The Implementation of Renewable Energy Programme on Tackling

Climate Change through ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy

Cooperation (APAEC) 2010-2015

Nurhasanah and Rizka Zahrotun Khoirina

University of Muhammadiyah Malang

Keywords: Globalization, Climate Change, APAEC, Renewable Energy Programme.

Abstract: In the globalization era, environmental issues has grew significantly especially regarding the climate change,

it can be understood as the change of global temperature and global climate as whole due of human activities

which are directly or indirectly contributed to increasing Greenhouse Gas Emission (GGE) such as on energy

sector through the release of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere due of the increasing supply and

demand of non-renewable energy such as coal, oil, fusel fuel burning to fulfill the necessities of industry,

transportation, and electricity. Therefore, renewable program which focus on resources such as of

hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind are the essentials on tackling climate change which is related with the

concept of Green energy that explores the evolution of green energy system for sustainable development,

energy security, also focuses on development of new technologies which enable the provision of energy with

minimal negative effect on society and the environment. In a view of high threat of climate change and

addressing sustainable energy, ASEAN develop renewable energy agenda through the third series of ASEAN

Plan Action for Energy Cooperation (APEC) 2010-2015 to enhance a cleaner energy, more efficient and

sustainable energy consumption. In order to achieve the development of renewable energy, APAEC has

implemented several approaches such as promote technical cooperation to strengthen renewable energy

program and sharing information on research and innovation policies regarding renewable energy. Thus, this

paper will be focus on how ASEAN implementation of renewable energy agenda in the third series of APAEC

through using the concept of green energy, environment security, and energy security to achieve the

understanding of renewable energy and climate change which focus on how renewable energy will decrease

the impact of climate change.

1 INTRODUCTION

Climate change has been transformed as the global

environment threats since the beginning of 21st

century. According to United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), climate

change defined as the change of climate due to the

increasing number of greenhouse gas emission from

carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and methane which

is directly or indirectly related with the human

activities. According to data release by International

Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) in 2012, the

largest number of greenhouse gas emission was

coming from energy sector with total emission 72%,

following with 11% from agriculture sector, 6% of

industry, 6% of illegal logging and over land

functions, and 3% from waste. The evidence of

climate change are including the rising of sea levels,

the global warming, and the changing of precipitation

pattern of weather (Adedeji, Reuben and Olatoye

2014, p.1). The increasing of the world temperature

was one of the most significant impact of climate

change, United Nations Environment Programme

(UNEP) estimated the global warming will highly

increase in 2100 with the averages 4,0oC or 6,0oC.

Climate change have been impacted all countries

in the world, no exception to Southeast Asia

countries. Southeast Asia was one of the most

vulnerable region impacted on climate change

including on the rising of sea levels, extreme weathers

and global warming through the increasing of annual

temperature. As one of the most vulnerable region

impacted on climate change, therefore the issue

climate change has been the challenge for Association

of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN) in many sectors

Nurhasanah, . and Khoirina, R.

The Implementation of Renewable Energy Programme on Tackling Climate Change through ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) 2010-2015.

DOI: 10.5220/0010273600002309

In Proceedings of Airlangga Conference on International Relations (ACIR 2018) - Politics, Economy, and Security in Changing Indo-Paciﬁc Region, pages 92-100

ISBN: 978-989-758-493-0

which are economy, environment, development,

energy, agriculture, fisheries, livestock and forestry

(Sahraie 2011, p.5). To address the climate change,

Southeast Asia through ASEAN in 2003 started to

build the commitment to strengthening the

cooperation within the region to reduce the risk and

further impact of climate change by the establishment

of ASEAN Community (AC) based on three pillars

which are ASEAN Political Security, ASEAN

Economic Community and ASEAN Social-Cultural

Community in 2015 (Sahraie 2011, p.6).

ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) has

mentioned the importance to address climate change

through the ensuring of sustainability and reduce the

use of fossil fuel energy towards the development of

renewable energy such as bio-fuels. The AEC also

emphasize the need to strengthen the cooperation and

the investment on renewable energy development in

the region (Sahraie, 2011:p.6). ASEAN Plan of

Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) 2010-2015

was one of the agenda of AEC to implement the

mitigation of climate change through the renewable

energy development Programme (ASEAN Center for

Energy 2015, p.5). APAEC launched on July 2009 by

ASEAN Ministers as the third series of

implementation plan of ASEAN Vision 2020 as

stated earlier, the establishment of APAEC is to serve

as the blueprint for ASEAN cooperation in the field

of energy started from 2010-2015 (Suryadi 2014,

p.6).Basically, the renewable energy highlighted the

reduce of fossil fuel from coal, oil, and natural gas to

fulfill the needs of energy to renewable resources

including hydropower, biofuels, geothermal, solar,

and wind energy which is effective to reduce the

greenhouse gas emission as the cause of climate. One

of the target of APAEC is to increasing the utilization

of renewable energy into 15% from energy total of

ASEAN countries.

This paper will highlights the implementation of

renewable energy development programme on

tackling climate change through the APAEC 2010-

2015 as one of the mitigation of ASEAN countries to

respond and address climate change. Therefore, the

aim of this paper is to increasing the understanding

regarding on how ASEAN produce climate change

mitigation through the renewable energy

development towards APAEC 2010-2015. In general,

the explanation on this paper will be divided into

several parts, this paper is using of environment

security theory and the concept of renewable energy

in that will going to be explain in the method section.

Then, the explanation of this paper will focus on the

issue of climate change including the risk and impact

in the context of global and in the region of ASEAN

and will continue to the main focus and mandate and

also the purposes of APAEC 2010-2015 as one of the

climate change mitigation of ASEAN to address

climate change. Next, this paper will explain the core

of this paper which is the implementation of

renewable energy as the mitigation of climate change

of ASEAN to addressing climate change which is

focus to describing the strategy to achieve the target

15% of renewable energy by 2015 and the

achievement of APAEC 2010-2015 to the

development of renewable energy in the region.

2 METHODS

2.1 Environment Security Theory

In this paper, the researcher will use the environment

security theory in order to analysis the mitigation of

climate change through the renewable energy

program during APAEC for period 2010-2015. The

study of environment security include a central idea

of environmental problem such as climate change,

global warming, droughts, and others environment

degradation. The starting point of the emergence of

environment security was Stockholm Declaration in

1972 that produced the Declaration of Human

Environment where the countries in United Nations

talked about the environment problems including

pollution as well as the global warming (Spiegel

1995, p.404). Therefore, since the Stockholm

Declaration, the environment security has emerged as

the new security studies in global security in 1970s.

Then, Barry Buzan on his book with the title People,

States, and Fear brought the new concept of security

which is non-traditional security at the end of cold

war in 1991 that called as “New Patterns of Global

Security in the Twenty First Century” (Stonne 2009,

P.6). Through his book, Barry Buzan emphasized the

new global security threats at the beginning of 21st

century from traditional security such as conflict and

war towards non-traditional security which is

including environment security. Environment

security underlined the change of environmental

condition will possible as the sources of social

conflicts due to the societies face dangers of

environment destruction (Swatuk 2004, p.1).

According to Collin in 2007, the environment

security was the interpretation of others perspective

of security such as on Common Security and Human

Security. In the context of common security towards

the environment security, Collin argued that the

environment issues such as climate change was the

common issue due to the impact of climate change

The Implementation of Renewable Energy Programme on Tackling Climate Change through ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation

(APAEC) 2010-2015

has spread to all of the countries across the world.

Then, on the connection between environment

security and human security, Collin argued that

environment problems was one of the largest threats

of human security such as the spread of diseases,

droughts, hunger, and many more (Jonsson 2009,

p.17-18). Besides that, the environment security

theory emphasized and underlined the importance of

the institution or international organization such as

United Nations as well as regional organization

including ASEAN to being the platform to addressing

the issue of environment degradation such as climate

change by produce the policies or actions. Therefore,

the essential meaning of environment security was the

mechanism, rules, treatments on the protection of

environment from the threats of further impact of

environment problems.

Based on the explanation above, environment

security has been understood as the theory which

emphasize the environment issue as the new

perspective of global threats, therefore the existence

of the institution or international organization actions

to reduce the risk and further impact of environment

destruction such as on climate change was the

necessity. The implementation of environment

security in this paper is to look the respond of

ASEAN countries to reduce the risk and impact of

climate change as the kind of environment threats

especially in the region of Southeast Asia which

focused on renewable energy program through the

implementation of ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy

Cooperation (APAEC) during the period 2010-2015

as one of the key to support the ASEAN Economic

Community (AEC) Blueprint 2015.

2.2 The Concept of Renewable Energy

To explain the case that is up in this paper, researches

using the concept of Renewable Energy. This concept

is derivative from green energy concept. From a

historical perspective, the rnu970s can be considered

to be the time of the true formation of the Renewable

Energy Sources (RES) concept. The main reason for

this was the petrol crisis, which had been gaining

force at the time, as a result of a decision, adopted by

the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OPEC). They imposed restrictions on the

production and supply, and established total control

over the prices. This shortly became a global energy

issue for the petroleum importing countries.

Achieving diversification of the energy sources and

finding sources that are additional or alternative to

petrol, fossil fuels, and, following the series of

nuclear accidents, also to nuclear power plants, has

become a task of prime importance. A look at the

world’s economic history would be enough to prove

the great significance of such issues and their possible

impact on the national and world economy. Therefore

energy safety topics have become a global issue

(Yordanov 2014, p. 1-2).

All the country has mentioned this issue as the

important issue. So they were concern to protect the

environment and natural resources preservation, it is

call the Lisbon strategy. For example another similar

initiative strategy was launched by European council

on March 2010 named “Europe 2020” plan. That was

focus on, firstly decreasing the carbon dioxide

emissions that produce Greenhouse Gas emission by

20% as compared to the 1990. Secondly, cutting

down energy consumption by 20%, achieving a

significant increase in energy efficiency as well as a

20% RES share of the total energy consumption

(European Commission, Europe 2020). These

strategy focus on the most efficiently and reasonably

utilize natural resource. The main forms of renewable

energy as the RES concept, which are being

developed and used worldwide, are the energy from

biomass, sunlight, hydro and wind energy as well as

ocean/sea wave and tidal energy. Each of these

energy sources has its specific characteristics that set

the pattern for the methods and locations of their full

utilization. Along with the gradual development of

production technologies, their constant improvement

and position establishment, RES are becoming

increasingly reliable and widely used. (Yordanov

2014, p. 2).

The development of Renewable energy concept in

the contemporary era, as the key way to reducing the

climate change, climate change have linkage of the

environmental issues. Fossil fuels energy create

environmental problem such as increasing

greenhouse gas emission that cause climate change.

The depletion of fossil fuels and the environmental

hazards posed by the needs of future development are

gradually shifting the path of development toward

sustainability, better sociability and environmental

responsibility which in turn emphasize the need of

renewable energy sources (Centre for International

Law 2009, p.1).

Regarding explanation above, fit to this paper,

renewable energy concept emphasize to use the

natural resources energy such wind, solar power,

Biomass, Biofuels, Hydropower as replacement

Fossil fuels as to reducing the carbon dioxide

emission that caused climate change. To respond this

issue ASEAN under APAEC 2010-2015 took place

the renewable energy program as one of the APAEC

agenda to reducing climate change. Recognizing the

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limited global reserve of fossil fuels and unstable

energy prices, the APAEC emphasizes strategies to

further strengthen renewable energy development,

such as bio-fuels which is crucial to support and

sustain economic and industrial activities, sustainable

energy development, through mitigating greenhouse

gas emission, strengthen regional cooperation on the

development of renewable energy and alternative

energy including hydropower and bio-fuels, the

ASEAN Energy Ministers to set a collective target for

renewable energy in the total energy mix for the next

five years, and promote the development of centers of

research and development on renewable energy in the

region (Centre For International Law, 2009, page 11

). Renewable energy program APAEC 20102015

have the program fit to each ASEAN member country

policy toward implementation Renewable energy to

tackle climate change.

3 RESULT

Global warming over the past 50 years that have

released Greenhouse gases emission coming from

Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (N2O), and

methane (CH4) into the atmosphere. The most recent

assessment report by the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that the global

average surface temperature has increased by about

0.6°C during the 20th century, creates the

phenomenon named climate change. Increasing the

temperature already showing adverse effects for all

the country. (Anand 2013, p.5) ASEAN is

particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate

change due to the concentration of people and

economic activities in the coastal areas, rich

biological diversity, and resource based on

economies, and increased vulnerability of the people

especially the poor. Due to its geological and

geographical factors, the region is also one of the

world’s vulnerable regions to suffer from a range of

climatic and natural hazards such as earthquakes,

typhoons, sea level rise, volcanic eruptions, droughts,

heat waves and tsunamis which are becoming more

frequent and severe. In addition, the geophysical and

climatic conditions shared by the region have also led

to common and trans-boundary environmental

concerns such as air and water pollution, urban

environmental degradation and trans-boundary haze

pollution. (Raman 2010, p.4). Therefore, the climate

change have been impacted many sector of ASEAN

including economic, politic, and social (Norwegian

Institute of International Affairs 2017, p. 2).

The Asian Development Bank in 2009 reported

the three main factors regarding why climate change

impacted the region: (1) the growing number of

population, (2) long coastlines, (3) high concentration

of people and economic activities in coastal areas

(Guemide 2017, p.8). Then, The Asian Development

Bank in 2009 also reported the change of temperate

in Southeast Asia countries. In Indonesia, the high

temperature is estimated from 1, 4-1,40oC per

century, following by Philippines with the

temperature increase of 1,4oC per century, Singapore

0,3oC per decade, Thailand 1,04-1,80oC per century,

and Vietnam 1,0oC per century (Guemide 2017,

p.10). Another study of Asian Development Bank

also have been released the rise of temperature as the

implication of global warming have been estimated

around 4,8oC in annual temperature and the rising sea

level estimated 70 cm by 2100 especially in

Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam

(Overland 2017, p.2). According to the Global

Climate Risk Index, four of the world’s ten countries

most affected by climate change are located in

Southeast Asia: Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, and

Vietnam. Another version regarding the most

impacted countries on climate change in ASEAN

released in 2016 by the table description below.

Table 1: Ranking Climate Risk of ASEAN Countries

(Overland 2017, p.3).

Countries

Index of Climate Change

Vulnerability

Myanmar

0.66-1.00

Philippines

0.49-0.56

Vietnam

0.39-0.49

Thailand

0.31-0.39

Cambodia

0.25-0.31

Indonesia

0.20-0.25

Laos

0.15-0.20

Malaysia

0.11-0.15

Brunei Darussalam

0.06-0.11

Singapore

0.00-0.06

As started earlier, the issue of climate change

connected with the increasing number of greenhouse

gas emission which is one of the source was coming

from energy sector. As one of the region with the high

mobility of industrialization, the large number of

greenhouse gas emission from energy fossil fuel as

the major source of energy in ASEAN was one of the

The Implementation of Renewable Energy Programme on Tackling Climate Change through ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation

(APAEC) 2010-2015

biggest compared to another region. According to

data released from World Bank and International

Energy Agency in 2011, total greenhouse gas

emission in Southeast Asia grew significantly from

1971-2009 from 106 MtCO2 to 1,022 MtCO2 which

33% of the greenhouse gas emission each year were

coming from fuel-mix related with energy

consumption. In 2000, ASEAN contributed to 12% of

the world total greenhouse gas emission which

remaining 15% was coming from energy sector

(Asian Development Bank 2009, p. xxiii). In 2013,

around 1,3 Gt of CO2 emission in ASEAN was

coming from energy, and in 2040 the emission of

CO2 from energy sector estimated will increase to

almost 2,4 Gt (International Energy Agency 2015,

p.35). As an addition, International Energy Agency in

2011 also have been mentioned Indonesia, Malaysia,

Philippines and Thailand as the largest contributor of

greenhouse gas emission from energy sector among

others Southeast

Asia countries. Therefore, renewable energy

development was the priority of ASEAN countries to

reduce the greenhouse gas emission on tackling the

climate change through the implementation of energy

mix from non-renewable energy sources including

oil, coal, and natural gas and renewable energy

sources. ASEAN have been formulated the special

body to addressing climate change which is ASEAN

Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC)

2010-2015 through the development of renewable

energy due to the region has been known as the region

rich on the potentials on renewable energy sources

(Table II) such as on hydropower which estimated

around 170 GW in the region (International Energy

Agency 2015, p.44) to decrease the dependent on

non-renewable energy sources.

Table 2: Energy Resources Overview in ASEAN Countries.

ASEAN

Country

Overview of Renewable Energy

Sources

Brunei

Darussalam

Solar Energy

Cambodia

Hydropower, Biomass, and Biofuel

Indonesia

Highest Potential on Geothermal

Lao PDR

Small Hydropower

Malaysia

Hydropower, Solar, and Biofuels

Myanmar

Biofuels and Biomass

Philippines

Geothermal and Hydropower

Singapore

Solar Energy

Thailand

Solar, Bioenergy and Hydropower

Vietnam

Biomass and Biofuels

(Rahmadi, Hanifah & Kuntjara 2017, p.3)

Basically, APAEC 2010-2015 was the energy

component on the implementation of ASEAN

Economic Community (AEC) Blueprint 2015 which

is focus to ensuring the secure and reliable energy

supply in the region through the implementation of

collaborative partnership on ASEAN power Grid

(APG), Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline (TAGP) by the

promotion of the cleaner coal use, energy efficiency

and conservation, and the implementation of

renewable energy development programme which is

more specific focus on the development of bio-fuels

and hydropower. The formulation and establishment

of APEC 2010-2015 was supported by ASEAN

Center for Energy (ACE), ASEAN Secretariat,

Renewable Energy Support Programme for ASEAN

(ASEAN-RESP), by ASEAN Renewable Energy

Sub-Sector (RE-SSN) and others energy bodies in the

regional and international which consist of 26

strategies and 91 actions. Besides that, APAEC 2010-

2015 is also a product of deliberation by the APAEC

Drafting Committee chaired by the Thailand in

Singapore on 15 November 2007 as the third series of

implementation plan of ASEAN Energy cooperation,

as a continuation of the two previous energy plans

which are APAEC 2004- 2009 completed on June 30,

2009 that have been installed the renewable energy

was around 37,100 MW and APAEC 1999-2004

completed on June 30, 2004.

The APAEC during the period 2010-2015 have

been recognized the regional and global challenges on

energy and the environment issue including climate

change which impacted on the energy development,

health, safety, and environment circumstances in the

region, as stated earlier. Therefore, the main focus of

APAEC 2010-2015 through the development of

renewable energy and others program was on

initiatives to support the development of energy in the

region through the development of energy

infrastructure and enhance energy security by the

integration of energy development energy policies to

achieve the sustainable development on the

protection of environment. (ASEAN Research

Institute 2017, p.2). As the third energy outlook in

ASEAN, APAEC 2010-2015 have emphasized the

fourth strategic goals of renewable energy in the

region which are; (1) to achieve a collective target of

15% renewable energy installed capacity in the region

by 2015, (2) strengthen the regional cooperation to

support the development of renewable energy such as

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on biofuels and hydropower which is crucial to

achieve the sustainable economic development and

industrialization activities, (3) the promotion of

renewable energy centers and research institutions in

the region, (4) promote the liberalization of trade,

facilitation and others kind of cooperation to support

the installation and the development of renewable

energy in ASEAN countries.

4 DISCUSSION

ASEAN body have been expressed their concern and

commitment for ASEAN to play a proactive role to

addressing climate change through the establishment

of The ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy

Cooperation (APAEC) 2010-2015 to produce the

cleaner and green energy sources. The importance of

renewable energy development in the region was to

transform ASEAN into stable, secure, prosperous,

rules-based, competitive, resilient, and integrated

towards ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)

Blueprint 2015. During the period 2010-2015 of

APAEC, the core renewable energy development is

needed to increase the diversity of energy in the

region and reduce the risk climate change as the cause

of greenhouse gas emission from fossil fuel energy,

although the number of energy from nonrenewable

energy resources is still widely installed in Southeast

Asia (Center for International Law 2009, p.25). The

renewable energy target on APAEC for 2010-2015 is

15% in the total power installed capacity in 2015, as

what this paper been mentioned earlier on the result

section. Basically, there are several strategies on

APAEC 2010-2015 to achieve the target of 15%

renewable energy in the region of ASEAN that have

been formulated to support the program of renewable

energy.

The strategies of APAEC 2010-2015 are include:

(1) increasing the development of renewable energy

sources in order to achieve the target 15% of

renewable energy through the promotion of technical

cooperation to complement efforts on renewable

energy targets of the ASEAN member, funding

institutions, project developers and the promotion of

renewable energy program (2) enhancing the

awareness and information sharing by strengthening

the networks in the level of regional and international

through innovation policies, market based on energy

policies, organize media campaigns, conferences,

seminar, workshops and the competition on

renewable energy, (3) promoting intra- ASEAN

cooperation through the regional market studies on

renewable energy, propose the standards for

renewable energy products, strengthen local

manufacturing capabilities for renewable energy,

increasing the number of investment, encourage the

establishment of ASEAN renewable energy

association forum, (4) promotion of renewable energy

financing scheme by strengthening the collaboration

with ASEAN dialogue partners and international

agencies and encourage the involvement of banking

sector and financial to support renewable energy

project in the region, (5) promotion of the commercial

development and utilization of biofuels as the source

of renewable energy through the development of

“ASEAN Renewable Energy Policy Paper” on long

term sustainability of biofuels and enhance the

commercialization of biofuels in the region, (6)

Develop ASEAN as the region of renewable energy

that include the strategy to create renewable energy

roadmap and stockpile of renewable energy in the

region (Center for International Law 2009, p.27).

To support the implementation of renewable

energy target of 15% by 2015 in the region, ASEAN

through APAEC 2010-2015 and also collaborated

with ASEAN Center for Energy (ACE) under

Renewable Energy Support Programme for ASEAN

(ASEAN-RESP) have been cooperated with agency

which originally located in Germany named as the

Geselschaft Fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit

(GIZ) known as a development agency. The

cooperation with GIZ consist on several agenda,

which are: (1) the adoption of regional guidelines on

renewable energy by ASEAN specialize energy

bodies, (2) the development and the promotion of

renewable energy through the formulation of policies

to establish access to renewable energy sources, (3)

formulation of the group which is focus to works on

the implementation and the development of

renewable energy in ASEAN by ASEAN Renewable

Energy Sub-Sector (RE-SSN) to support the target of

APAEC during the period of 2010-2015 (ASEAN

Research Institute 2017, p.8). One of the

implementation of the cooperation with GIZ were

conducted of the workshop focused on “Innovative

Rural Electrification Approaches in ASEAN” in

order to encourage the development of renewable

energy for electricity in the region (Shi & Malik 2013,

p.35).

Besides that, APAEC along with RE-SSN also

cooperated with HAPUA WG 4 (renewable energy

and environment) to working on the assessment of the

capacity of ASEAN to achieve the target of 15%

renewable energy installed by 2015. To support the

financing system during the APAEC 2010-2015, RE-

SSN have been prepared the concept of paper on the

framework to promoting innovative financing system

The Implementation of Renewable Energy Programme on Tackling Climate Change through ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation

(APAEC) 2010-2015

through the involvement of banking sectors and

financial institutions in renewable energy projects

which also supported by ASEAN-RESP (Shi & Malik

2013, p.35). In order to prepare the paper on the

standardization of renewable energy in the region,

APAEC 2010-2015, ASEAN-RESP and ASEAN RE-

SSN was conducting the regional stakeholder

workshop, and in order to enhancing the sharing

information and strength the network in the region,

RE SSN have been actively to conduct ASEAN

Energy Awards on renewable energy project (Shi &

Malik 2013, p.36). Then, ASEAN Hydropower

Competence Sector (HYCOM) was also active to

support the implementation of renewable energy

through APAEC 2010-2015 by promoting the

services on renewable energy project in regional and

international networks (Shi & Malik 2013, p.36).

Another international cooperation that focused on the

financing assistance during the implementation of

renewable energy through APAEC, ASEAN have

been cooperated with ASEAN Dialogue Partners

which including European Union, Japan, Australia,

China, South Korea, and India, and another countries

such as Switzerland and United States. Then, ASEAN

also cooperated with United Nations and others

agencies such as Institute of Energy Economics Japan

(IEEJ), International Energy Agency (IAE), New

energy and Industrial technology development

Organization (NEDO), Japan Coal Energy Center

(JCOAL), Energy Charter Secretariat, Asia

Development Bank (ADB), Asian Institute of

Technology (AIT), and Japan Oil, Gas, Metals

National Cooperation (JOGMEC). The key

achievements of APAEC during the period 2010-

2015 on the implementation of renewable energy

program in the region was include: (1) in 2013, total

powered installed capacity on energy from fossil fuel

and renewable energy sources estimated 184, 156

MW which 45,673 MW or around 25% was coming

from renewable energy sources on hydropower,

biomass, biogas, geothermal, solar and wind energy,

(2) in 2013, total electricity generation in the region

was about 821 TWh and 169 TWh or around 21% was

coming from renewable energy sources that had

surprised and beyond the target of 15% renewable

energy on APAEC 2010-2015 (ASEAN Center for

Energy 2015, p.18). Another achievements of

APAEC 2010-2015 to increasing the capacity of

ASEAN on the installed renewable energy had more

than double compared from 2006 to 2014 with total

capacity 197, 581 MW with the contribution 26,1%

was coming from renewable energy which overall

accounts around 28,000 MW renewable energy have

been produced and built with annual rate 10,25%

during 2006-2014 (ASEAN Research Institute 2017,

p.3).

Figure 1: Renewable Energy Development of ASEAN in 2013.

Another data have been mentioned the high

number of the installed renewable energy capacity in

the region which increased by 42% from 2010-2013.

Among the renewable energy sources, hydropower

(of all sizes and types) had the highest contribution,

with about 37.2 GW in installed capacity in 2013.

Indonesia through HYCOM in Banding in 2011

develop and transfer best practices in small-scale

hydro power to achieve APAEC 2010-2015 program

(Zamora 2016 p. 32). Another Renewable resources

program is Geothermal energy will be further

developed in the Philippines and Indonesia which will

result to 3.9 percent annual growth rate in the primary

energy supply (Centre For International Law,2006

Page 8 ). In the study case of biofuel, the ASEAN

member states which are Indonesia, Malaysia, the

Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam have

incorporated their renewable energy target into their

national energy mix into the APAEC 2010 often use

this alternative fuel as a substitute for fossil fuel.

Fossil Fuels 75%

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(Rahmadi, Hanifah and Kuntjara 2017, p.3). As an

addition, according to ASEAN Research Institute in

2017 on the cooperation of energy in ASEAN have

been released the data regarding the performance of

ASEAN member states during the implementation of

renewable energy program through APAEC 2010-

2015. Lao PDR and Vietnam have been performed

well during the APAEC 2010-2015 on the exploration

and the development of renewable energy sources,

Loa PDR relied on hydropower and Vietnam have

increased the capacity to 12 GW between 2006 until

2014 which is the highest compared to another

ASEAN countries with the average 1,76 GW.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the explanation above, this paper has been

explained regarding on how ASEAN adress climate

change through renewable energy program to reduce

the greenhouse gas emission and to prevent the larger

impact of climate change from energy sector. But,

there are several important points that should be

underlined on this paper, (1) climate change have

been impacted all countries in the world, no exception

for Southeaset Asia countries as one of the most

vulnarable region which impacted on the climate

change in term of the incresing of the temperture,

rising sea levels, extreme weathers that has been the

challenges of economic, social and politic

development in the region, (2) renewable energy

program development was one of the mitigation in

order to addressing and decreasing the larger impact

of climate change of ASEAN countries that

formulated through the ASEAN Plan of Action for

Energy Cooperation (APAEC) 2010-2015, (3)

APAEC 2010-2015 focused to increasing the

renewable energy capacity in the region and have the

target of 15% renewable energy by 2015 to support

the implementation of ASEAN Economic

Community (AEC) Blueprint 2015 on reducing the

use of fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal to

fullfil energy needs in the region, (4) APAEC have

cooperated with United Nations and others countries

including Germany, United States, Swtizerland,

European Union, Japan, Austalia and others

competence agencies to support the implmentation of

renewable energy program in th region, (5) Through

the stregth international and regional cooperation,

APAEC have been succesfull to increasing the

capacity of renewable energy in Southeast Asia such

as in 2013, total electricity generation in the region

was about 821 TWh and 169 TWh or around 21% was

coming from renewable energy sources that had

surprised and beyond the target of 15% renewable

energy on APAEC 2010-2015.

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