Research of the Autonomic Regulation in the Formation of the Brain

Microwave Radiation Restoration Processes during Rehabilitation of

the Stroke Patients

Study by Means of the Multifractal Analysis of the Radiophysical Complex

MRTHR Signals

Vladimir Kublanov

, Vasilii Borisov

, Yan Kazakov

and Alexander Azin

Ural Federal University, Mira 19, 620002, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation

Ural State Medical University, Repina 3, 620028, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation

Mari State University, Lenina 1, 424000, Yoshkar-Ola, Russian Federation

Keywords: Multifractal Cross-Correlation Analysis, Brain Microwave Radiation, Heart Rate Variability, Rehabilitation

Processes, Stroke Patients, DCASNS.

Abstract: The paper discusses the possibility of applying multifractal cross-correlation analysis method for the joint

processing of transient biomedical signals received via the Radiophysical complex MRTHR (Medical Radio-

Thermograph - Heart Rate) for rehabilitations estimations. The results of the multifractal cross-correlation

analysis application are shown for research the role of the autonomic regulation in the formation of the brain

microwave radiation (intrinsic electromagnetic radiation of the brain) in the treatment process. A pilot clinical

study obtained by the multichannel Radiophysical complex MRTHR had shown the dynamics discrepancies

of cross-correlation Hurst exponent coincides with the clinical data for patients after passing through the

course of rehabilitation using techniques of the dynamic correction activity of the sympathetic nervous

system.

1 INTRODUCTION

It is well known, that the main mechanism for

ensuring the constancy of the internal environment of

the body, is the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

The ANS adapts all regulation systems to

environmental changes (Guyton and Hall, 2011). The

ANS can be considered as the complex of structures

that are parts of the peripheral and central divisions of

the nervous system that regulate the functions of

organs and tissues. This regulation is aimed at

maintaining the body relatively constant internal

environment (homeostasis).

Among the main factors that contribute to changes

in regulation of cerebral circulatory system are:

 the vascular tone change;

 the intravascular pressure;

 the shear stress on the vascular wall;

 the streaming blood characteristics;

 the chemical composition of the blood;

 the blood viscosity

 the activity of the autonomic regulation;

 the dependence of the perfusion pressure in the

brain on the value of intracranial pressure

(Moskalenko, 1992).

The actuator in the regulation mechanism of the

cerebral circulation are the muscles of the vascular

wall. The muscles perceive irritation of specialized

receptor and chemical compounds released into the

bloodstream and the environment. In addition,

muscles perceive the mechanical stretching of the

intravascular blood pressure and are sensitive to a

variety of substances, which are the products of

cellular metabolism (Pocock and Richards, 2013).

According to the anatomical criteria the ANS is

divided into the segmental and suprasegmental

divisions (Schmidt and Thews, 1989). The segmental

division of the ANS provides the autonomic

innervation of the individual segments of the body

and internal organs, which belong to them. It is

divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic

divisions (SNS and PSNS, respectively). The heart

rate variability signal (HRV) is an example of the

Kublanov V., Borisov V., Kazakov Y. and Azin A.

Research of the Autonomic Regulation in the Formation of the Brain Microwave Radiation Restoration Processes during Rehabilitation of the Stroke Patients - Study by Means of the

Multifractal Analysis of the Radiophysical Complex MRTHR Signals.

DOI: 10.5220/0006157102990306

standard instruments of functional diagnostics.

This choice in our study is not accidental. The

HRV signals are indicators of the ANS activity (Malik

et al., 1996). The role of the autonomic regulation of

the formation of functional processes in the brain

tissue is poorly understood. The suprasegmental

divisions of the ANS are involved in organisation

cerebral circulation. Although clinical trials of its

activity depends on the effectiveness of rehabilitation

of vascular lesions of the brain (Kublanov et al.,

2010). Particularly there is no data on the effect of the

autonomic regulation on the formation of the brain

microwave radiation.

Based on this, the aim of this paper is to apply the

multifractal estimates for the autonomic regulation in

the formation of brain microwave radiation

restoration processes during rehabilitation of the

patients.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Radiophysical Complex MRTHR

In this study two signals forms the information

channels of multichannel Radiophysical complex

MRTHR: the HRV and brain microwave radiation

(Kublanov, 2013). Figure 1: Structural diagram of the

Radiophysical complex MRTHR for examining

patients (Kublanov, 2013).

The HRV signals are obtained from the

electrocardiography registered by means of the

electrophysical signals channel. The microwave

radiometer registers the brain microwave radiation in

650-850 MHz range.

Figure 1: Structural diagram of the Radiophysical complex

MRTHR for examining patients.

2.2 Patients

Signal analysis was made based on studies conducted

in the Sverdlovsk regional clinical psycho-

neurological Hospital for War Veterans (SRCPNH,

Yekaterinburg). Investigations were carried out for

the group of seven patients suffering from ischemic

stroke (before and after rehabilitation treatment).

All patients gave their informed consent to

voluntary participate in the study. The study was

approved by the Ural State Medical University ethics

committee (protocol №8 from 16.10.2015). The

Table 1 shows the clinical data for group of patients.

The rehabilitation of patients after ischaemic

stroke was performed in accordance with Guidelines

for Management of Ischaemic Stroke and Transient

Ischaemic Attack 2008 (Ringleb et al., 2008).

Table 1: Clinical data of the studied patients group from the SRCPNH.

№

Patient/

sex

Age,

years

Stroke localization.

Clinical data.

ICD-10

Amount of the DCASNS

séances

T.V.S./

male

Left middle cerebral artery basin, with elements of

aphasia, early recovery period (up to the year)

I63.5

Z.I.G./

male

Ischemic stroke in Right Internal Carotid Artery basin

3 and 2 years ago. Arterial Hypertension III st.

I63.2,

I10

G.V.L./

male

Isсhemic stroke in Right middle cerebral artery 3

years ago, right hemiparesis. Diabetes mellitus.

Arterial Hypertension III st.

I63.5,

I10,

E11.6

K.M.F./

female

Isсhemic stroke in Left middle cerebral artery,

residual effect. Ischemic heart disease. Heart failure.

I63.5,

I25.8

D.L.I./

male

Chronic cerebral ischaemia III.

Arterial Hypertension III st.

I69,

I10

D.K.A./

female

Stroke in right internal carotid artery (1 month ago).

Arterial Hypertension III st.

I63.2,

I10

S.V.I./

male

Ischemic stroke in Right Internal Carotid Artery.

Arterial Hypertension III st.

I63.2,

I10

In addition, patients were treated with the neuro-

electrostimulation device – “SYMPATHOCOR-01”

course of the dynamic correction activity of the

sympathetic nervous system (DCASNS) (Kublanov

et al., 2015). For these patients clinically proven

improvement was observed after rehabilitation

course.

2.3 Multifractal Cross-correlation

Analysis

In our study, we propose to evaluate the information

characteristics of the signals of the brain microwave

radiation and HRV using method of multifractal

formalism. Nowadays, application of the multifractal

analysis is common in the brain research (Pavlov et

al., 2016; Whalley et al., 2016; Závodszky et al.,

2015). Registration and analysis of these biomedical

signals at the same time, gives a qualitatively new

features that allow one to define a new integral

indicator for the study of the functional changes in the

brain in a state of preclinical and clinical practice in

the early stages of development of these changes

(Kublanov et al., 2015).

Application of the multifractal cross-correlation

analysis (MFCCA) method on two signals should be

carried out at the same time windows (Podobnik and

Stanley 2008). Based on this, in further signal

analysis ten second time windows were considered. It

can be assumed that the important properties of the

signal, there are only in a certain range of scales,

where properties are most distinct characteristic of

multifractal structure (Di et al. 2015; Delignières et

al. 2016).

Generally, in analysis of HRV signals applied:

 HF spectral component, which characterize

activity of the parasympathetic department of the

ANS and activity of the autonomic regulation loop;

 LF spectral component, which mainly

characterize activity of the sympathetic vascular tone

regulation centre. (Malik M. et al., 1996).

The fluctuations of very low-frequency (VLF)

spectral component of the HRV signal in range

(25-300), sec are complex two- or three- formation

(Fleishman 2005). Because of that the dynamics of

changes in the aggregate analysis of signals obtained

estimates of the HRV and brain microwave radiation

signals is not advisable to carry out throughout the

VLF range. It is appropriate to carry out analysis on a

set of time windows.

To acquire summary estimation of the microwave

radiation of biomedical signals, which indicate the

ANS variability, one must transform the original

biomedical signals to equidistant time series (TS)

with the same sampling frequency 10 Hz (Example of

signals is presented in Figure 2).

Figure 2: Simultaneously recorded signals of the Brain

Microwave Radiation and HRV.

After interpolation, the investigated TS are accessed

by the multifractal cross-correlation analysis. Stages of

MFCCA are shown in Fig.3 (Kublanov et al., 2016).

Figure 3: Stages of multifractal cross-correlation analysis.

The usage of multifractal analysis as an effective

tool to study the possibilities and identify short-term

series HRV was presented in (Kublanov et al., 2015).

There it was shown that one parameter – cross-

correlation Hurst exponent H

is enough for obtaining

information significant estimates of the autonomic

regulation in the formation of brain microwave

radiation.

In accordance with that article, simultaneous

analysis of TS for signals the brain microwave

radiation and HRV indicates the relationship between

multifractal parameters for group for healthy subjects.

It was determined that:

 processes describing sympathetic activity of the

ANS with fluctuation periods in the range from 6.5 to

25, sec and transport dynamics of the fluid in the

intercellular and intracellular spaces brain tissue

fluctuation periods ranging from 20 to 40, sec are

similar.

 processes that characterize the activity of the

central ergotrophic and humoral-metabolic

mechanisms of heart rate regulation, defined by VLF

fluctuations of the HRV in the range from 25 to 300,

sec and the thermodynamic processes in the

regulation of brain tissue fluctuations with range from

60 to 70, sec are similar.

As shown previously (Kublanov et al, 2016), the

diagnostic capability of the computed multifractal

characteristics in two functional states for the above

mentioned time windows can be determined by a

Bland-Altman's criteria (Bland and Altman, 1986) as

follows:

 assessment of systematic differences calculated

as the difference between each measurement pair;

 calculation of the mean and standard deviation

for these differences, characterizing the degree of

variation of results.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Data analysis of multifractal estimates were provided

for the HRV and brain microwave radiation signals

obtained using the MFCCA method for the group of

patients (shown in the Table 1). For signals of the

HRV and brain microwave radiation multifractal

estimates obtained by the MFCCA, difference of the

Hurst exponents was calculated in two functional

states: at rest and during antiorthostatic load. The

analysis was conducted on time windows (20-30; 30-

40;

60-70, sec) as specified in the article (Kublanov et al.,

2015).

Obtained estimation are presented before and after

the course of rehabilitation using techniques of the

DCASNS. In all the tables below, negative values

indicate a “shift” of the cross-correlation in direction

of the antiorthostatic load, positive values – in

direction of rest (Fig. 4).

Figure 4: State F ─ functional rest [0,300] sec;

state A ─ antiorthostatic load (30

) [300,600] sec.

3.1 Patient One

The clinical data of the patient T.V.S. showed

reduction of the ataxia (instability) severity in

Romberg’s sign, decreased effects of motor aphasia,

rate of speech and articulation improvement. Blood

pressure and heart rate indices - have not changed.

During the period of treatment there were no

hemodynamic deterioration.

The DCASNS method mode function stellate

ganglion block (blocking the activity of the SNS) was

used for this patient. Clinical outcome was

accompanied by a decrease in LF / HF ratio from 2.64

(the predominance of sympathetic tone) to 1.56

(normal). This effect is associated with the SNS

predominant tone with respective pathogenesis and

clinical manifestations. Moreover, the duration of

disease is relatively low: early post stroke recovery

period - during the year.

Table 2: Systematic discrepancy assessments of the cross-

correlation Hurst exponent for the HRV and brain

microwave radiation signals for patient T.V.S.

Time

window

20-30, sec

30-40, sec

60-70, sec

Before

-0,04460

-0,11771

-0,17561

After

0,02878

0,27910

0,00551

In accordance with the Table 2, the normalization

of autonomic balance for the segmental divisions of

the ANS was accompanied by an increase in

conjunction with oscillatory processes that reflect the

transport of tissue fluid in the matter of the brain at

rest and during antiorthostatic load.

Based on that it can be assumed that the

synchronization processes in the ANS (at the

segmental level) have a relationship with the

normalization of the function of suprasegmental

(brain) autonomic structures. Synchronization of

processes can be explained by activation

(normalization) process and neuroplasticity of the

nervous trophism, caused by the DCASNS method.

State F

State A

3.2 Patient Two

In accordance with the clinical data of the patient

Z.I.G. headaches decreased (frequency, duration,

intensity, reduced the number of analgesics taken to

anesthesia). Achieved target blood pressure (less than

120 mm Hg). Decreased subjective phenomena of

weakness. Decreased levels of anxiety (from 12 to 7

grades) (Boakye et al., 2016).

For this patient mainly the DCASNS stimulation

activity mode of the SNS was used. Initially, reduced

tone of the SNS was accompanied by headaches, and

anxiety disorders. As the result of the DCASNS tone

of the SNS increased. LF / HF ratio increased from

0.25 to 1.05.

All patient's clinical parameters were determined

by "shift" of autonomic regulation on the segmental

level – reduction of HF and LF, and suprasegmental

hypothalamic. The “shift” happened a long time

(three years) after vascular accident and manifested

itself in slowdown of the vascular tone regulation

process. The leading treatment effect was a slight

increase in power modulating effects of segmental

structures of the ANS (the nerves of the heart). The

disappearance of headaches was caused by the

expansion of the adaptation corridor of vascular tone

(in an increment of the total power spectrum of HRV

- total power index).

Table 3: Systematic discrepancy assessments of the cross-

correlation Hurst exponent for the HRV and brain

microwave radiation signals for patient Z.I.G.

Time window

20-30, sec

30-40, sec

60-70,

sec

Before

-0,18838

-0,24459

-0,12457

After

0,10135

0,03153

-0,05517

According to the data presented in the Table 3, the

normalization of autonomic balance in the segmental

divisions of the ANS in a state of rest was

accompanied by an increase of cross-correlation level

with oscillatory processes that reflect the transport of

tissue fluid in the brain substance alone. At the same

time, the relationship between the thermodynamic

processes in the brain and VLF component of the

spectrum of HRV increased. This finding indirectly

confirms the currently existing ideas about the nature

of VLF waves (as one that reflects the

thermoregulatory processes) (Fleishman, 2005).

3.3 Patient Three

Pursuant to the clinical data of the patient G.V.L.

systolic blood pressure decreased to target values

(less than 120 mm Hg for patients with diabetes).

Reflexes with limb asymmetry decreased. The

appearance of hemiparetic gait reduced. The

hemiparesis severity decreased from 3 to 2 grades.

The DCASNS stimulation biotropic field

parameters were individually selected with

predominant target – the activition of the SNS. It

resulted in balance normalization of the sympathetic

and parasympathetic regulation of the heart, coursed

by diabetes and diabetic autonomic neuropathy.

Improvement of the decreased tone of the SNS,

allowed to achieve the normalization of segmental

regulatory effects on vascular tone, and a significant

regression of neurological symptoms.

Table 4: Systematic discrepancy assessments of the cross-

correlation Hurst exponent for the HRV and brain

microwave radiation signals for patient G.V.L.

Time

window

20-30, sec

30-40, sec

60-70, sec

Before

-0,09742

0,04123

-0,09871

After

0,00758

0,06727

0,01680

According to the Table 4 for a patient with severe

organic lesion of segmental and suprasegmental

autonomic structures have achieved a certain

normalization of autonomic balance in segmental

divisions of the ANS in a state of rest. In other words,

the DCASNS influence preserved insufficient

regulation reserves by stimulating the processes of

transport of tissue fluid (mechanisms of trophism and

neuroplasticity) in the matter of the brain. This in turn

provided normalization of autonomic reactivity in

functional loads (within the stored reserves of the

regulation) (Kessner et al., 2016; Lundborg, 2005).

At the same time, a positive impact of the DCASNS

on segmental autonomic structures (the

hypothalamus) was indicated by some normalization

of reactivity of the thermodynamic processes in the

brain at antiorthostatic load.

3.4 Patient Four

In conformity with the clinical data of the patient

K.M.F. fatigue phenomenon decreased, disappeared

noise in the head, dizziness. The blood pressure

normalized - hypotension phenomena have

disappeared. The symptoms of anxiety scale reduced

(from 14 to 11 grades) (Hurley and Tizabi, 2013;

Stetler et al., 2014).

Application of the DCASNS method in the

stimulation mode managed to maintain an increased

tone of the SNS. Furthermore, it allowed maintaining

a normal perfusion of blood through the arterial bed

and the maintenance of normal values of blood

pressure. These values ensure the normalization of

blood flow through the brain and restoration of the

cerebral blood flow performance after stroke. Little

effect was associated with initially low levels of total

power of HRV – i.e low modulating effects on the

heart of segmental division.

Table 5: Systematic discrepancy assessments of the cross-

correlation Hurst exponent for the HRV and brain

microwave radiation signals for patient K.M.F.

Time window

20-30, sec

30-40, sec

60-70, sec

Before

-0,15419

0,03370

-0,06882

After

-0,04550

-0,02534

0,04625

In accordance with the Table 5 for this patient was

observeddecreased HRV correlation of signals in LF-

and of HF - bands with their brain microwave

radiation in the respective time windows. This

coincides with the target values of the blood pressure

- the necessity to maintain high tone of the SNS. At

the same time, there was a significant increase in

correlation, both at rest and during antiorthostatic, for

stress indicators of the brain microwave radiation

(thermoregulation) with VLF-component of the HRV

spectrum. This, in turn, may indicate a preferential

activation of the suprasegmental autonomic

structures (the hypothalamus) when this particular

mode the DCASNS method is selected.

3.5 Patient Five

In appliance with the clinical data of the patient D.L.I.

there was a normalization of elevated blood pressure.

The target blood pressure was achieved - less than

130/80 mm Hg. It was possible to reduce the tone of

the SNS by means of the DCASNS method in

blocking mode. Which, in turn, resulted in lowering

of blood pressure.

Table 6: Systematic discrepancy assessments of the cross-

correlation Hurst exponent for the HRV and brain

microwave radiation signals for patient D.L.I.

Time window

20-30, sec

30-40,

sec

60-70, sec

Before

-0,05011

-0,03088

-0,07643

After

0,18664

-0,19695

0,30650

According to the data presented in the Table 6, the

patient has a reduced correlation of HRV LF signals

in the range, the effect associated with initially

elevated tone SNS. At the same time, the relationship

of the thermodynamic processes in the brain and

VLF-component of the HRV spectrum increased

(Togo et al., 2006).

3.6 Patient Six

The clinical data of the patient D.K.A. provides

insight of achieved gradual reduction for high blood

pressure in the range of target values in the acute

phase of stroke. There was an increase caused by a

reduced stroke force of muscles on the left. At the

same time, there was a decrease of pathologically

elevated tone of the left limbs.

For the DCASNS method, biotropic parameters of

physical fields were selected to block the SNS. By

using that, it was possible to dramatically reduce

increased tone of the SNS and to normalize the

autonomic balance. This resulted in improvement of

blood perfusion on the arterial bed by reducing the

weakening of hypervasoconstriction degree. This, in

turn, ensured the normalization of blood flow through

the head brain and recovery rates of cerebral blood

flow after stroke.

Table 7: Systematic discrepancy assessments of the cross-

correlation Hurst exponent for the HRV and brain

microwave radiation signals for patient D.K.A.

Time window

20-30, sec

30-40, sec

60-70, sec

Before

-0,04999

-0,06435

-0,10949

After

-0,14435

0,25473

0,01954

In accordance with the Table 7 for a patient with

severe acute organic central nervous system disease

(acute ischemic stroke) achieved normalization of

autonomic maintenance - increase of the correlation

between HF indicators of the HRV and the brain

microwave radiation. Moreover, autonomic reactivity

was moted - increased correlation of the module LF

and the brain microwave radiation in a time window

of 60-70 for state of antiortostic load.

This confirms the restoration of suprasegmental

autonomic regulation processes in the brain. In other

words, activation of a fluid transport processes

(neuro-trophic, neuroplasticity), as thermoregulation

processes.

3.7 Patient Seven

According to the clinical data of the patient S.V.I.

high blood pressure failed to normalize after the first

course the DCASNS method. This can be explained

by the presence of comorbidity, in violation of the

mechanisms of autonomic regulation of vascular

tone. Also this complicates treatment and worsens the

prognosis – anxiety and depressive disorders.

Indicators of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression

Scale patient had evidence of clinically significant

depression (Varidaki et al., 2016)

After re-hospitalization and new selection of the

biotropic physical parameters for the DCASNS

method it was possible to normalize blood pressure.

The presence of depression, worsen cardiovascular

disease due to a persistent increase of the tone of the

SNS, were the factors that prolonged treatment and

made difficult to achieve positive clinical (Jeong et

al., 2016).

The patient required repeated the DCASNS

courses with individual selection of the biotropic field

parameters. As a result, moderate decline in the tone

of the SNS happened. The achievement of a

significant antidepressant effect revealed in reduction

of the severity of depressive symptoms at the hospital

anxiety and depression scale. Moreover, it achieved

normalization of blood pressure (Rial et al., 2016).

The effect can be associated with initially elevated

tone of the SNS.

Table 8: Systematic discrepancy assessments of the cross-

correlation Hurst exponent for the HRV and brain

microwave radiation signals for patient S.V.I.

Time window

20-30, sec

30-40, sec

60-70, sec

Before

-0,14729

-0,25288

-0,05091

After

-0,03984

-0,02991

-0,08195

The data presented in the Table 8 show that this

support of patient in the clinical observation of the

results and gave an explanation concerning the

difficulties to achieve a therapeutic effect. The patient

showed the initial expression violations of the

correlation between process of the segmental division

modulation of heart rate at rest and during exercise in

time windows. Which primarily reflects the

phenomena of transport of fluid in the brain and is

associated with the processes it neuro-trophic and

neuroplasticity. As it is currently known and shown,

these processes suffer significantly from patients with

depressive disorders (Arnaud and Di, 2016).

Thus, the data of the cross-correlation analysis

coincides with the clinical picture of the disease for

the patient and fits into this particular clinical case.

The data is the basis for predicting the difficulty in

achieving a clinical effect of the DCASNS, which is

associated with a profound impairment of nervous

trophic and neuroplasticity.

3.8 Discussion

The analysis of data presented in Tables 2-8, showed

that the dynamics of cross-correlation differences

Hurst exponent coincides with the clinical data in the

treatment of patients. The coincidence is

representative for the variety of clinical cases, and can

serve as a basis for forecasting and possible

correction of the treatment course of patients.

Obtained in this study estimations are consistent

with results received earlier. In (Kublanov et al.,

2016) it was found, that for the time windows 20–40

and 50–60 seconds in the functional rest and during

the passive orthostatic load, the systematic

discrepancy between the differences of the Hurst

exponent of biomedical signals is minimal for the

healthy patients. For patients suffering from ischemic

stroke prior to the rehabilitation treatment, these

values are greater.

4 CONLUSIONS

The article describes the pilot clinical study of the

brain microwave radiation and HRV signals obtained

by the multichannel Radiophysical complex

MRTHR. Analysis of the HRV and brain microwave

radiation signals, by means of the methods of the

cross-correlation multifractal analysis allowed to

obtain new knowledge about the studied biomedical

signals.

Application of multifractal formalism allowed

proving that at the minimum level of systematic

differences of the HRV and the brain microwave

radiation signals dynamic changes in these signals

occur like. In this case, we can assume that the role of

the autonomic regulation defined by characteristics of

the HRV in the formation of the brain microwave

radiation is high. The proposed approach can be used

to manage the medical process.

Dynamics of the cross-correlation Hurst exponent

differences coincides with the patients’ clinical data.

The treatment effectiveness depends on the duration

of the disease, more amenable to correction processes

arisen recently. Strokes to the three-year history and

were treatable worse.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The work was supported by Act 211 Government of

the Russian Federation, contract № 02.A03.21.0006.

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