Macho and Patriarchal Domination in Student Perception

Harmona Daulay and T. Ilham Saladin

Department of Sociology, Jalan Dr. A.Sofyan No. 1 Kampus Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Keyword: Macho, patriarchal system, metrosexual.

Abstract: The aim of the study to look at the issue of masculinity as an interesting study because it is related to the issue

of femininity. This issue also have given a lot of analysis in the theoretical and practical debate of gender

issues. Men are constructed in macho concepts that become the values and norms in the patriarchal system.

While in actual development appears various phenomena of the construction of a new man with metrosexual

appearance. This study concern how the existence of macho man in the phenomenon of male masculinity

metrosexual who became the trend of urban men since the early 2000s. This research method using

quantitative method with the number of respondents 50 people. Research location in Padangsidimpuan city.

The consideration of research location because people who live in Padangsidempuan was Mandailing tribe

and it has patriarchal construction which is relatively strong enough in seeing relation of man and woman.

The data were collected by using questionnaire and analyzed quantitatively. The results show that the

dominance of macho construction was still the dominance of perception of respondents. Some basic things

such as the requirements of men in biological, psychological, and physiological indeed become the basis in

social construction and relationships with women. Interestingly there are also controversies related to

conflicting patriarchal constructions such as male construction not necessarily as breadwinners, men may be

dressed up, and men may be egalitarian with women. There is an intersection phenomenon in the construction

of men in a growing patriarchal system.

1 INTRODUCTION

Male macho is a representation of men who appeared

in decades of development dynamics of masculinity

until the 2000s. In that era macho representation

emerged from the films are very nuanced macho guy

like the movie character Rambo with Silvester Stalon

actor, Arnold Swanezger, Jean Claude Van Dam and

so on. Macho reprentation films are also seen on films

like James Bond with different actors on some James

Bond movies.

The concept of macho man is also inseparable

from the existence of a particular society culture.

Culture is basically a starting point in shaping the

value entity of society, including the macho concept

for men. Indonesia has diverse cultures which will

have many definitions about the concept of a

developing macho man. The concept develops

according to social changes that occur in certain

communities. The results of the current study indicate

that there is a link between the validity of macho

macho patriarchy with transition process to

metrosexual man (Guzetti, 2018). Some of the macho

male concept that developed in the community is

always identified with muscle race. Those who have

a muscular and muscular body are considered to be

very macho. Coupled with the concept of patriarchy

in society increasingly makes that macho man is

always associated with male domination of women.

On the other hand, men are said to be macho when

dedicating life to writing. Writing also becomes part

of the macho concept for certain men. It can be an

identity for a man who can support his macho

concept. In addition, forming a community then

gaining the social identity of the community is part of

the macho man concept. Such perceptions can also

form an act toward violence against a person (Baird,

2012).

In today's technological age, the concept of

patriarchy remains well preserved in certain societies.

Some research results indicate that the local concept

of patriarchy can give color to the existence of macho

man concept. Family is a place where patriarchy can

be continued or not. Understanding that men always

dominate women become markers of macho men. It

relates to the macho concept that it is capable of

Daulay, H. and Saladin, T.

Macho and Patriarchal Domination in Student Perception.

DOI: 10.5220/0010089015611565

In Proceedings of the International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches (ICOSTEERR 2018) - Research in Industry 4.0, pages

1561-1565

ISBN: 978-989-758-449-7

1561

dominating or dominating certain small groups. From

the results of other studies, that between women and

men have different life goals when in one place work.

The orientation of men to work is to receive high

salary pay, salary value, materials, job satisfaction.

While women are more oriented towards negotiation

and cooperation, value of quality of life, and less

work time (Ganesh, 2014)

2 RESEARCH METHODS

Some literature uses a diverse approach when looking

to measure the concept of male macho or the concept

of metrosexual men descriptively. The study was

dominated by finding a causal relationship to explain

the dominance of the two concepts. This research uses

a quantitative approach with descriptive method in

explaining the phenomenon of macho concept

domination. Data collection using survey method to

each respondent. The survey method is used quite

effectively to explore the concept of macho man in

Padangsidempuan society. In addition, observation

becomes an option to reinforce the quantitative data

gained.

2.1 Sample

The data used in this research use direct field data.

Samples were taken from two universities in

Padangsidempuan namely IAIN Padangsidempuan

and Universitas Graha Nusantara. Total samples

taken by 50 respondents from both universities. There

are several criteria arranged to limit the samples

taken. The criteria are like student of class of 2014

down and arranged based on existing faculty prosi.

3 RESEARCH RESULTS

3.1 Overview of Respondents

Respondents in this study were student groups from

IAIN Padangsidempuan and Universitas Graha

Nusantara. They were made respondents starting

from the generation of 2014 or have undergone at

least 4 semesters of lectures. Here is a description of

the characteristics of respondents,

Table 1: Age Of Respondent

e Frequenc

cen

Total

11 21.6

16 31.4

10 19.6

59.8

12.0

51 100.0

From the table above shows that the age of

respondents who dominate in this study is 21 years,

then followed by the age of 20 and 22 years. In this

study there are also 29-year-old students with 1

person. At the age of 20, 21, and 22 years is the age

limit set in this study and become the most age to be

respondents.

Table 2: Year of Study Respondent

Year of Study Frequenc

Percent

2012

2013

2014

Total

35.9

47.8

44 86.3

51 100.0

From the table visible force 2014 to force that

dominates the respondents in this study. Force long

enough seen in the table that force 2012 which

amounted to 3 people only.

Table 3. Program of Respondent

Program Frequency Perc

roteknolo

i2 3.9

Akroteknolo

i2 3.9

Bimbingan

Konselin

Islam

3 5.9

Ekonomi S

ariah 5 9.8

FISIP 7 13.7

Hukum Ekonomi

ariah

2 3.9

Hukum Tata

ara

4 7.8

Ilmu Pemerintahan 1 2.0

Komunikasi

Pen

iaran Islam

1 2.0

Mana

emen 8 15.7

PAI 5 9.8

ICOSTEERR 2018 - International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches

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Pengembangan

arakat Islam

2 3.9

Perbankan S

ariah 2 3.9

Pertanian 1 2.0

Peternakan 1 2.0

PGMI 1 2.0

Teknik Sipil 4 7.8

Total 51 100.

The department that became the most choice in this

research is the management department with the

number of respondents as many as 8 people, then

followed by the departments in the Faculty of Social

and Political Sciences. Both of these majors come

from Graha Nusantara University. Some majors in

IAIN Padangsidempuan spread evenly with the

number of respondents fairly evenly.

Table 4. Income of Respondent

Income Frequenc

Percent

100000 1 2.0

400000 3 5.9

500000 9 17.6

600000 7 13.7

700000 1 2.0

800000 6 11.8

100000

9 17.6

120000

2 3.9

140000

1 2.0

150000

1 2.0

300000

1 2.0

Total 41 80.4

Missi

System 10 19.6

Total 51 100.0

From the table above shows that the income or

income of each respondent starts from IDR 100,000,

- up to IDR 3,000,000, -. However, the average

student has income or income of IDR 500,000, - up to

IDR 700,000, - The amount is only for the money

"grip" and not for use to buy food everyday. The

income here is an allowance given by parents and not

necessarily from own income. From the table also

seen there is a missing value of 10 people. That is,

there are 10 respondents who do not fill the amount

of income owned. The amount can be ignored by

taking the average value of the income / income

money owned.

Table 5. Cost of Respondent

Pen

eluaran Frekuensi Persen

300000 4 7.8

400000 3 5.9

500000 7 13.7

600000 6 11.8

700000 7 13.7

800000 4 7.8

900000 1 2.0

950000 2 3.9

100000

3 5.9

120000

3 5.9

150000

1 2.0

Total 41 80.4

Missi

System 10 19.6

Total 51 100.0

Similarly with the table above that there is a missing

value of 10 which means there are 10 people who do

not give an answer to this question. This can be

ignored because it does not significantly affect the

validity of the data. Average of respondent's expense

is IDR 500.000, - and IDR 800.000, -. The

expenditure is mostly used for daily expenses beyond

the cost of daily meals.

Table 6. Parent Occupation

Occupation Frequen

Perce

Bengkel 1 2.0

Kades 1 2.0

Karyawan PTPN V 1 2.0

Pensiunan Karyawan 1 2.0

Petani 18 35.3

Petani Karet 1 2.0

Petani Padi 1 2.0

PNS 6 11.8

PNS Non Guru 1 2.0

TNI-AD 1 2.0

Wiraswasta 19 37.3

Total 51 100.0

Macho and Patriarchal Domination in Student Perception

1563

From the table above also shows that various types of

work of each student who selected to be respondents.

Of the several types of work available above, farmers

become the majority work of the respondents' parents.

Based on the observation result, Padangsidempuan

area is dominated by plantation sector (Sawit, rubber,

and salak) and agriculture (rice, corn, and

vegetables). The next work was followed by Civil

Servant as many as 6 people, fewer than the work as

farmers, amounted to 18 people. After several

descriptive tables above, the following is a

descriptive table of the data categorization of each

inductor masculinity.

Table 7. Descriptive Test

Indicator

Masculin

ity

Option Me

Std.

Deviat

ion

3 2 1

Biology

Construc

tion

21.6

51%

27.5

2.0

0.705

Physicol

ogy

Construc

tion

9.8

80.4

9.8

2.0

0.447

Sosializa

tion

Construc

tion

17.6

70.6

11.8

1.9

0.544

Macho

Concept

19.6

64.7

15.7

1.9

0.599

The table above illustrates the description of all

respondents' answers to the four variables of

masculinity. From the above variables, students tend

to choose medium answers. That is, students'

knowledge about masculinity is moderate.

Respondents did not show either too high or too low

knowledge of masculinity knowledge. Only the

biological construction and macho man concept give

a high enough answer to the perception of masculinity

knowledge of the respondents.

Table 8. T-test Sample

Variabel Nilai F

Sig (2-

tailed)

Biolo

Construction

0.630 0.431

Physicology

Construction

0.124 0.726

Sosialization

Construction

0.798 0.376

Macho Concep

0.028 0.867

The table above shows statistical calculations with

different tests on each indicator related to the concept

of masculinity. The four indicators above are based

on several questions related to each indicator. Of the

four indicators tested the average sample, there is no

difference that is so significant. Of all the values of F

that exist in the table, still smaller than the value of F

table. Then from the existing significance value, the

overall significance value is greater than 0.05,

meaning that there is no difference in the average of

each indicator above against both universities.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The existence of macho man concept in local society

has its own characteristics. The patriarchy adopted

does not entirely lead to male domination of women.

The concept of growing macho man can be

distinguished in two categories of physical and non

physical. Physically, men are said to be macho when

they have an athletic body with a strong endurance

than women. Non-physically, men are said to be

macho when men want to earn a living for families,

respect for women, hard-working types, and love the

world of sports or automotive.

These indicators can appear related to the

existence of religious teachings. The

Padangsidempuan community is also labeled with a

very religious society (especially Islamic religion). In

the family of children will be taught religious

sciences as stock in life. There are some religious

values that are taught to children and affect the macho

man concept, such as respecting women, being

responsible for everything, and so on. From the

results of the different test above shows that there is

no significant difference in mean samples. That is, all

student perceptions about the four indicators of

ICOSTEERR 2018 - International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramiﬁcation Researches

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research (biological, psychological, social, and

macho concepts) have a common opinion.

The initial assumption of the study is that there is a

significant difference between religious-based

universities and non-religious universities. From the

results of participatory observation and interviews

with some informants, the majority of

Padangsidempuan community is Islamic. Islamic

religion has long been present in the life of

Padangsidempuan community. Their in-group

attitude towards religion is also quite large and

ignores the assumptions of this research.

From the concept of biology itself, 90% of

students give an opinion that men are very dominant.

The biological concept itself relates to the physical

and mental power. Students assume that physical

strength to be characteristic of strong macho and

mental men also become a supporting factor. Only

10% of students think that women also have a strong

potential physically stronger than men. From a

psychological concept, there is male dominance over

women as men are braver than women, stronger and

stronger than women. However, students argue that

women are more angry than men.

From the concept of socialization, 85% of

respondents' answers remain dominated by the

presence of men. It can be raised as the assumption of

earning a living must be done by men, must be a

family economic support, and able to make their own

decisions expressly. This is derived from the

socialization process of the family. In other research

results indicate that, how structured organizations

(such as the university world) can provide a gender

understanding to students and technical students

(Salle, 2014). In fact, in the domestic work the

position of women is more dominant. From the

macho man's own concept, students have almost the

same answers. Of the values taught by the family,

men must be adventurous, be a winner, be successful,

love sports, but not necessarily close to alcohol. In

general, macho men will tend to be close to cigarettes

and alcohol.

It is also reinforced from other research results

that in the 1990s there has been a transition process

from masculinity to metrosexual. Young people are

very happy with style-related lifestyles (such as being

a gym member, skn and hair products and treatment,

etc.). Such activities they do with their small salaries

(Buchbinder, 2014). The concept of metrosexual

becomes new for the student community in

Padangsidempuan. Almost 90% of students do not

understand the metrosexual definition. Students are

more likely to define metrosexuals as men who have

sexual disorientation (gay). The facts on the ground

that the students have done what became the image of

metrosexual men. It's just that students do not

understand theoretically and are just imitated from

social media. These things can be known as a haircut

that is stylish, like wearing perfume, clothes look very

neat and like to use and collect branded goods. The

existence of barber shop, perfume seller, the

existence of cafe and others is one form of urban

support to transition into metrosexual men.

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Buchbinder, David. 2014. Deciphering Men: Reading

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Daulay, Harmona, 2013, Konstruksi Maskulinitas

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