Human Capital Analysis on Regional Ecotourism Development

Program in Indonesia: Case Study in Labuan Bajo-Flores-East Nusa

Tenggara

Lelo Yosep Laurentius

, Frederikus Fios

and Soraya Agustina Situmorang

Character Building Development Center, Computer Science Department, School Of Computer Science, Bina Nusantara

University, Jakarta, Indonesia 11480

Keywords: Human Capital Analysis, Ecoutourism Development

Abstract: The objective of this research was to understand comprehensively the sustainable and innovative of social,

economic and ecological community empowerment based on strategies and synergies in Labuan Bajo’s

ecotourism development as an integrated ecotourism ecosystem of marine, forest, mountain, and karst in

West Flores, East Nusa Tenggara Province. It was a qualitative research with a program evaluation based on

CIPP model conducted in Manggarai Barat Regency in 2016-2018. The data were collected through field

surveys, news content analysis, using document studies, observations, recordings, FGD and in-depth

interviews conducted with respondents and interviewees from the head of the Regional Tourism Agency of

Manggarai Barat, Community Development Agency of European Union, and related local government

agencies. The data analysis and interpretation indicates that (1) Labuan Bajo’s ecotourism is integrated

ecotourism ecosystem of marine, forest, mountain and karst which needs a sustainable and innovative

ecotourism development strategic planning; (2) It is important to support global strategies system based on

constructive local people participation and proposed by the strategic partnership of European Union and

Kementerian Pariwisata RI. Without the support of local government capability, the program will not

succeed. (3) The program did not develop a strategic planning because The Bupati of Manggarai Barat

Regency has not yet formed Tim Koordinasi Ekowisata and Sekretariat Tim Koordinasi Ekowisata for

managing all coordinations and communications about strategic planning and monitoring the Labuan Bajo’s

ecotourism. (4) Aligning all stakeholder’s activities effectively is needed through the CIPP Evaluation

Model for improvements by strategic planning approach. The findings lead to the recommendation that

contribution of local government regulation for aligning strategic activities were needed to manage the

program effectively before and after the program in transforming the Labuan Bajo’ ecotourism ecosystem to

global market connectivities. This recommendation is important to support the implementation of

sustainable development in the future.

1 INTRODUCTION

Labuan Bajo is the capital of West Manggarai

Regency on Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara.

Sustainable and innovative Labuan Bajo ecotourism

development desperately needs global-focused local

leadership capability with ecological risk

management support from related SKPD (Satuan

Kerja Perangkat Dinas- Office of Service Unit) that

refers to synergy and regulatory strategies between

centers, regions and villages in social, economic and

ecological development. The wide gap between the

growth of the tourism sector and the social,

economic and ecological development of local

communities comes from weak local government

capabilities in strategic planning, utilization

strategies, control strategies, community

empowerment assistance strategies and institutional

strengthening strategies for sustainable and

innovative ecotourism management. Researchers

used Stufflebeam's CIPP (Context, Input, Process,

Product) evaluation model to evaluate the Labuan

Bajo ecotourism development program for

systematic improvement. Because the engineering of

regional ecotourism development in Indonesia based

on the legal framework, namely Minister of Home

Affairs Regulation No. 33 of 2009 on Guidelines for

Ecotourism Development in the Region. Sustainable

Laurentius, L., Fios, F. and Situmorang, S.

Human Capital Analysis on Regional Ecotourism Development Program in Indonesia: Case Study in Labuan Bajo-Flores-East Nusa Tenggara.

DOI: 10.5220/0010007900002917

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Social Sciences, Laws, Arts and Humanities (BINUS-JIC 2018), pages 355-359

ISBN: 978-989-758-515-9

355

development with ecotourism development using the

theoretical framework of Bhuiyan et al (Bhuiyan,

Siwar, Ismail, & Islam)as in figure 1. Program

evaluation using (Royse, Thyer, & Padgett, 2010)

thought that program evaluation is a systematic and

objective research effort with the aim of studying the

process and outcome of an activity / program /

policy that has been implemented. Evaluations are

conducted to determine the outcomes or scores that

the program has achieved. Human capital uses Finn's

thinking in Ingham (Ingham, 2007) said Human

Capital Management (HCM) utilizes the most

valuable asset, which is human resources. In the

context of innovative ecotourism development,

human capital capability will create ecological

innovation. Ecological innovation is a new

significant implementation or improvement of

products (goods and services), processes, marketing

methods, organizational structures and institutional

arrangements with the aim of environmental

improvement that refers to new alternatives (OECD,

2012). Reference (Kanter, 2003) says four critical

factors that make the local economy a world-class:

visionary leadership, friendly business climate,

commitment to training, and the spirit of

collaboration between business and between

business and local government. Human Capital,

according to Fitz-enz (Fitz-enz, 2009), is a catalyst

that improves the operational effectiveness of the

organization. Human capital in the context of

ecotourism development Labuan Bajo refers to the

thinking of (Wilkins & Carolin, 2013) on strategic

leadership, innovative leadership and situation

management. The capability of strategic thinking

leadership is the process used by a leader and his

leadership team how to formulate, articulate,

communicate, and implement clear, concise, and

explicit strategies for the organization.

Figure 1: Sustainable Development with Ecotourism

Development [1].

Figure 1 shows the development of sustainable

and innovative ecotourism is a multisector activity

that is highly dependent on short and long term

strategic planning. The study aims: 1). Providing

improvements to the legal basis and innovation

development of Labuan Bajo ecotourism with the

enhancement of human capital capacity; 2).

Improving human capital capacity has an impact on

planning and co-ordination of innovative ecotourism

development program of Labuan Bajo; 3).

Improving strategic planning capacity has an impact

on improving the implementation of innovative

development program of Labuan Bajo ecotourism;

4). Increasing the capacity of innovation

implementation impacts on the sustainable results of

Labuan Bajo ecotourism development; 5).

Improving the capacity of sustainable outcomes

creates the benefits of Labuan Bajo ecotourism

development innovation for socially, economically

and ecosystem communities.

2 METHODS

Evaluation of Ecotourism Innovation Program in

Labuan Bajo using qualitative approach.

Researchers conducted observations, interviews and

distributed questionnaires to 86 respondents to

collect primary data. While collecting secondary

data in the form of demographic data and tourism

data of Labuan Bajo and surrounding villages in

West Manggarai regency, researchers visited the

Office of Culture and Tourism of West Manggarai

Regency, Nampar Macing Village Office, Tourist

Information Center in Cunca Wulang Village, and

Representative Office EU in West Manggarai

District. The data obtained will be analyzed using

descriptive analysis with data reduction technique,

data presentation, verification and conclusion.

3 FINDING AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Context Components

The findings of this research indicate that the

ecotourism of Labuan Bajo is a marine ecotourism

ecosystem, forest, mountains and integrated karst.

Therefore, the weak implementation of strategic

planning, utilization strategy and control strategy of

ecotourism of Labuan Bajo is a serious problem for

ecotourism actors, namely government, local

government, business world, and people engaged in

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tourism. The local government is more focused on

forest ecotourism, whereas more potential

ecotourism is marine, mountains and karst. A

number of weaknesses of institutional capability of

West Manggarai Regency in the context of

ecotourism development innovation program can be

identified as follows: 1). Local governments do not

conduct periodic market surveys to identify tourist

populations; 2). The local government is not able to

realize the target of ecotourism development

program in RKPD (Rencana Kerja Pemerintah

Daerah-Local Government Work Plan); 3).

Ecotourism development is unable to accelerate the

economic, social, and ecological development of

communities; 4). The local government has not

created constructive stakeholder participation

because the Bupati has not established the

Coordinating Team for Ecotourism (Tim Koordinasi

Ekowisata) and the Secretariat of Ecotourism

Coordinating Team. Document studies and

interviews with field program managers found that

the Innovative Indigenous Flores Ecotourism for

Sustainable Trade (INFEST) Project and the Project

for the Acceleration of Tourism Development

through Creative Entrepreneurship or Creative

Entrepreneurship Acceleration Tourism and Local

Economic Development (CREATED) Project is a

program of tourism community empowerment in

development innovative ecotourism in which the

objectives and targets of project activities are in line

with the provisions of the Minister of Culture and

Tourism Regulation No. KM.18 / HM.001 / MKP /

2011 on the National Program for Community

Empowerment (PNPM) Mandiri Tourism and

Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs Number

33 Year 2009 Guidance on Ecotourism

Development in the Region (Menteri Kebudayaan

dan Pariwisata)(Menteri Dalam Negeri). On the

contrary, the legal basis for the management of

ecotourism in Labuan Bajo has not been strong

because the regent does not form the Coordination

Team of Ecotourism and the Secretariat of

Ecotourism Coordination Team in charge of

strategic planning of ecotourism development

according to the Regulation of the Minister of Home

Affairs No.33 of 2009 (Menteri Dalam Negeri).

From the perspective of regional ecotourism

development goal 65.00% does not agree to the

participation of stakeholders in the process of

formulating the program objectives. Because Detail

Engineering Design (DED) of Labuan Bajo

ecotourism management was completed in 2017, it

has not even become a reference of RKPD 2017 and

RKPD 2018.

3.2 Input Components

The Bupati as the main responsibility of the program

has not established the Coordinating Team for

Ecotourism and the Secretariat of Ecotourism

Coordination Team in charge of coordinating and

communicating with ecotourism actors related to

planning strategy, utilization strategy and control

strategy of Labuan Bajo ecotourism. As a result, the

management of Labuan Bajo ecotourism without

strategic planning. The proof, local governments

have not set tariff retribution for 56 ecotourism

destinations from 71 potential destinations. New

retribution rates are issued for 15 ecotourism

destinations with the highest tariff of Rp 20,000 per

person per visit and the lowest rate is Rp 1,000 per

person per visit. There are 50 ecotourism

destinations that have not been fully managed. There

are 14 ecotourism destinations managed by Balai

Taman Nasional Komodo (BTNK). There are 4

ecotourism destinations managed by local investors.

There are 2 ecotourism destinations managed by the

local government. While an ecotourism destination

managed by foreign investors. The local government

only regulates local taxes and levies from hotels on

the mainland. While from the floating inn in the sea

there has been no regulation about local taxes and

regulations, because the agency has no data on the

name and number of floating inn. Though the

number of lodging floats more than hotels on the

mainland. The impact of the management of Labuan

Bajo ecotourism without strategic planning is the

limited development of various aspects of

supporting tourism activities, non-integration of

activities, unclear mechanism procedures, lack of

infrastructure infrastructure, and poor monitoring

and control.

All input issues are from related Bupati and

SKPD that do not provide intensive guidance in

developing ecotourism ecotourism Labuan Bajo in

the form of: guidance / supervision / consultation,

education / training, monitoring, and evaluation.

This is confirmed by respondents' evaluation of the

Head of Region and Head of Culture and Tourism

Office related to strategic leadership capability,

innovative leadership capability and situation

management skills in continuous development of

ecotourism development of Labuan Bajo.

Approximately 67.00% of respondents doubted to

strongly disagree Regional Head and Head of

Department of Culture and Tourism has the skills of

strategic leadership and innovative leadership skills.

Approximately 67.00% of respondents doubted to

strongly disagree Regional Head and Head of

Human Capital Analysis on Regional Ecotourism Development Program in Indonesia: Case Study in Labuan Bajo-Flores-East Nusa

Tenggara

357

Department of Culture and Tourism have situation

management skills.

3.3 Process Components

Labuan Bajo ecotourism management strategic

planning can only be done if the Bupati has

established Ecotourism Coordination Team such as

organigram Figure 2.

Figure 2: Organigram District Ecotourism Coordination

Team.

When the West Manggarai District Government

has established a Coordinating Team for

Ecotourism, the type and activities of ecotourism

development are easier to do because type planning

and activities are more coordinated between the

various parties so that sustainable and innovative

Labuan Bajo ecotourism development can involve

stakeholder participation without conflicting with

community development from a perspective social,

economic and ecological. Labuan Bajo's ecotourism

development process uses theoretical framework of

Drumm & Moore (2002) as in figure 3 to create

constructive community participation in ecotourism

development.

Figure 2: Essential Elements of Community-Based

Ecotourism Development. (Dorobantu & Nistoreanu,

2012)

Development of Labuan Bajo ecotourism with

community empowerment program refers to

(Drumm & Moore, 2002)requiring integrated

planning activities, clarity of mechanism procedures,

infrastructure infrastructure, strong monitoring and

control. Because Labuan Bajo as a marine

ecotourism ecosystem, forest, mountains and karst

integrated, program managers and local

governments should focus more on developing

sustainable and innovative Labuan Bajo ecotourism

rather than mass tourism development. Reference

(Dorobantu & Nistoreanu, 2012) holds that

ecotourism characteristic lies in awareness,

responsibility and commitment to environmental

sustainability and improving the welfare of local

people, thus having long-term impact. The main

challenge of ecotourism ecosystem development

program of Labuan Bajo is in the way of strategic

planning synchronized with global market driven,

because 73.00% of respondents doubted to strongly

disagree that the format and type of ecotourism

development program activities by the Department

of Culture and Tourism has paid attention to the

element of education for understanding the

conservation of resources nature as a vital element

of sustainable ecosystem ecosystem development.

The development of Labuan Bajo ecotourism does

not accommodate the global market driven because

the Regent of West Manggarai District does not

supervise supervision, consultation, education and

training, supervision and evaluation on innovative

ecotourism development program.

3.4 Product Components

The development of Labuan Bajo ecotourism is still

little to provide economic, social and ecological

benefits to the community due to the implementation

of the Labuan Bajo ecotourism development

program without strategic planning. The local

government only focuses on the development of

forest ecotourism, while the more potential marine

ecotourism, mountains and karst. The local

government only collects local taxes and levies from

mainland hotels, while more floating inns have not

yet been recorded and have not yet been drawn up

by local taxes and retributions. As a result, the

innkeeper and floating restaurant most feel the

economic impact of tourism activities of Labuan

Bajo followed by owners of hotels and restaurants

on the mainland. While socially, economically and

ecologically not much felt by society, except social

gap. Although the development of Labuan Bajo

ecotourism has not yet applied international

ecotourism standards, 68.00% of respondents agreed

to agree that the government's program to make

Labuan Bajo a priority destination has increased the

income of the community, especially in Cunca

Wulang Village and Nampar Macing Village.

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4 CONCLUSIONS

The continuous and innovative development of

ecotourism in Labuan Bajo, Flores, East Nusa

Tenggara has not involved strategic planning in its

management, so it is not in line with the social,

economic and ecological development that causes a

gap between the growth of tourism business and the

welfare of the people. Therefore, researchers

recommend the sustainable and innovative

development of Labuan Bajo ecotourism requiring a

redesign involving central and local regulatory

synergies and regulatory strategies, localized global

leadership and the presence of relevant SKPD

ecological risk management skills in West

Manggarai District. Good synergy between the

central and regional governments will have a

positive impact on strengthening development which

ultimately supports the concept of sustainable

development in the future. Negative things found in

this research need to be improved better in the future

by paying attention to aspects of sustainable

development, especially in the context of regional

development programs in Indonesia.

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