Toward a Context-aware Process Model Repository

Hadjer Khider

1,2 a

, Slimane Hammoudi

and Abdelkrim Meziane

Information Systems and Multimedia Systems Department, CERIST, Algiers, Algeria

Computer Science Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria

ERIS Team, Computer Science Department, ESEO, Angers, France

Keywords: BP Model Reuse, Context-aware BPM, Business Context, Context Awareness, Process Model Repository,

Architecture, Contextual Factors.

Abstract: Many challenges face the enterprises in constantly changing business environment. This requires them to

continually consider the context(s) in which they operate to better respond to the challenges they face.

Business Process Management (BPM) has become an important approach to create efficient business

processes (BPs), which can evolve quickly to adapt to a rapidly changing business environment. The reuse of

already designed BP models can improve the agility of defined BPs to address new issues that arise in today's

rapidly evolving business environment. Involving context into the current process model repositories is a real

challenge. In this paper, we propose an architecture for context-aware process model repository to improve

the reusability of the BP models and better meet the expectations of its stakeholders. We also present in this

paper a comparative study of the different context-aware BPM approaches, in addition to the contextual

factors that influence the reuse of BP models in existing process model repositories.

1 INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, the business environment is very complex

and in constant evolution. Today, enterprises face

many challenges, including intense competition,

economic globalization of markets, and a turbulent

economic environment. This requires enterprises to

continuously consider the business context(s) in

which they operate in order to better meet the

challenges they face. Business Process Management

(BPM) has become one of the most important

approaches to creating effective business processes

(BPs), which can evolve rapidly to adapt to a rapidly

changing business environment (Alotaibi et al., 2017;

Badakhshan et al., 2019). BPM aims to manage the

BPs of the enterprise in order to allow its stakeholders

to collaborate in the definition, the scalability and the

evolution of its BPs (Weske, 2012). The business

process (BP) model is a key element of BPM as it

allows us to better understand business concerns and

thus, improves the communication among

stakeholders (Van Der Aalst et al., 2003). Reusing

already designed BP models can improve the quality

and the agility of defined BPs to address new issues

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0566-9235

that arise in today’s rapidly evolving business

environment (Yamamoto et al., 2018). The re-use of

the BP model emphasizes the use of a BP model not

only for one specific situation, but also for future

situations related to different business contexts.

Process model repositories have been designed to

store BP models that serve as the knowledge base for

their on-going BPM projects to enable re-use of BPs,

such as SAP (Curran et al., 1997) and MIT (Malone

et al., 2003). Despite the remarkable success of the

current process model repositories, it seems that the

functionalities of existing repositories are not

sufficient to meet the expectations of their

stakeholders. It was reported by Broke et al. (2021) in

(Vom Brocke, Weber, et al., 2021) that stakeholders

are seeking for additional process information to find

useful BP models within the existing process

repository. Also, it was mentioned that their current

functionalities are not aligned with the expectations

of a modern digital work experience. Moreover,

providing BP models that can meet stakeholders’

expectations in a given business context rather than in

another is a real challenge. In addition, current

repositories do not have advanced features that allow

to their stakeholders to easily find the BP models that

182

Khider, H., Hammoudi, S. and Meziane, A.

Toward a Context-aware Process Model Repository.

DOI: 10.5220/0011386400003280

In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Smart Business Technologies (ICSBT 2022), pages 182-189

ISBN: 978-989-758-587-6; ISSN: 2184-772X

fit their business interests in a particular business

context (Khider et al., 2020; Shahzad et al., 2019;

Vom Brocke, Weber, et al., 2021; Yan et al., 2017).

This is due to the limited experience of user and the

limited tools of current process model repositories.

Furthermore, most existing retrieval systems in the

current process model repositories are based on

queries (Wang et al., 2014) while the business context

is often ignored in their search functionalities

(Adomavicius et al., 2015).To address this issue, this

paper presents an architecture for context-aware

process model repository that facilitates and improves

the reuse of BP model in modern enterprises.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows:

Section 2 presents the theoretical background and

motivation. In Section 3, work related to the context-

aware BPM approaches is summarized. Section 4

comprises a comparative study and an analysis

between the presented context-aware BPM

approaches. In Section 5, we introduce our proposal

for an architecture for context-aware process model

repository. In Section 6, we conclude the paper with

discussion, summary and perspectives.

2 BACKGROUND AND

MOTIVATION

In this section we present a summarized background

and our motivation.

2.1 Context Awareness

Context awareness has been a popular research area

for a number of years in several disciplines such as

mobile technology, artificial intelligence, knowledge

management, and web systems engineering.

Nowadays, investigating context awareness with

BPM field is an important challenge. Context

awareness has been recognized as vital in the BPM

success (Denner et al., 2018; Santoro et al., 2017;

Vom Brocke, Weber, et al., 2021) . According to

Kerpedzhiev, et al. in (Kerpedzhiev et al., 2017)

context awareness is one of the key characteristics of

successful BPM in the digital age. According to

Brocke et al. in (Vom Brocke et al., 2016) there are

several advantages to context-aware BPM, such as

increased process flexibility, better decision-making,

and better risk management. Moreover, The

motivation for an increased consideration of context

in BP Modeling stage has been argued by many

researchers (Rosemann et al., 2008; Saidani et al.,

2009). Context as defined by Dey in (Dey, 2001) is

“any information that can be used to characterize the

situation of an entity. An entity is a person, place, or

object that is considered relevant to the interaction

between a user and an application, including the user

and applications themselves".

In the context of BPM, Rosemann et al. in

(Rosemann et al., 2008) have proposed a definition of

context as “the relevant subset of the entire situation

of a business process that requires a business process

to adapt to potential changes in the context

variables”. Another more specific definition is

provided by Born et al. in (Born et al., 2009) ‘the

context defines the environment in which a business

process is used”. They define the business context as

a description of a specific business circumstance.

Another definition provided by Rosemann et al. in

(Rosemann et al., 2008) which defines context as the

minimum set of variables containing all relevant

information impacting the design and the

implementation of a business process.

2.2 BP Model

BP models are key artefacts to represent how work is

performed in organizations (Kröschel, 2010). It is

defined as a graphical representation of a BP or

workflow and its related sub-processes that defines

the ways in which operations are carried out to

accomplish the intended objectives of an

organization.

2.3 Process Model Repository

According to Bernstein et al. (1994) in (Bernstein et

al., 1994), a process model repository is “a shared

database of information about engineered artefacts

produced or used by an enterprise”. It should provide

a common database system for model creation, model

modification, model retrieval, model version

management. The main benefits of process model

repositories are model reuse and knowledge

exchange. Several solutions have been proposed to

build process model repositories, such as MIT

Process Handbook (Malone et al., 2003), SAP

(Curran et al., 1997).

3 RELATED WORK: CONTEXT

AWARE BPM APPROACHES

Recently, several researches have been proposed in

the literature to address context awareness in BPM.

Two main research streams are proposed (Denner et

al., 2018; Santoro et al., 2017; Vom Brocke, Weber,

Toward a Context-aware Process Model Repository

183

et al., 2021). The first one addresses context

awareness in BPM by investigating various context

dimensions and the second focuses on context-aware

BPM as well as context-aware methods by explicitly

stating the application context of a BPM method.

Recent researches have focused on how context

can be considered in BPM (Denner et al., 2018; Vom

Brocke, Baier, et al., 2021).

Others have been proposed to find the contextual

factors in BPM research (Vom Brocke et al., 2016),

while others have focused on the contextual factors

influencing the BP performance (Kronsbein et al.,

2014).

Other approaches have been proposed in context-

aware process modeling (Bessai et al., 2008; El-

Bouroumi et al., 2021; Rosemann et al., 2008, 2006;

Saidani et al., 2009; Sofela et al., 2013; Weber et al.,

2021).

Other related work has been proposed in context-

aware process adaptation (Nunes et al., 2011; Serral

et al., 2015) in which context is used to achieve

process adaptation. Others have addressed the context

aware process configuration (Delfmann et al., 2006;

Rosemann et al., 2007).

Other research has proposed an architecture to

manage the context-aware execution of processes

(Janiesch et al., 2019).

Another context-aware BPM approach has been

proposed to address reliability, performance, agility,

and process innovation (Vom Brocke, Weber, et al.,

2021).

4 CONTEXT AWARE BPM

APPROACHES: A

COMPARATIVE STUDY

In order to compare the context-aware BPM

approaches that were presented in the previous

section, several criteria are identified. These criteria

concern all context-awareness aspects in BP, in

addition to the aspect of BP reusability which is the

aim of our research.

These criteria were selected by surveying the

literature on context-awareness in BPM and the

contextual factors that influence the BPs (Kronsbein

et al., 2014; Vom Brocke et al., 2016; Vom Brocke,

Weber, et al., 2021). The resulting criteria are

presented in line one in the Table 1 below. Context-

aware BPM approaches are presented in column one

in the Table 1 in alphabetical order.

Table 1: Context-aware BPM approaches: Comparative study.

Context Awareness Aspects

in BP

Context-

aware BPM

approaches

BP Performance

BP Configuration

BP Execution

BP Adaptation

BP Modeling

BP Reusability

BP Reliability

BP Agility

BP Innovation.

(Bessai et al., 2008) x none

(Delfmann et al., 2006) x none

(

Denne

et al., 2018

)

none

(

El-Bouroumi et al., 2021

)

x none

(Janiesch et al., 2019) x none

(Kronsbein et al., 2014) x x none

(Rosemann et al., 2007) x none

(

Rosemann et al., 2006

)

x none

(

Rosemann et al., 2008

)

x none

(

Nunes et al., 2011

)

x none

(Saidani et al., 2009) x none

(Serral et al., 2015) x none

(Sofela et al., 2013) x none

(

Vom Brocke et al., 2016

)

none

(

Vom Brocke, Baier, et al., 2021

)

none

(Vom Brocke, Weber, et al., 2021) x none x x x

(Webe

et al., 2021) x none

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184

4.1 Comparative Study Analysis

The comparative study on the context-aware BPM

approaches (i.e. presented in section: related work),

have shown that these approaches do not address

context in detail. Furthermore, most of these

approaches focused on context as a factor to influence

the performance of BP and none of them have

considered it impact on the reusability of BP model,

furthermore, yet none of these approaches presented

a study on the contextual factors that may influence

the reusability of BP models. Therefore, none of them

has determined these factors yet. To our knowledge,

no BPM approaches have considered context

requirements as a main factor for improving and

enhancing the BP models reusability in the existing

process model repositories.

In the following section we propose an

architecture for context-aware process model

repository.

5 AN ARCHITECTURE FOR

CONTEXT-AWARE PROCESS

MODEL REPOSITORY

In this section, we introduce a conceptual architecture

for context-aware process model repository, we

present first a meta-model for context description to

understand what context is for BP then, we present

the contextual factors that influence the reusability of

BP models in process model repositories.

5.1 Meta-model for Context

Description

In this section, we present a metamodel for the

description of context related to business process.

This metamodel was adapted from (Rosemann et al.,

2008). As illustrated in Figure 1 below, the context

can be categorized into immediate, internal, external,

environmental and business context (see Figure 1):

 Immediate context: includes input, output

data, organizational resources (e.g.

organizational unit, group, position, person

and IT and related applications (e.g. middle-

ware, web server, database system).

 Internal context: covers information on the

internal environment of an organization that

impacts the process.

 External context: capture elements that

reside within the business network in which

an organization operates in which design

and behavior is beyond its control.

 Environmental context: comprising all

external elements relevant to the process,

such as competitors, suppliers, customers,

etc.

 Business context: defines the business

environment in which a business process is

used, it includes factors specific to the

industry in which a process is intended to

work.

Figure 1: Meta-model for context description adapted from (Rosemann et al., 2008).

Toward a Context-aware Process Model Repository

185

5.2 Contextual Factors

According to (Hadi Putra et al., 2020; Kronsbein et

al., 2014) for an analysis of the impact of the context

on BP. it is necessary to specify the context in the

form of contextual factors.

In this section, we try to identify which contextual

factors impact the reusability of BP models and how.

For this purpose, we analyzed three significant

research studies (Denner et al., 2018; Kerpedzhiev et

al., 2017; Vom Brocke et al., 2016) on the role of

context in BPM. On this basis, we identified the

following contextual factors:

Business Environment: Business environment plays

a crucial role in the decision-making of companies as

it leads to and initiates strategic, dynamic and

proactive corporate decision making (Idris et al.,

2013; Ostos et al., 2017). The business environment

is an external variable that impacts organizational

strategies and the correlated strategic decision-

making (Barkema et al., 2002). To help modern

companies to better identify their context, researchers

analyzed the fit between business environment and

BPs as the most important contextual factor (Dumas

et al., 2013; Vom Brocke et al., 2016).

Industry: Various context factors of an organization

need to be considered, specifically the industry in

which the organization operates (Denner et al., 2018).

Moreover, Rosemann et al. (2008) in (Rosemann et

al., 2008) emphasized the need to include industry-

specific factors. Furthermore, according to Brocke et

al. (2016) in (Vom Brocke et al., 2016) the important

organizational contextual factor that can be derived

from both BPM research and practice is the industry

in which BPM is applied.

5.3 Our Proposed Architecture

This section presents our proposed architecture for a

context-aware process model repository. The

architecture follows Four-layer architecture

composed of Presentation layer, Context layer which

is the main layer in our proposal, Repository

management layer and repository storage layer.

Figure 2 depicts the key elements of each layer as

follows:

Presentation Layer: Presents an interaction

interface between the repository of process models

and the user (i.e. process model repository

stakeholder). This layer is composed from a graphic

user interface (GUI) that allows each user of the

process model repository to access all the

functionalities provided by the repository. Each user

provides explicitly details on the business project in

which he is involving via the project management

component what allows us to get the project profile.

This project profile constitutes a simplified

description of the project, it business environment,

and the industry to which it relates, in addition to

definition of it purpose and it business goals.

The Data Extractor component is responsible for

gathering data profile from both user profile and

project profile respectively, for use as an entry to

context extractor component.

Context Layer: This layer includes the following

components:

 Context Extractor component: This component

extracts context sensitive information.

 Context Filter component: This component is

responsible for filtering context and keeping

only more relevant contextual factors.

 Context Updater component: This component

is responsible for updating the dynamic

context.

 Context-aware search engine: This component

is devoted to searching BP models by including

contextual factors that match the stakeholders’

expectations and fit the business context in

which they currently operate.

Repository Management Layer: includes all

functionalities provided in the process model

repository, such as, an interface for searching and

querying BP models, an interface to navigate and

browse all BP model categories within the repository,

in addition to version management, etc.

Repository Storage Layer: Stores the BP models

contained in the process model repository in different

formats (XML, BPMN) and their associated

metadata.

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186

Figure 2: Context aware process model repository architecture.

6 CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, we have proposed an architecture for a

context-aware process model repository. The

proposed architecture includes advanced

functionalities that consider the business context as a

key factor in the reuse of BP models, which will better

meet stakeholders' expectations in a given business

context. One of the paper's significant contributions

is the presentation of a comparative study of context-

aware BPM approaches. The findings of this study

showed that none of these approaches considered

context as a key factor influencing the reusability of

BP models. The comparative study also showed that

none of these approaches provided studies on the

contextual factors that may affect the reusability of

BP models within these repositories. Consequently,

none of them have yet identified those factors. In this

paper, we have identified the business environment

and industry as the primary contextual factors that

may affect and influence the reusability within

existing process model repositories.

In future work, we intend to implement the

proposed architecture to confirm these initial

findings.

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