Ethical Leadership Paradigm in Governor Election Discourse of DKI

Jakarta 2017: Phenomenology Study on News Online Media from

January 1, 2017 to February 14, 2017

Frederikus Fios

, Christofora Megawati Tirtawinata

and Lelo Yosep Laurentius

Character Building Development Center, Computer Science Department, School Of Computer Science, Bina Nusantara

University, Jakarta, Indonesia 11480

Keywords: Ethical Leadership, Governor Election, Phenomenology, Online News

Abstract: The 2017 is an important momentum for the people of Jakarta who elect the governor on February 15, 2017.

Quantitatives pooling of opinion has been conducted by many survey institutes to measure potential

candidates for elected governors. Statements in the mass media have been discourse related to the leadership

paradigm desired to lead Jakarta. The discourse published in online media can be an interesting scientific

research material from a phenomenological perspective. The purpose of this study is to examine

phenomenologically the leadership discourse in the online mass media with a focus on mapping the

paradigm of ethical leaders in the 2017 governorship of Jakarta. The researcher focuses on the statements of

figures and the public in the online media related to the leadership keywords before the election of the

Jakarta governor on February 15, 2017. The study focused on exploring the discourse of online media news

published between January 1, 2017 to February 14, 2017. The analysis shows that there is a relevant

constructive concept related to the ethical leadership paradigm in the Jakarta regional head election. The

paradigm of ethical leadership is very dominant in the discourse of governor election Jakarta 2017.

Leadership desired by the people of Jakarta refers to ethical leaders in attitude, ethical behavior, polite and

civilized. Ethical leadership for Jakarta refers to the Aristotelian ethical model that takes into account the

dimensions of attitudes, behaviors and good actions as the subject of leaders in relationships with others, in

public social. The research uses qualitative methods, especially the philosophical element of

phenomenology based on the online news discourse as a text.

1 INTRODUCTION

The 2017 is a political year for citizens of DKI

Jakarta. The people of Jakarta City elected a

governor on February 15, 2017. Many surveys have

been conducted by quantitative survey agencies to

measure the acceptable level of leaders by the Jakarta

community with varied results. There is a survey

institute that won Agus Harimurti Yudoyono (AHY),

some of which won Basuki Tjahaya Purnama (BTP)

and Anies Baswedan (AB). Everything is fickle and

uncertain. There is also a statement as discursive

discourse published widely in various online mass

media relating to the relevant leadership for DKI

Jakarta. They are interesting phenomena to be

analyzed or studied reflectively phenomenologically.

Paradigm is the principle of thinking in the

context of scientific philosophy. Thomas Kühn put

forward the concept of paradigm. A paradigm is a

fundamental image of the subject matter within a

science. It serves to define what should be studied,

what should be asked and what rules should be

followed in interpreting the answer. The paradigms

is the broadest unit of consensus within a science

and serves to differentiate one scientific community

(or sub community) from another. The paradigm is

closely related to fundamental views relevant to the

subject of the philosophy of science on the object of

research, the formulation of questions, and the rules

that need to be pursued in interpreting a desired

answer. Kühn understands paradigms as accepted

laws, theories, applications and instruments, so it is a

model that serves as a steady source and traditions in

specialized scientific research (Kuhn, 1970).

Leader and leadership are important discussed

prior to the election of Jakarta's regional governor

(leader). It is useful to provide enlighten information

Fios, F., Tirtawinata, C. and Laurentius, L.

Ethical Leadership Paradigm in Governor Election Discourse of DKI Jakarta 2017: Phenomenology Study on News Online Media from January 1, 2017 to February 14, 2017.

DOI: 10.5220/0010008400002917

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Social Sciences, Laws, Arts and Humanities (BINUS-JIC 2018), pages 379-384

ISBN: 978-989-758-515-9

379

for the public or community to choose the right

leader. Selecting leaders requires important and ideal

criteria that need attention. The criterion becomes

the normative standard that is inherently attached to

the leader figure. Leaders who meet the normative

standards are assumed to be good leader paradigms.

The paradigm of a good leader is considered and

believed to be able to mobilize the society (people)

towards a condition of improving the quality of life

that ensures the common good.

Based on the scope of paradigmatic

understanding above, then the question of this

research problem includes: a. What is an ethical

leadership? b). What is the structure of discourse

dynamics constructed in the election of Jakarta

leader? c. How does the philosophy (cognition and

ideology) of the leadership paradigm be constructed

in the election of the Jakarta leader? d. What is the

ethical leader's paradigm for Jakarta in an online

discourse of 2017 governor election?

This research uses qualitative research methods

with phenomenological analysis approach.

Researchers conducted phenomenological analysis

of online news discourse January 1, 2017 edition -

February 14, 2017. Research on this discourse was

developed by using documentation studies of journal

articles and books relevant to the research topic. The

study focuses on two (2) important constructs:

leadership and ethics. Thus, the researchers

identified a paradigmatic model of ethical leadership

that was discussed ahead of the 2017 governor

election. Data collection techniques were conducted

by accessing (downloading) data from online media

news which published statements, comments, and

opinions about leadership in the local elections

governor of Jakarta.

2 CONCEPTS OF LEADER AND

ETHICAL LEADERSHIP

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Lopes, 1999).

Among the existing theories about the genealogy

of the birth of a leader, there are three (3) most

dominant theories (Arifin, 2012), ie the genetic

theory that holds that leader is born and not made in

which he gifted leads because the off spring not

because formed. Social theory says that a person

becomes a leader because it is formed, not because of

being born and not born. While ecological theory

says that one will be a good leader while already

have the talent of lead from birth, but developed also

in education or training to develop the talents owned.

Other experts propose theories with different focuses

such as theories of nature (trait theory), behavioral

theory and situational contingency theory. Ordway

Tead says a leader needs to have the nature: physical

and mental energetic, aware of goals / direction,

passion and passion, friendly and love, honest and

sincere, mastering technical matters, firm decision-

making, intelligent, skilled at teaching and trusted

(Arifin, 2012). Terry says a leader must be strong,

stable emotionally, knowing human relationships,

honest, objective, self-motivated, communicative,

able to teach, socially skilled, technically and

managerially skilled (George, 1960). Behavior

Theory says that a leader will be oriented to two

behaviors: task oriented or people oriented. Whereas

situational contingency theorists say that only leaders

who know the organizational situation / needs can be

an effective and efficient leader.

In 2007, Setiadi (Psychology of Atma Jaya)

made research on the characteristics and style of

leadership in the Indonesian context. His research

shows that an effective leader needs to have self-

integrity. The object of this research focuses on the

managers who work in private companies national,

state-owned and private foreign. In 2012, the

research team of CBDC Binus University, Tarigan et

al examined the character of courage in the

leadership figure of Martha Tillar, Director of PT

Mustika Ratu-Jakarta (Tarigan, et al., 2012).

Ethics is derived from the word ethos (Greek)

which means the habit that character

(Prawironegoro, 2010). Ethics is the study of the

good and bad of human action in social reality with

others. The ethical discipline consists of two (2)

sections namely general ethics and special ethics.

General ethics concentrates on the study of themes

of conscience, freedom and responsibility, values

and morals, rights and duties and ways in which

people live morally-ethically. While special ethics is

closely related to how the application of common

ethics in a particular context or condition. Then there

is applied ethics. Beauchamp says: "The term

'applied ethics' and its synonym 'practical ethics'

came into use in the 1970s when philosophers and

other academics began to address the pressing moral

problems in society and in professional ethics

(especially medical ethics and business ethics)

(Beauchamp, 2003). Historically, applied ethics

began to develop in the 1970s as the development of

biomedical and business fields caused humanitarian

BINUS-JIC 2018 - BINUS Joint International Conference

380

problems. This is exacerbated by the occurrence of

various problems that are so complex in the world of

work (industry). Not to mention the addition of

nuclear arms race between the Soviet Union and

America called the cold war accompanied by a

variety of negative excesses. Social movements such

as the labor movement, the movement of

environmental conservation, the anti-war movement,

the gender movement, the democratization and so on

are more intensively conducted. All of this whips up

the birth of a serious and profound ethical reflection

in accordance with the problematic context that

accompanies the dynamics of the existential journey

of humankind on this earth.

In addition to the ethics of Aristotelian virtues,

the ethics of virtue of Alasdair MacIntyre was used

as a reflection for its applicative aspect. The Ethics

of Virtue MacIntyre emphasizes the noble values of

cultural traditions as the source of virtues of human

action in social reality (MacIntyre, 2007). Wherever

he is, man is supposed to act in the context of the

local culture he lives and owns. The interesting and

unique of this research are the actuality dimension

(news published in early 2017), popularity (issue of

regional governor election / governor of Jakarta) as a

hot issue during January to middle of February 2017,

before the election of Jakarta's regional governor

conducted, and analysis techniques used

phenomenological perspective. This becomes a very

important new issue to enrich the model / paradigm

of leadership research in Indonesian education.

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3 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

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signed Consent ensures that the publisher has the

Author’s authorization to publish the Contribution.

Not many online media publish news or

discourse related to ethical leadership content.

Research conducted by the researchers found there

are five (5) Indonesian online media that expose

about ethical leadership in the context of Jakarta

governor election discourse during the period

between January 1, 2017 until February 14, 2017.

The fifth online media that is:

http://www.tribunnews.com/metropolitan/2017/01/0

2/soal-kasus-penempelan-stiker-cagub-cawagub-

anies-baswedan-harus-jaga-etika-dan-adab,

https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3395877/saat-agus-

bicara-soal- eviction- so-character-leading-jakarta?,

https://www.rappler.com/indonesia/berita/158905-

karakter-pemilih-pilkada, https://tirto.id/agus-value-

ahok-lugas-tapi-kasar-dan-beringas-ciPr,

https://tirto.id/success-assistance-assurance-or-

violence-verbal-ci4j.

Tribunnews online issue on Monday, January 2,

2017 lowered the news titled "Problem Case

Sticking Sticker Cagub-Cawagub, Anis Baswedan:

Must Keep Ethics and Civils" (Ismail, 2017). This

news shows the perspective of the need for a Jakarta

governor's election process based on procedural,

ethical and civilized means, strategy, and methods.

Newsdetik.com publishes the news on Saturday,

January 14, 2017 under the title "When Agus Talks

Ethical Leadership Paradigm in Governor Election Discourse of DKI Jakarta 2017: Phenomenology Study on News Online Media from

January 1, 2017 to February 14, 2017

381

about Evictment to Leaders Character Jakarta"

(Detiknews, 2017). This news contains the criticism

of Agus Harimurty Yudhoyono (AHY) against the

approach of Ahok Governor who during the lead

displaced the houses of the building owned by the

community (the people) so as to bring suffering and

unhappiness for the small community. Leaders also,

according to Agus, must have good example /

example and good integrity.

Rappler.com media edition January 20, 2017

expose a news entitled "Knowing the Voter

Character in the Election of DKI Jakarta" (Florene,

2017). The content of this story contains an analysis

of political observers named Hanta Yuda (Executive

Director of the Poltracking Institute) which gives the

view that Jakarta's people are patterned to choose

leaders based on criteria: vision-mission programs,

roles in attitude and rhetoric (ethics, psychology) /

handsome (aesthetic) and similarity of religious and

sociological attributes.

Tirto.id edition February 10, 2017 published a

news entitled "Agus value Ahok Flexible, But

Rough and Violent" (Hasan, 2017). The contents of

this story contained the view of Agus Harimurti

Yudhoyono (AHY) which provides a critical

assessment on the character of Jakarta leaders in the

lead. Agus emphasizes the important principles of

the ideal leader character that is maintaining the

etiquette of communicating, not dividing the

citizens, not acting arbitrarily, not applying rude to

the citizens and must be in accordance with

applicable legislation. Tirto.id edition February 14,

2017 publish a news story titled "Loud Speech:

Assertiveness or Verbal Violence”? (Kirnandita,

2017). This news reveals the principle of leadership

that needs to maintain etiquette in communicating to

all parties especially to women.

Ethical leadership is a process of leading public

institutions or organizations (state institutions) that

run by paying attention to normative principles and

standards of goodness values that are regarded as the

virtues of life that are longed for, valued and upheld

by society in the praxis of the reality of social life of

society to create a common good. Ethical leadership

is the process of personal subject of the candidate for

governor to fight for and carry out the common

welfare to be achieved, executed and actualized by

placing the virtues of goodness as the standard of

attitude and behavior. Ethical leadership is not only

an effective and democratic leadership, but also a

person who realizes ethical values in his or her life

practice. Practical leadership in this study refers to

candidates for governors who will lead the city of

Jakarta in the period 2017-2022.

The structure of discourse-praxis dynamics

consists of three (3) aspects of language in analyzing

texts namely: locutionary, illocutionary and

perlocutionary dimensions. Below is an analysis of

the online media discourse of January 1, 2017 to 14

February 2017.

Table 1: The Analysis of Online Media Discourse

Speech Act /

Pragmatics

Locutiona

(Meaning)

Ilocutionary

(Strenght

constantive/ex

plicit and

directive/impli

cit)

Perlocutionar

y (build

believing/mot

ivate to do)

"Concerning

the Case of

Sticking the

Cagub-

Cawagub

Sticker, Anis

Baswedan:

Must Keep

Ethics and

Civils".

Attaining

power in

the

election of

leaders

must

apply

ethical

means

People are

invited to

choose ethical

leaders

People are

persuaded to

choose ethical

leaders

"When Agus

Talking about

the Eviction to

Leaders

Character

Jakarta".

The

importanc

e of a

populist /

populist

leader

who

respects to

the lower

class

Leaders who

do not

appreciate the

little people

are criticized,

people are

encouraged to

choose leaders

that apply to

the marginal

society

People are

persuaded to

choose leaders

who care to

the margin

people

"Knowing the

Voter

Character in

DKI Jakarta

Elections".

People

have their

own

paradigm

choosing

leaders

according

to their

desires /

freedom

There are

different

patterns or

paradigms in

society in

determining

leaders

People are

convinced to

be rational and

freely to

choose leaders

"Agus value

Ahok

Flexible, But

Rough and

Violent".

The

importanc

e of

ethical

leaders

Society needs

to see / know

the subject of

ethical or

unethical

leaders

Communities

are persuaded

to choose

ethical leaders

in attitudes /

ehaviou

"Hard Saying:

Firmness or

Verbal

Abuse”?

The

importanc

e of

ethical

leaders in

verbal

words

Need to pay

attention to

ethical leaders

in speaking

Communities

are convinced

to choose

ethical leaders

in attitude and

speech

BINUS-JIC 2018 - BINUS Joint International Conference

382

The structure of the above discourse is actually

aiming at a fundamental target that the existing

discourse constructs a philosophy / ideology of

ethical leadership. In choosing a leader, society

needs to be rational to choose / determine ethical

leaders. Ethical leaders are based on norms, social

values, attitudes and actions that show good ethical

behavior in the context of social relationships with

others. This leader model is placed in the context of

the moral values, traditions, social and cultural

habits of Indonesian society in general and Jakarta in

particular of polite and sociable social interaction.

Paradigm is the principle of thinking in the

context of scientific philosophy. Thomas Kühn put

forward the concept of paradigm as a law / frame /

benchmark used in interpreting an object (Ritzer,

2002). Paradigms are laws, theories, applications

and instruments that are accepted together as models

(Kuhn, 1970). Thus, the paradigm is essentially a

model, pattern, form, scheme and understanding of

certain dimensions of human reality. Paradigm is a

model of thinking in observing a particular reality in

reality as the object of science under study.

Based on the discourse and results of previous

research, it is clear that the discourse shown by

many people in the Jakarta regional head election

targets the importance of ethical leaders. Leaders

and leadership of ethical character are indispensable

in determining the choice to elect a governor who

will lead Jakarta. Looking at the paradigm or model

of leaders like what is discourse in the discourse of

online media that exist, it seems Jakarta people tend

to choose and want leaders who have ethical virtue.

Leaders who have ethical wisely feels important by

citizens of Jakarta. The ethical leader is very

relevant to Jakarta. This is evident in the word and

speech discourses found in this study that target

ethical leaders

The ethical leadership paradigm that the people

of Jakarta want is consistent with Aristotle's ethical

model. The ethical leadership of the Aristotelian

paradigm refers to the character of the human person

who cares for and upholds the virtues of action or

good behavior in the reality of society to achieve the

common good. Thus a leader needs to pay attention

and seek good deeds / actions in the totality of his

life especially in the effort to carry out the functions

of leadership that done. The need for a model of

ethical behavioral leaders is crucial and very much

needed by society in today's world order. At least the

ethical leadership discourse contained in this study

proves that the ethical leader's character remains

relevant in today's public leadership.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The ethical leadership found in the case study of

online discourse January 1 to February 14, 2017 (the

election of the Governor of DKI Jakarta) is a model

of leadership of political organizations (governors)

that need to be run by taking into account the

normative virtues and standards of good values that

considered as important life virtues, longed for,

valued and upheld in the praxis of the reality of

social life to create a common good. Dynamic

structure of practical discourse Jakarta society

generally tend to want leaders who have personal

character that is ethical and polite in attitude,

behavior and actions. The online news leadership

discourse of January 1, 2017-14, 2017 edition

constructs ethical philosophy / ideology of

leadership. The people of Jakarta are inspired to be

rational in selecting / deciding leaders who have

ethical capacity. Ethical leaders are based on norms,

social values, attitudes and actions that show good

ethical behavior in the context of social relationships

with others. This leader model is placed in the

context of the ethical, social, and cultural values of

Indonesian society that are polite and sociable in

social intercourse. The model of ethical leaders of

online media discourse January 1, 2017-14 February

2017 tends to lead to a model of leaders who have

ethical virtues of attitude or action in accordance

with the ethical model of Aristotle (virtue ethics).

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bicara-soal- eviction- so-character-leading-jakarta?

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Ethical Leadership Paradigm in Governor Election Discourse of DKI Jakarta 2017: Phenomenology Study on News Online Media from

January 1, 2017 to February 14, 2017

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