly

dangerous since everytime they do their fight by

always taking up the arms in the battlefields (Waid,

2014).

3.2 A Glance on Post-foundationalism

School of Thought

Before further stepping forward to the discussion on

how to critically understand ISIS extremism group

by applying Post-Foundationalism school of

thought, it seems necessary to briefly touch first on

how actually the Post-Foundationalism school of

thought is. This school of thought presented as a

critique to the previous school of thought considered

as fixing and universalizing a thinking concept,

including a political thinking and thus the result

would be considered as a foundation.This school of

thought was known as foundationalism school.

Merchant (2007) stated that a solid and closed

foundation was a characteristic of political thinking

map in a modern era. This concept was known as

foundationoalism, in which a foundation or principle

in a political thought could not be rejected anymore

or immune against revision. Sketchily, this type of

Foundationalist school of thought integrated various

thinkings, and then they were concluded into one

(related to politic, for example) and it was the

formulated one universalized goal.The formulation

results would be indeed a foundation. In relation to

politic, foundationalism made politic as only an

arena to equalize a goal to be achieved together

(Elyana, 2012).

This Foundationalist school of thought was then

criticized by many thinkers joined in Post-

Foundationalist school of thought. According to

Post-Foundasionalist thinkers, the foundation

created by Foundationalist thinkers could not be a

sturdy basic to see subject (individu/society group)

since the subject is dynamic, having instability

element; hence, in certain conditions it can keep

changing. Post-Foundationlism school considered a

foundation should be indwell; however, it should not

be in final as first, overly large social arena to be

totalized and second, from the beginning, the real

foundation had actually lost the ability to be total as

it had conducted both inclusion and exclusion

(Elyana, 2012). In other word, Post-Foundationalism

school of thought did not totally refuse; however it

requestioned what was called as foundation and

what should be removed by foundation to make it

stayed firm. In this school of thought, the foundation

remained exposed to instability concept (Elyana,

2012).

The other most important thing from this Post-

Foundationalist school of thought was that its

adherents differentiated between politic (la

politique) and political (le politique). Politics is a

conventional politic concept practically struggling in

power strategy and conflictual battle as well as

trying to look for essence.While political was a

metaphor of adjective adhering to collective identity

as long as antagonistly grouping with others

(Elyana, 2012). However, in addition every role

figure had his/her own thinking regarding the

difference of politic and political. As for one of post-

foundationalism figures having concern and sharp

discussion about Politic and Political (in his political

difference) was Jean Luc Nancy. It’s also Nancy’s

thought that would be major refference for the

writers in reviewing the problem rising in this paper.

3.3 How to Understand ISIS Extremist

Group using Post-foundationalism

Approach

In reffering to Post-Foundasionalism thought as

discussed above, thus in understanding on how the

present or founding of the extremism groups, it

could not be directly generalilzed. In other word, it

should not comprehend every extremism groups

based on the same social religion, politic, economy,

and culture condition. As to discern by such

generalization, it means implicitely that it has

already constructed a foundation and finally this can

be fixed. Such comprehension is the fondationalism

one. The question will be then, how can one discern

the extremism groups, particularly ISIS using post-

foundationalism approach?

First, understanding its coming up should be

particular and without fixing either the review result

or certain expert thoughts regarding ISIS group.

Every extremism presence was not right if it was

universalized in any concept, including things

becoming the causal of their emergence and the

groups’s volition (the important thing one should

comprehend as applying post-fondationalist

perspective). For example between Al-Qaeda and

ISIS, once we want to find something more precise

Questioning Action, Ideology, and Politics of ISIS Extremism Group in North Sinai, Egypt

377

on why this group coming up; thus, it should be

specifically comprehended. Therefore, it would

result in some specific foundation as we talk about

every extremism group.

There were actually some opinions as talking

about extremist group, specifically ISIS. However, if

they were further seen, it could be questioned their

accuracy in formulating it. For example, the opinion

from Chandler and Gunaratna that after Nine eleven

(911) there has been a global terrorims landscape

development. According to them, there have been

three important developments within political

dynamic and global security post 911. First, ISIS has

been regarded as Al-Qaeda transformation. Second,

Iraq has been a “Land Of Jihad”. Third, Moslem

population support in many countries over hatred

narration against United States and Western

domination over Islamic population (Rijal Khairur,

2015: 47). If these statements were seen with Post-

Foundationalism approach, and then mated with the

recent reality; thus, it’s important to call in doubt

about its accuracy and relevance.

The first statement above needs to be

reconsidered, as if it’s seen from their last action, it

showed that the action confirmed if this group has

been difficult to be said as the transformation of Al-

Qaeda. It is totally different. Al-Qaeda has never

even attacked civilian, even less a mosque.

However, ISIS group brutally slaughtered Sufism

Moslems during Friday prayer in Al-Raudha

mosque.

So as the assumpsion stated that global

extremism groups’ emergence, including ISIS have

been a Moslem population support in many

countries, since Islamic people are overly dominated

by United States and other Western countries having

islamphobia tendency. Because, what recently

happened has been contradicted with the

assumption. How can be many Islamic countries

support action blindly struck other Moslem groups.

More precisely, either opinions or thinking results as

described above needs to be rechecked before

making them as a foundation in understanding

extremism groups, especially ISIS.

Second, although there has been a foundation

previously considered as very accurate in

comprehending the extremist group’s emergence and

goal; however, in the different era, for example in

recent context, the foundation can not be the fix and

firm foundation for us to understand. It should be

noted in post-foundationalism perspective that

subject, in this case extremist group should be

considered as thick in instability, dynamic, and

continuously changing, since the people inside it

should pass through interaction processes, either

directly interact with other parties (primary) or

through certain holy books as facilitator (secondary).

In other word, the understanding on that thing

remained conducting by critical and holistic

approach without putting aside the available

foundation.

3.4 Mistake in Understanding ISIS as

an Active Group on Terror in

Egypt: A Critique with Frame of

Jean-Luc Nancy Thought

Jean Luc Nancy is one of well known Post-

Foundationalism figures with his thought about The

Retreat of the Political and population as

Community and Society. Nancy in Merchant (2007)

saw the recent politic as if shedding. Everything

became political and thus the political itself

according to him became unavailable. Political had

been integrated into the terminology of socio-politic,

economy-politic and so on. As political had been

integrated with other terminology, the political itself

was actually missing its essence. It was this that later

to be called by Nancy as either Imanentism or new

totalitarianism. Starting from this, then according to

Nancy it was needed some re-searching into the

essence of political itself, and thus it would deliver

the thought about politic and political.

Sketchily, Nancy stated that political was a place

in which what was available in the togetherness

(being in common) was open to define, while politic

was a power game around government

representation conflict (Merchant, 2007). In order to

be cleare, the writers needed to quote Paul Ricouer’s

opinion, since Nancy’s thought about the two terms

lead and coincided with Paul Ricouer’s opinnion.

According to Paul (in Elyana, 2012), political

domain was on specific rationality and thus was

around review about theory. Specific rationality was

philosophy discourse in which politic was deeply

studied without merely discussing strategy to gain

power. While politic domain was autonomous power

or what we knew as practical politic domain, that

was then translated by Nancy that political was not

merely around technical problems, however it

discussed more on human relations living in society.

Nancy’s thought has delivered and encouraged

the writers to comprehend reality related to the

reasons why terror actions from this extremist group

can keep continuously take place and why

government, especially Egypt government to date

hasn’t been able to further understand this group,

thus they can not stop the attack often taking place

ACIR 2018 - Airlangga Conference on International Relations

378

in their country teritory. There were two

possibilities: first, government understanding to this

organization was more on the point of view that was

called by Nancy as politic, in that the understanding

was overly organizational, considering that group as

government enemy trying to have practical politic.

In one side, understanding in such way was not a

mistake. However, in another side, it seems

necessary to look at this group from political point

of view, in which the study was so philosophically

deep using theories in order to understand the unity

of society modus into the group members, how inter-

members interaction patterns and how the social

process taking place inside it. In this case, it would

be certainly needed the role of intelectuals.

The second possibility would be the frequently

studies performed about this group from the political

point of view and/or dimension, such as in academic

world. For example this could be seen from the

studies in terms of this problem that coule be easily

found, moreover in the internet era as this time.

However, according to the writers the problems

were that these studies was lack of attention or they

were made as a basic/material by government to

assist them in comprehending and looking for

formula to anticipate terror from ISIS group.

Nancy’s thought regarding politic and political

differences was used to discuss the difference

between what he called as society and community.

According to him, political is a domain in which

community plays its role. “The political is the place

where community as such is brought into play

(Nancy in Eryana, 2012: 4). It could be further

understood that community according to Nancy was

a different concept from Comunion so called as

society that was considered as engineering product

over society to create integration unity into one

single identity (Eryana, 2012: 8). Community was

the rejection form from society as the engineering

product to create similarity.

Nancy’s thinking regarding society and

community was very interesting to be used to see the

ISIS group ideology and political dynamic or

changing. In the beginning of its present, this group

was truly as a container such as described by Nancy

that was as a refusal form against a contrived society

concept. In this case, the meaning tended to be the

state and its system. In the middle of a state system

dominated by secular tenet, making the people in

states with Islam majority and tend to be

fundamentalist made a certain reaction as a rejection

and even a resistance against the system making

them as society as stated by Nancy.

ISIS itself was founded on 9 April 2013 under

Abu Bakar al-Baghdadi (AbuBakrAlBaghdadi was

ISIS group leader who was already appointed as Iraq

and Syria Islamic State. He came fromal-BuBadri

tribe inhabiting Samarra and

Diyala,Baghdad,Iraq.AbuBakrAlBaghdadi claimed

that he was the descent of Prophet MuhammadSAW;

therefore, he felt entitled and appropriate to be

calipha or Moslem leader all over the world.

Through ISIS he led, he wanted to be the only

Moslem leader all over the world.Source: Scientific

Article fromAbdul Waid (ISIS: Islam Struggle and

Political System Setback)

leadership as a group or community trying to be

a place for Moslems to gather in Iraq and Syria with

one of predominant ideologies, Islamic brotherhood,

rejecting secular state system hegemony. As it

progresses, their activities didn’t actually reflect

their consistent rejection against the system making

them as a unity or trying to agitate them. This

community even then came up as a new system

forming wanting to take part in making the

community as one similarity known as Khalifah

Islamiyah that they massively declared. It could be

minimally occurred in certain territory scope

covering Libya, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, Lebanon and

several other countries in Middle East (Waid, 2014).

In terms of community, this tried to turn every

individu into society, but not presenting community

concept in the middle of individual diversity such

the dreaming of Jean Luc Nancy.

This case was basically similar to the dynamic

taken place among groups having communism

ideology foundation, that was initially considered as

an ideal government method in which a society

could live together side by side without solicitudes

since every citizen had similar rights and

obligation.However, the one that subsequently

developed was communism comprehended as a way

to equalize perception in terms of ideal society

concept. Finally, the real communism

comprehension was a way of living together turning

into an understanding in creating equality in the

society (Merchant, 2007; Elyana, 2012).

The group face having communism foundation

was directly proportional with the one of recent ISIS

extremist group. They didn’t glorify any longer on

how to live together, though there was difference.

However, they imposed diferrences in order to be

similar as they expected. The extrem thing was that

they glorified and legitimated assault, murder

anddemolition to other communities, although they

have a very similarity with them, for example

religion. Such community was not the one dreamed

Questioning Action, Ideology, and Politics of ISIS Extremism Group in North Sinai, Egypt

379

and expected by Nancy, since the community

dreamed by Nancy was the one in which singular

being could expose each of their identity and thus it

created alterity comprehension (Merchant, 2007).

3.5 Critically Probing the Attack

Object of ISIS Group

Starting from the attack at Al-Raudha mosque in

North Sinai in which it killed 305 people; hence, it

could be said that from the time being they way

civilian and government in understanding NIIS

group have remained confined with prevalent one or

based on the previous experiences. They were not

aware of dynamization and thus its instability

became the subject. This could be seen as the

citizens and government of Egypt didn’t have

presupposition altogether if this group would attack

the worship place.

It was one of examples resulted from

understanding based on fixed foundation. The

foundation was the previous experiences and they

considered that the most brutal actions by extremist

group including ISIS would not be audacious to

attack Allah’s house, moreover other extremist

groups such as Al-Qaeda has never, throughout

history, attack a mosque. However, the fact is that

this understanding has been proved as could not be

always used to discernISIS extremist group, since

they could use any object to be attacked when they

have already passed through some certain processes

with result of legitimate to do according to their

point of view.

Subject, in this case was ISIS group (either the

chief or its members) everytme passing interaction

process with other individual/group or with holy

books and everything related to their faith; hence, it

was through the social interaction process, making

subject instability condition emerge. At last, by the

existence of such dynamics, it had implication of

allowing the predictable ones into imposible. The

example was the attack to Al-Raudha mosque in

North Sinai on the last 14 November 2017. It was

the dynamic or process that according to the writers

as to be the explicitly important message to be

passed on by Post-Foundationalism school of

thougth followers.

The incident was indeed the prove of the post-

foundationalism comprehension importance to

figure out everything related to the subjects

(individual, group or population), always asking and

being critical to certain political group would be

very principal according to post-foundationalism

school of thought.The writers envisaged whether the

government there tried to be more specifically and

deeply understand this group, as one of Nancy’s

suggestion that was being more critical and

frequently performing continuous review related to

their modes in merging within the community, so

that it would be more precisely predicted on their

goals and attack targets, in which it would not be as

practical and easy as generally understood. The

government could ask scientists such as

philosophers and political science experts to review

this group using more critical approaches, the

writers thought that it would provide enlightenment

related to the extremist group’s political ideology or

strategy.

4 CONCLUSION

Since 2013, ISIS extremist group has been

extremely intense to attack Egypt, particularly North

Sinai region. However in the end of 2017, there has

been a changing in the pattern and target attack

executed by this group. For the first time, they

attacked a mosque directly targeting Moslems who

were performing Friday prayer. It was the one that

was then drawing attention many parties and public.

The horrendous event in the end of 2017 at once

showed incoherence among parties in

comprehensively understanding ISIS group. Many

parties including Egypt government were not

successful even not ready at all toward such

patterning attack. In addition, in fact until now the

condition in Egypt hasn’t showed successful signs in

overcoming various terror actions frequently

occurred there that sacrificied many victims,

included civilian. The fact is that the recent

condition in Egypt itself hasn’t shown any

improvement in dampen various terrors often

occurred there that ravaged many victims, including

civilians.

Reviews on ISIS group have often been

performed; however, the reviews trying to critically

read the ideology, interest, or action have seldom

been found out. This writing, therefore,

accommodated review on ISIS group particularly the

terror action they conducted in Egypt. This review

applied Post-Foundationalism having thinking

characteristic and tradition tending to be more

critical in understanding various problems. The

result showed two important things needed to be

emphasized when understanding ISIS group using

Post-Foundationalism approach, they were: first in

understanding its emergence, it should be particular

and not to fixing with the review result or thought

ACIR 2018 - Airlangga Conference on International Relations

380

from certain expert toward ISIS group, since such

perspective finally showed inaccuracy and

incoherence in mapping ideology, goal or political

dynamic of this group. Second, in either

understanding or comprehending this group, though

it could not be denied involving a foundation as

having source from either ISIS group establishment

history or previous reviews trying to probe its

ideology; however, it should never make all of them

as a sturdy and immune basic or foundation for

improvements. As ISIS group was positioned as

subject of terrors in Egypt; hence, it’s important to

understand that in post-foundationalism view subject

is the item full of instability, dynamic since they are

as a subject that certainly passed through either

process or interaction, both primary and secondary.

Moreover, if started from the thought of Jean

Luc Nancy in studying on how terror actions from

ISIS group in Egypt could continuously take place, it

could also be a result of two things. First, the

government understanding on this group tended to

use the point of view as what was called by Nancy

as politics, in which its understanding was overly

conventional, considering this group as only the

government opposition trying to do practical

politics. Second, in spite of frequently performing

studies on ISIS group by prioritizing more political

point of view; however, they obtained less attention

or they could not be used as consideration by

government to assist them in understanding and

looking for formula to anticipate ISIS group terror

actions.

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Questioning Action, Ideology, and Politics of ISIS Extremism Group in North Sinai, Egypt

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