Comparative Study between Domestic and Foreign Tourists
Perception: The Influence of Disaster Knowledge towards Intention
to Re-Visit Tangkuban Parahu Nature Park
Ghoitsa Rohmah Nurazizah, Fitri Rahmafitria and Lia Yuliani
Study Program of Resort & Leisure Management, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia
Keywords: Disaster Mitigation; Intention to Visit; Domestic and Foreign Tourist.
Abstract: Indonesian government believed in the potential of natural tourist attractions, thus they determined to target
the foreign tourist arrivals of 20 million by the end of 2019. However, it is known that behind the extraordinary
beauty of nature, there must be disaster risks to be considered. However, cultural differences between the
domestic and foreign tourists will affect perceptions of security and disaster. This study aims to compare the
disaster knowledge between domestic and foreign tourists as well as to see its effects towards tourists’
intention to re-visit the destination. This research was conducted by distributing online questionnaires to 192
domestic tourists as well as offline questionnaires to 44 foreign tourists who have visited Tangkuban Parahu
Nature Park. The method used in the research was independent t-test statistical data to process the different
perceptions of two sample groups, followed by a multi-regression test to analyze the effect of disaster
knowledge variable on intention to re-visit. The results showed a significant difference between the
perceptions of domestic and foreign tourists about disaster mitigation and intention to re-visit Tangkuban
Parahu Nature Park (t count: 3.691 and sig.: 0.000). The test also showed two contradict results. The results
showed that domestic tourists have higher orientation disaster knowledge of destinations, while foreign
tourists have a higher knowledge of the action to do when and after the disaster appear in the destination.
1 INTRODUCTION
Tourism is the easiest and cheapest contributor to
GDP, foreign exchange earnings and employment
(Yahya, 2016). It becomes a leading sector for some
countries to improve the nation's economy (Durbarry,
2004). In Indonesia, tourism sector ranks 4th or 5th as
a producer of foreign exchange. This sector will tend
to replace the "non-renewable" product sector at the
end of 2019. Currently the Indonesian government
was setting a target of 20 million of foreign tourists’
and 275 million of domestic tourists’ visits (Yahya,
2017).
The target obviously can be achieved only by
utilizing the various tourist attractions which are
supported by factors such as beauty, authenticity,
tourist’s activity, social culture, etc. Nevertheless,
security is one of the most important motivational
factors of tourism (Rittichainuwat et al., 2007). The
notion of security means the sense of tranquility,
comfort, and safe from all disturbances and
vulnerabilities (Moghadam et al., 2014) within the
tourist destinations. The disturbance means either
physical or psychological disruption, and in the kinds
of natural or social disruption (Bland et al., 1997).
Lack of attention to security factors can change the
motive of tourists in visiting a destination, outside the
factor of new experience, response, and also
recognition (Dann, 1981).
For Indonesia, it is not a significance challenge to
provide and offer amazing natural tourist destinations
that already widespread. Based on data from the
Central Bureau of Statistics of Indonesia (BPS, 2017),
there are 11 provinces that most visited by foreign
tourists, one of them is West Java.
Nature Park (NP) of Mount Tangkuban Parahu is
one of nature destinations located in West Java.
Tangkuban Parahu has good natural attractions,
formed in active craters such as Ratu Crater, Domas
Crater and Upas Crater. But of course, the attraction
of the active craters is commensurate its natural
disasters potential (Ry et al., 2016). The natural
disasters that may occur in Tangkuban Parahu
requires more attention.
296
Nurazizah, G., Rahmafitria, F. and Yuliani, L.
Comparative Study between Domestic and Foreign Tourists Perception: The Influence of Disaster Knowledge towards Intention to Re-Visit Tangkuban Parahu Nature Park.
In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sociology Education (ICSE 2017) - Volume 1, pages 296-300
ISBN: 978-989-758-316-2
Copyright © 2018 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

Anticipation and prevention is certainly important
to be showed by both managers and tourists. To
strengthen the awareness, first of all, of course both
managers and tourists should have basic knowledge
about disaster. This basic knowledge of disaster is
certainly part of the effort to mitigate potential
disaster. The basic knowledge of disaster can be
divided into 3 critical times that will affect the
individual successful action in cope the occurred
disaster (Triatmadja, 2010). The first critical time
zone is the before the disaster occur, the second is
during the disaster, and the last is after the disaster
occurs. This basic knowledge is necessary so that
every person who is in tourist destinations during a
natural disaster can perform a self-saving action so as
to minimize the loss or the occurrence of casualties.
Related with the disaster knowledge owned by
tourists, countries that often experienced disasters
have more qualified disaster knowledge. For example
is Japan, this country has instilled disaster awareness
knowledge in early on, both in the preschool
environment and in the community (Takahashi et al.,
2011). Japanese society is familiar with the habit of
checking earthquake information every day.
Likewise, the most countries in Europe which are
their communities very used to utilize the facilities of
emergency first responses (IFRCRCS, 2009).
Although the disaster knowledge is very
important, in Indonesia, the culture of public disaster
awareness is still low (BNPB, 2016). People often
ignore the risk aspects of disaster in everyday life,
likewise in tourism activities. It makes a clear view of
the knowledge of domestic tourists who have no
disaster risk sensitivity including disaster mitigation.
Seen from the case above, then the cultural
inequality between domestic tourists and foreign
tourists is very clearly visible. The implication of the
difference for tourism destination is the priority needs
between domestic tourists and foreign tourists, in
term of managerial sensitivity related to disaster.
However, area managers must be able to maintain and
meet the needs of every tourist who comes, not one-
sided. Especially when viewed that the number of
tourists each year has increased. Especially the new
target of foreign tourists’ visits is 20 million people
in 2019 (Yahya, 2017).
Seen from the domiciles of foreign tourists in
Tangkuban Parahu, it is dominated by the tourists
from Malaysia (12%), then Singapore (11.42%),
Australia (11.03%), and Japan (4.13%) (Tangkuban
Parahu Report, 2016). The increasing trend of foreign
tourists visit proves high interest to travel to
Indonesia. It can also be interpreted that they believe
the destinations in Indonesian can provide a sense of
security for tourism activities.
The phenomenon of the inequality above is a
compelling reason to compare the perception of
domestic tourists and foreign tourists towards their
knowledge of disaster mitigation related to the
motivation in visit tourist destinations of Indonesia.
The results will be used in order to give
recommendation for disaster mitigation policy.
Therefore, researchers interested in conducting
research based on the phenomenon with the title
“Comparative study between domestic and foreign
tourists’ perception: The influence of disaster
knowledge towards intention to visit Tangkuban
Parahu Nature Park”.
The purposes of this research was to identify
disaster mitigation facility in Tangkuban Parahu
natural tourism destination, analyze the disaster
knowledge of domestic and foreign tourists in
Tangkuban Parahu, and compare the disaster
knowledge with the intention to re-visits destination
based on perception of domestic and foreign tourists
in Tangkuban Parahu.
2 METHODS
The study was conducted at Tangkuban Parahu
Nature Park and written using quantitative descriptive
method to describing all phenomena that occur in
society with systematic, factual and accurate using
mathematical model with statistical analysis
(Sugiyono, 2011: 8).
The population of the research is all tourists’ visit
to Tangkuban Parahu Nature Park, including 28,221
of foreign tourists and 1,856,623 of domestic tourists.
While the sample was taken using the incidental
sampling which determining the sample by chance or
coincidentally met the researcher. The closed-ended
questionnaire was distributed to 100 respondents of
domestic tourists and 44 respondents of foreign
tourists during 2016 to 2017. The data were analyzed
using an Independent T-Test then was continued with
multiple linear regression tests.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tangkuban Parahu Nature Park has an aesthetic value
in the form of mountain forest landscape that often
looks foggy and has active calderas. The Park has a
function to maintain local microclimate.
Comparative Study between Domestic and Foreign Tourists Perception: The Influence of Disaster Knowledge towards Intention to Re-Visit
Tangkuban Parahu Nature Park
297

As a tourist destination, the Park has its own tourist
segmentation. Tourists who came are usually aged
18-25 years, because the terrain of the park can be
categorized as quite steep and requires high physical
strength. Viewed from the origin of the domicile, then
the most tourists came from the archipelago, but if
seen from abroad, then the majority of tourists came
from Malaysia and Netherlands. They visited a lot
because have psychological closeness with the
Indonesia.
3.1 Disaster Knowledge
With the provided facilities, of course, mitigation
activities will run well and smoothly if the tourists
also understand the disaster basic knowledge.
Disaster knowledge is divided into 3, i.e. knowledge
before a disaster, during a disaster, and after a
disaster.
The results of the tourists’ perception analysis on
disaster knowledge before the disaster occurred can
be seen in Table 1.
Table 1: Knowledge before the disaster occurs.
No
Indicator
Scores
Domestic
Tourists
Foreign
Tourists
1
Indonesia is prone
to natural disasters
4.02
3.11
2
This destination is
prone to disasters
3.43
3.11
3
Characteristics of
the disaster that
will occur in the
destination
2.85
3.34
4
Signs of disaster
3.11
3.00
5
Information of
management
related to disaster
4.31
3.77
6
Management
policies related to
disasters
2.87
2.70
Average
3.43
3.17
T-
Test
Scores
Sig. (2
tailed)
Note
Local
Tourists
Foreign
Tourists
x
sb
x
sb
3.43
.583
3.17
.410
.000
Sig.
Different
Based on Table 1, domestic tourists have an average
score higher than the foreign tourists. The domestics’
perception is included in category “high” with the
highest point on the indicator of disaster information
given by the management. The lower score of foreign
tourists’ perception happen because they were not
living in the neighborhood, thus they didn’t know
about the characteristic and potential of disaster in the
destination. They’re not familiar with that, including
the signs when the disaster will occur.
Statistically, the Independent T-Test between two
groups, domestic and foreign resulted in significantly
different. Scores obtained from the domestics group
is on high category, while the score from foreign
tourists included in the category of so-so. The
orientation of disaster characteristic in Indonesia, of
course, is more easily understood by local people, so
it is reasonable that the level of knowledge before
disaster appears is higher in the group of domestic
tourists.
While the results of analysis on the perception of
disaster knowledge during the disaster, giving a
different perspective. The foreign tourists tend to
know better how to cope disaster. The detail about
indicators assessed can be seen in Table 2.
Table 2: Knowledge during the disaster.
No
Indicator
Scores
Domestic
Tourists
Foreign
Tourists
1
Well managed
attitude in facing
disaster
3.68
3.41
2
Survival technique
facing disaster
2.65
2.86
3
Knowledge related
to evacuation route
in destination.
2.33
2.50
4
Knowledge related
to meeting point in
destination
2.28
2.73
5
Know how to
contact the
destination
manager in order to
getting help or
informing
disasters.
2.47
2.59
6
The level of trust
on mitigation
facilities in the
destination
2.70
3.23
Average
2.69
2.89
T-
Test
Scores
Sig. (2
tailed)
Note
Local
Tourists
Foreign
Tourists
x
sb
x
sb
2.69
.590
2.89
.612
.000
Sig.
Different
As seen in Table 2, the perception of knowledge for
both domestics and foreign tourists are lower.
However, the score of foreign is higher, almost in
ICSE 2017 - 2nd International Conference on Sociology Education
298

each indicator. They knew better about mitigation
process while it’s quite unfamiliar for domestic
tourists. In Nederland, for example, the community
already familiar with survival technique, the terms of
evacuation route and meeting point because the
government usually did some disaster simulation of
wildfire, earthquake, and so on. While in Indonesia,
those kinds of things seem new and not knowing by a
large amount of community. The score also affected
by the notion that foreign tourists will only go to
destinations if they already know that the place has a
good security and safe. That’s why the level of trust
of foreigner is higher than the domestic tourists itself.
Statistically, after the independent T test, the data
also showed significant differences from both groups.
It can be said that the domestic tourists are still
lacking knowledge on how to save themselves and
calm in facing disaster. The panic response will only
make the focus on rescue is more difficult.
Knowledge related to the mitigation facility of
both groups gives a low value because of the lack of
sign installation on the evacuation route and the
assembly point. This should be one of concern to the
managers. Although from interview, they said
Tangkuban Parahu is a safe destination because
always monitored by the information center with the
early warning system runs.
The action taken after the disaster occurred also
very important to save many lives. The results of
analysis on the perception of disaster knowledge after
the disaster occurred can be seen in Table 3.
Table 3: Knowledge after the disaster occurred.
No
Indicator
Scores
Local
Tourists
Foreign
Tourists
1
Contacting important
team of disaster alert
3.81
3.98
2
Confidence that the
destination will
improve mitigation
after a disaster
occurred
3.13
3.68
Average
3.47
3.83
T-
Test
Scores
Sig.
(2
tailed)
Note
Local
Tourists
Foreign
Tourists
x
sb
x
sb
3.47
.738
3.83
.763
.000
Sig.
Different
Table 3 shows the level of knowledge of domestic and
foreign tourists. In the third critical time, foreign
tourists show the higher level of knowledge than the
domestics. They both knowing how to contacting the
emergency first response, but domestic tourist tend to
not really trust that the destination will make an
improvement after the disaster occurred. This kind of
knowledge is very important to accelerate the
evacuation process.
Statistically, Table 4 also shows the results of
Independent T-Test between two groups, domestic
and foreign tourists toward the knowledge in coping
disaster after it occurred. Group of foreign tourists is
more familiar with emergency first response. This
service is available in some countries, especially
Europe, so the foreign tourists have been accustomed
and understand whom the parties to be contacted
when the disaster happened. The next indicator also
shows that foreign tourists trust the Indonesian
government that after a disaster appear, the mitigation
will be developed better both structurally and non-
structurally. The structural mitigation development
that can be applied in Tangkuban Parahu include the
construction of the anti-earthquake building, a better
crater barrier, evacuation paths to reduce panic. For
non-structural form, the management give first
direction about the disaster characteristics of
Tangkuban Parahu, guidance on self-saving
techniques along with explanation of the important
numbers that can be contacted if there is an accident
or something that is not desirable and fatal in this
tourist destination.
3.2 Disaster Knowledge and Interest to
Re-visit Destination
A multiple linear regression tests have been done and
the statistic shows that the value of R Square is 0.377,
which means that the variables of disaster knowledge
(before, during, and after disaster) significantly affect
the tourist interest by 37.7% with the accuracy of the
model of 99.39% (0.60523x100%). Table 4 shows the
results of multiple regression tests using SPSS.
Table 4: Multiple regression test results.
Model
R
Square
Std. Error
of the
Estimate
ANOVA
F
Sig.
1
0.377
0.60523
12.791
0.000
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
t
Sig.
B
Std. Error
1
Constant
2.014
0.304
6.631
0.000
Before
0.105
0.083
1.266
0.207
During
0.127
0.068
1.852
0.065
After
0.269
0.058
4.599
0.000
Table 4 shows the sig. value of ANOVA listed as
0.000 (<0.05), it can be concluded that the variables
Comparative Study between Domestic and Foreign Tourists Perception: The Influence of Disaster Knowledge towards Intention to Re-Visit
Tangkuban Parahu Nature Park
299

of knowledge before, during, and after the occurrence
of disasters simultaneously affect the intention to
revisit of tourists. Likewise when viewed from the F
value (12.791) > F table (2.65) it can be concluded
also that all independent variables influence together
on the interest of tourists.
However, if viewed partially (one by one variable)
from three independent variables, only variable of
knowledge after a disaster that significantly affect the
intention of tourists to revisiting. The multiple
regression equations generated are as follows:
Y = 2.014 + 0.104x1 + 0.127x2 + 0.269x3
(1)
From the above equation, one unit of the level of
knowledge variable (before, during, and after the
disaster) will increase the intention to return to visit
as much as 2,514 units. The higher the level of
disaster knowledge, the more intention of tourists to
return visiting the destination.
Although statistically the effect of the disaster
knowledge is only 37.7% to influence the intention to
revisit, but seen from the results of simple
mathematical calculations, the foreign tourist have a
high desire to return to visit Tangkuban Parahu (3.93,
high) while domestics tourists tends to answers with
a moderate level (3.35). The aspect that has a high
appraisal is the desire to re-enjoy the natural scenery,
the beauty of mountain panorama, the scene of the
active craters that are very rare to find.
Based on the test results, it is known that disaster
knowledge only affects 37.7% of interest to return to
visit Tangkuban Parahu destination, while the rest is
influenced by other factors. As for these factors must
certainly be tested its validity in future research.
4 CONCLUSION
From three critical times of disaster, domestic and
foreign tourists of Tangkuban Parahu show different
responses. Domestic tourists have higher score than
the foreign tourists for the knowledge before the
disaster happened. It happens because foreign tourists
were not familiar with the place, while the disaster
characteristic is more easily understood by the local.
The perception of knowledge during and after the
disaster for both domestics and foreign tourists are
lower. However, the score of foreign is higher. They
knew better about mitigation process while it’s quite
unfamiliar for domestic tourists.
Statistically, disaster knowledge consisting of
knowledge before, during, and after the disaster has a
simultaneous influence on the level of desire to return
to the destination positively. The higher the level of
knowledge, the higher the interest to return to visit
Tangkuban Parahu.
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