Effect of Magnesium Fertilizer on the Content of Sugar, Amino Acid
and Protein in the Pulp and Pericarp of Magnesium-deficient Grapes
XiaoLi Ma
a
, XiangCheng Yuan
b
, PingWei Xiang
c
and XueFeng Liu
d
Chongqing Three Gorges Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
Keywords: Magnesium Deficiency, Soil Application of Fertilizer, Foliar Application of Fertilizer, Sugar, Starch,
Protein, Fruit Quality.
Abstract: Effects of magnesium fertilizer application on the contents of sugar, amino acid and protein in the pulp and
pericarp of magnesium- deficient grapevines were studied under the field condition, in order to provide
reference basis for formulating fertilization of grape. A field experiment with split plot design was
conducted in which four plots of land set up in main district applied magnesium sulfate separately:
0kg/hm2, 112.5kg/hm2, 150kg/hm2, 187.5kg/hm2, while three blades were used in the deputy district to
spray magnesium sulfate with different concentration: 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%. The results showed that the soluble
sugar content in pulp of grapes was higher than that in pericarp, but the content of free amino acid and
soluble protein was much lower than that in pericarp. The content of magnesium in grapes of magnesium-
deficient grapevines was reduced, and the content of soluble sugar and soluble protein in grape pulp and
pericarp was reduced, while the content of amino acid was accumulated. Proper application of magnesium
can improve the content of magnesium in fruits, increase the content of soluble protein and soluble sugar in
pulp and pericarp, and reduce the content of free amino acids. The treatment of S2F0.4 (i.e. 150kg/hm2
magnesium sulfate fertilizer applied in autumn, and 0.4% magnesium sulfate fertilizer sprayed on leaves in
mid-May, mid-June and mid-July) has higher magnesium content in fruits and higher soluble protein and
sugar content in pulp and pericarp, which is the best magnesium supplementation measure under this soil
environment.
1 INTRODUCTION
1
Magnesium compared with other cations, plays an
irreplaceable and important role in plant
physiological action, in which it participates in
photosynthesis, carbon and nitrogen metabolism and
etc (Beale 1999, Wang 2004). In southern China,
magnesium of soil is easy to be lost due to soil
movement and leaching affected by climate, strong
acidity of soil and other factors. As a result, the
ability of the soil in magnesium application is
reduced, and surely magnesium deficiency in crop is
becoming increasingly serious (Guo 2010, Bai
2004). Grapevines have a large demand for
magnesium, so magnesium deficiency possibly
occurs all year round. If magnesium is deficient in
a
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3859-1486
b
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9431-7038
c
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9264-2793
d
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3298-4652
grapevines, chloroplast structure will be changed,
photosynthetic efficiency will be lowed and protein
synthesis will be blocked, which will affect the
absorption of other mineral elements and result in
the reduction of fruit quality (Ma 2017, Yang 2012,
Ma 2018). There are a lot of research on magnesium
nutrition at home and abroad, but mostly
concentrated on the influences of magnesium
deficiency in plant photosynthesis, enzyme system
and so on, and inclined to study potted vegetable and
sand culture fruit tree seedlings (Xie 2009, Wu
2007). Under field conditions, research on the the
aspect is relatively few that how soil application and
foliar application of magnesium fertilizer in
magnesium-deficient fruit trees influence the content
of magnesium of the fruit and content of sugar,
amino acid and protein in the pulp and pericarp. As a
result, this paper is going to analyze significant
difference in the magnesium content of the fruit and
sugar, amino acid and protein content in the pulp
and pericarp after applying and spraying magnesium
694
Ma, X., Yuan, X., Xiang, P. and Liu, X.
Effect of Magnesium Fertilizer on the Content of Sugar, Amino Acid and Protein in the Pulp and Pericarp of Magnesium-deficient Grapes.
DOI: 10.5220/0011259500003443
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics (ICBEB 2022), pages 694-701
ISBN: 978-989-758-595-1
Copyright
c
 2022 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

fertilizer in magnesium-deficient grapevines in a
vineyard, and evaluate the effect of soil application
and foliar application of magnesium fertilizer on dry
matter accumulation in grape pulp and pericarp, and
analyze on the correlation between fruit magnesium
content and sugar, amino acid and protein content in
grape pulp and pericarp.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Test Field Condition
The experimental site is located in Baosheng
Village, Longquanyi District, Sichuan Province,
China. It is a subtropical humid climate with mild
climate, abundant rainfall and distinct seasons. The
average annual sunshine is 1032.9h, with the most
sunshine in August and the least sunshine in
December. Annual average temperature is 16.5 ℃,
annual average frost-free period is 297d, and the
average annual rainfall is 895.6 mm with annual
average relative humidity of 81%. Through nutrient
analysis on the soil and mature leaves of grapevines
in the test site, it was found that the soil of test site
was flat red sandy soil, with organic matter of
19.76g/kg, pH value of 5.56, nitrate nitrogen of
18.29mg/kg, ammonium nitrogen of 8.56mg/kg,
available potassium of 104.34mg/kg, available
phosphorus of 20.76mg/kg, available calcium of
342.35mg/kg, available magnesium of 40.79mg/kg,
available manganese of 17.89mg/kg, available zinc
of 1.23mg/kg and available iron of 34.78mg/kg. The
element content in mature grape leaves were
potassium 5.93g/kg, calcium 14.84g/kg, magnesium
1.6g/kg, iron 74.34mg/kg, manganese 48.36mg/kg,
zinc 24.78mg/kg and copper 12.36mg/kg. According
to the nutrition grading standards of grape leaves of
Li Gangli (Liu 2006), it was found that the
potassium, calcium, zinc, iron and copper elements
in grape were all at moderate levels in this area, but
the magnesium content was deficient seriously.
2.2 Design of Experiment
A field experiment with split plot design was
conducted in which four plots of land set up in main
district applied magnesium sulfate (MgSO4·7H2O)
separately: 0kg/hm2, 112.5kg/hm2, 150kg/hm2,
187.5kg/hm2, and they were represented by S0, S1,
S2, and S3. In the deputy district three
concentrations of foliar spraying of 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%
were applied and represented by F0.2, F0.2, F0.4. A
total of 12 treatments were tested, which were
successively S0F0, S0F0.2, S0F0.4, S1F0, S1F0,
S1F0, S2F0, S2F0, S2F0, S3F0, S3F0, S3F0 and
S3F0. Grapevines were evenly selected from each
plot, and repeatedly selected for three times to get
360 grapevines. Magnesium sulfate was applied in
the soil with the base fertilizer in autumn, and then
rotated till. Foliar application can be divided into
three times, respectively in mid-May, mid-June and
mid-July, with water dripping in the leaves as the
limit. The experiment has been running for two
consecutive years since October 2014.
2.3 Measuring Objects and Methods
At the ripening stage, 10 brunch of grapes were
randomly selected for each treatment, and the fruits
at the upper, middle, lower, east, west, south and
north locations were picked for each brunch. Half of
the fruits were dried, ground and screened after
washing for determination of magnesium content.
After separating the pericarp and pulp of the other
half of the fruits, the pericarp and pulp were quickly
frozen with liquid nitrogen and stored at -20℃ for
determination of sugars, amino acids and proteins in
the pericarp and pulp. The determination methods
were as follows:
1.3.1 Determination of magnesium content in
fruit. According to the standard set by China
Agricultural University, (1) the leaves should be
washed for 30s with 0.1mol/L hydrochloric acid
solution;(2) 0.1% detergent for 30s; (3) Remove and
rinse with running water; (4) Clean with ionized
water and remove surface moisture with filter paper.
The washed fruits were placed in an oven at 105℃
to kill enzymes for 20min, and then dried at 70-
80℃. After grinding with a stainless steel plant
grinder, pass a 0.25mm aperture sieve (60 mesh) and
store in a dryer for testing. Magnesium of fruit was
burned in a muff furnace at 550℃ to make ash,
dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid, and
determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry
(Wu 2003).
1.3.2 Determination of sugars, amino acids and
proteins in the pericarp and pulp of fruit. The
pericarp and pulp were ground into powder under
liquid nitrogen respectively, and then related
determination was conducted. The vitamin C was
determined by dichlorophenol indophenol titration
[10]. Soluble sugar content was determined by
anthrone colorimetric method (Xiong 2003). Invert
sugar, reducing sugar, sucrose and total sugar were
determined by film reagent titration (Huang 2009).
Free amino acids were determined by ninhydrin
(Hao 2014). Soluble protein was determined by
Effect of Magnesium Fertilizer on the Content of Sugar, Amino Acid and Protein in the Pulp and Pericarp of Magnesium-deficient Grapes
695

Coomassie bright blue G-250 method, and bovine
serum protein was used as the standard curve (Hao
2014).
2.4 Data Analysis and Processing
The test data were processed and plotted by
Microsoft Excel 2010 software, and SPSS18.0
software was used for statistical analysis.
3 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
3.1 Effect of Magnesium Fertilizer
Application on Magnesium Content
in Magnesium-deficient Grapes
Based on Figure 1, after magnesium
supplementation, the magnesium content in fruits
increased significantly, and the magnesium content
in S3F0.2 fruits was the highest, reaching 1.318g/kg.
But there was no significant difference with that in
S3F0.4, S3F0 and S2F0. Table 1 shows the effect of
two kinds of magnesium application on magnesium
content in fruits, and it is found that soil application
can significantly increase magnesium content in
fruits, while foliar application had no significant
effect on magnesium content. And the interaction
effect between the two was not significant.
Note: different letters in the figure indicate significant
difference between different treatments at 0.05 level.
Figure 1: Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on
Magnesium Content in Magnesium-deficient Grape
Leaves.
Table 1: Effect Appraisal of Soil and Foliar Application of
Magnesium Fertilizer on Soluble Sugar Content in
Pericarp and Pulp of Magnesium-deficient Chlorosis
Grape.
Variance
analysis F
value
Soil
application
(S)
Foliar
application(F)
S×F
Magnesium
content
12.08** 0.58 1.34
Note: ** indicated that F test reached a very significant
level (P < 0.01), * indicated that F test reached a
significant level (P < 0.05). The following is the same.
3.2 Effects of Magnesium
Supplementation on Soluble Sugar
Content in Pulp and Pericarp of
Magnesium-deficient Grapes
It can be seen from Figure 2-3 that the soluble sugar
content in pulp was higher than that in pericarp. The
soluble sugar content in pulp and pericarp of S0F0
without magnesium fertilizer application was the
lowest with only 10.03% in pulp and 7.52% in
pericarp. After applying magnesium fertilizer, the
soluble sugar content in pulp and pericarp increased
significantly. The higher the amount of magnesium
applied in 0-150kg/hm2, the higher the soluble sugar
content was in pulp and pericarp. The highest
soluble sugar content in pulp of S3F0 was 12.58%,
which was not significantly different from that of
S2F0.4, but significantly higher than that of other
treatments, while the soluble sugar content in
pericarp of S2F0.4 was the highest, reaching
11.02%, which was not significantly different from
S3F0 and S1F0.4. While the soluble sugar content in
pulp and pericarp decreased significantly. When the
soil application amount was 187.5 kg/hm2, and the
higher the leaf concentration was, the lower the
sugar content was. As can be seen from Table 2, soil
application of magnesium fertilizer could
significantly affect the soluble sugar content in pulp
and pericarp, while foliar application of magnesium
fertilizer had no significant effect on the soluble
sugar content of pulp and pericarp, and the
interaction between the two was not significant.
d
cd
bcd
bcd
cd
cd
bc
bcd
abc
ab
a
abc
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
S0F0
S0F0.2 S0F0.4
S1F0
S1F0.2 S1F0.4
S2F0
S2F0.2 S2F0.4
S3F0
S3F0.2 S3F0.4
Magnesium content of fruit (g/kg)
ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics
696

Figure 2: Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on
Soluble Sugar Content in flesh of Magnesium-deficient
Grape.
Figure 3: Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on
Soluble Sugar Content in Pulp of Magnesium-deficient
Grape.
Table 2: Effect Appraisal of Soil Application and Foliar
application of Magnesium Fertilizer on Soluble Sugar
Content in Pericarp and Pulp of Magnesium-deficient
Chlorosis Grape.
Variance
analysis F value
Soil
application
(S)
Foliar
application(F)
S×F
Soluble sugar
content in pulp
46.80** 1.49 23.49**
Soluble sugar
content in
pericarp
58.99** 16.12** 14.70**
3.3 Effects of Magnesium
Supplementation on Free Amino
Acid Content of Pulp and Pericarp
in Pulp and Pericarp of
Magnesium-deficient Grape
As can be seen from Figure 4-5, free amino acid
content in the pulp was relatively less than that in
pericarp, and free amino acid contentin pulp and
pericarp was the highest in S0F0 without magnesium
fertilizer application, reaching 42.26 mg / 100 g in
pulp, which had no significant difference from S0F0.
2, S0F0. 4, S1F0, S1F0. 2 and S1F0. 4, but was
significantly higher than other treatments. Free
amino acid content in the pericarp was 104.52 mg /
100 g, which had no significant difference from
S0F0. 2, but was significantly higher than other
treatments. After the application of magnesium
fertilizer, the free amino acid content in the pulp and
pericarp was significantly reduced. The free amino
acid content in the pulp and pericarp of S2F0.4 was
the lowest, only 28.40mg/100g in the pulp, which
was not significantly different from that of S3F0 but
was significantly lower than that of other treatments.
From Table 3, the effect appraisal of soil application
and foliar application of magnesium fertilizer on free
amino acid content in pulp and pericarp of
magnesium-deficient chlorosis grape, it is seen that
soil application of magnesium fertilizer can
significantly affect free amino acid content in the
pulp and pericarp, while the effect of foliar
application of magnesium fertilizer on free amino
acid content in pulp was not significant but on the
pericarp. No significant interaction on free amino
acid content in pericarp between soil application and
foliar application of magnesium fertilizer is showed,
but showed in pulp.
Figure 4: Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Free
amino Acid Content in Pericarp of Magnesium-deficient
Grape.
f
de
d
d
c
bc
c
bc
ab
a
c
ef
8%
9%
10%
11%
12%
13%
14%
Soluble sugar content in flesh
（%)
d
d
c
c
b
a
b
b
a
a
bc
c
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
11%
12%
Soluble sugar content in peel （%)
a
ab
abc
abc
abc
abc
bcd
cd
e
de
bcd
bcd
20
25
30
35
40
45
Free amino acid content in flesh
（mg/100g)
Effect of Magnesium Fertilizer on the Content of Sugar, Amino Acid and Protein in the Pulp and Pericarp of Magnesium-deficient Grapes
697

Figure 5: Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Free
amino Acid Content in Pulp of Magnesium-deficient
Grape.
Table 3: Effect Appraisal of Soil Application and Foliar
Application of Magnesium Fertilizer on Free Amino Acid
Content in Pulp and Pericarp of Magnesium-deficient
Chlorosis Grape.
Variance
analysis F
value
Soil
application
(
S
)
Foliar
application(F)
S×F
Free amino
acid content
in pulp
14.46** 1.26 1.91
Free amino
acid content
in pericarp
34.63** 4.92* 2.79*
3.4 Effects of Magnesium
Supplementation on Soluble
Protein in Pericarp and Pulp of
Magnesium-deficient Grape
Figure 6-7 shows the effect of magnesium
application on soluble protein content in pericarp
and pulp of magnesium-deficient grape. It can be
seen that the soluble protein content in the pericarp
was higher than that in the pulp, which was 2-3
times of the soluble protein content of pulp on
average. S0F0 without magnesium fertilizer
application was the lowest soluble protein content in
the pulp and pericarp, only 0.63 mg g-1FW in the
pulp and 1.71mg g-1FW in the pericarp. After
applying magnesium fertilizer, the content of soluble
protein in pulp and pericarp increased significantly.
When the soil application was 0-150kg/hm2, the
higher the magnesium fertilizer application was, the
higher the soluble protein content was in the pulp
and pericarp. The content of soluble protein in the
pulp and pericarp of S2F0.4 was the highest,
reaching 0.90mg g-1FW in the pulp. However, the
difference between S2F0.4 and S2F0.2 and S3F0
was not significant, but was significantly higher than
that of other treatments. And it was 2.47mg-g-1FW
in the pericarp, and not significantly different from
S2F0.2 and S3F0. When the soil application was
187.5 kg/hm2, the soluble protein content of pulp
and pericarp was significantly reduced. And the
higher the leaf concentration was, the lower the
protein content was. Table 4 shows effect appraisal
of soil application and foliar application of
magnesium fertilizer magnesium fertilizer on soluble
protein content content in pulp and pericarp of
magnesium-deficient chlorosis grape. It can be seen
that soil application of magnesium fertilizer can
significantly affect the soluble protein content in
pulp, but the effect of foliar application of
magnesium fertilize is not significant. There was no
significant interaction between the two. Soil
application and foliar application have a significant
effect on the soluble protein content of the pericarp,
and have a very significant interaction.
Figure 6: Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on
Soluble Protein Content in Pericarp of Magnesium-
deficient Grape.
Figure 7: Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on
Soluble Protein Content in Pulp of Magnesium-deficient
Grape.
a
ab
bc
bc
cde
cd
cde
f
f
f
ef
def
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
Free amino acid content in peel
（mg/100g)
c
c
bc
c
bc
bc
bc
abc
a
ab
bc
bc
0,5
0,55
0,6
0,65
0,7
0,75
0,8
0,85
0,9
0,95
Flesh protein （mg•g-1FW)
g
efg
de
fg
def
bcd
efg
abc
a
ab
cde
def
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
Protein content in the peel
（mg•g-1FW)
ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics
698

Table 4: Effect Appraisal of Soil Application and Foliar
Application of Magnesium Fertilizer on Soluble Protein
Content in Pulp and Pericarp of Magnesium-deficient
Chlorosis Grape.
Variance
analysis F
value
Soil
application
(S)
Foliar
application(F)
S×F
Soluble
protein
content in
p
ul
p
4.30* 1.22 2.47
Soluble
protein
content in
p
ericar
p
34.93** 17.82** 10.76**
3.5 Correlation Analysis between
Magnesium Content in Grape
Fruits and Content of Sugar,
Amino Acid, Protein in Pulp and
Pericarp of Grape after Magnesium
Supplementation
As can be seen from Table 5, after magnesium
fertilizer application, magnesium content in the
grape was significantly positively correlated with the
soluble sugar content in pulp and pericarp,
significantly negatively correlated with the free
amino acids content in pulp and pericarp, positively
correlated with the soluble protein content in pulp,
but had no significant correlation with the soluble
protein content in the pericarp.
Table 5: Correlation analysis between magnesium content
in grape fruits and sugar, amino acid, protein content in
pulp and pericarp of grape.
correlation
Magnesium in
the fruits
soluble sugar content of pulp
0.18**
soluble sugar content of pericarp
0.47**
free amino acid of pulp
-0.39**
free amino acid of pericarp
-0.55**
soluble protein content of pulp
0.39*
soluble protein content of pericarp
0.32
4 DISCUSSION
The application of magnesium in grape production is
mainly based on soil application and liar spraying. In
soils with magnesium deficiency, the effect of
magnesium as base fertilizer is better. However, soil
application of magnesium fertilizer is easily affected
by soil acidity, soil texture, soil colloid type and
other elements (especially exchangeable calcium and
aluminum). The application of magnesium fertilizer
on the leaves has the advantages of low dosage, low
cost and quick effect, but it cannot fundamentally
solve the symptoms of magnesium deficiency (Wen
2015, Wu 2013). In this experiment, it was found
that soil application of magnesium fertilizer
significantly increased the magnesium content in
fruits, while liar spraying had no significant
influence on the magnesium content in fruits.
However, when soil application combined with liar
spraying, there was a significant interaction effect on
the increase of magnesium content in leaves.
Magnesium, the center of the chlorophyll
element and enzyme activator, has important effect
to photosynthesis. Its lack of can reduce the plant
photosynthetic product, as a result, fruit quality
drops. this study found that soluble sugar content is
higher than that in pericarp. Moderate application of
magnesium fertilizer can significantly improve the
soluble sugar content of soil in pulp and pericarp.
Magnesium fertilizer application can significantly
improve sugar content in pulp and pericarp, while
the effect of foliar spraying magnesium fertilizer to
improve the fruit sugar content was not significant,
but the effect of sugar content improvement is
remarkable. Magnesium content in fruit and soluble
sugar content in pulp and pericarp is very significant
positive correlation. This is consistent with the
results of Wen Mingxia (Wen 2015) et al., that
magnesium application can significantly promote the
transportation of magnesium to fruits and improve
the magnesium content and soluble sugar content of
fruits.
The effect of amino acids on plant nutrients is
not only to supply nitrogen source, but more
importantly, it has a great effect on plant
physiological metabolism. Ding Yuchuan et al.
(Ding 2009) found that Mg
2+
concentration was
beneficial to enhance the ability of the root system to
synthesize amino acids, while low Mg
2+
and high
Mg
2+
concentration inhibited the ability of the root
system to synthesize amino acids to a certain extent.
But this study found that free amino acid content in
pulp and pericarp of magnesium-deficient grape
increased, and after appropriate application of
magnesium fertilizer, the free amino acid content
decreases. The magnesium content t and free amino
acid content in fruit is very significant negative
correlation, which is in accordance with the study of
Li Yan et al. (Li 2001) that the total amount of free
Effect of Magnesium Fertilizer on the Content of Sugar, Amino Acid and Protein in the Pulp and Pericarp of Magnesium-deficient Grapes
699

amino acids in longan leaves increased under the
stress of magnesium deficiency, and is inconsistent
with the study of Zhu Yongxing et al. (Zhu 2003)
that amino acids of tea leaves increased after
spraying magnesium fertilizer. The reasons for these
differences may be due to the magnesium deficiency
stress under different crop types and different parts
of the amino acid content, or because the amino acid
differences between species.
As a component of ribosome, magnesium can
stabilize the necessary ribosome configuration for
protein synthesis, and magnesium deficiency leads
to the dissociation of ribosome into small ribosome
subunits (Menge 1982). In this experiment, it was
found that when magnesium deficiency occurred,
protein content in grape pulp and pericarp decreased,
which was consistent with the research results of
Yan Li (Li 2001) et al. that protein synthesis in
longan leaves was hindered and decomposition was
intensified under the stress of magnesium
deficiency. After application of magnesium
fertilizer, soluble protein content in pulp and
pericarp reduces after rising, which indicates that a
moderate amount of supplementary magnesium
fertilizer can effectively increase protein content of
the magnesium-deficient grapes, but excess is
suppressed. Magnesium content in fruit and protein
in pulp have significant positive correlation, which
is consistent with the results of magnesium fertilizer
application on tobacco (Li 2001), balsam pear (Sun
2010, Lin 2015), watermelon and so on.
5 CONCLUSIONS
The content of soluble sugar in pulp is higher than
that in pericarp, but the content of free amino acid
and soluble protein is much lower than that in
pericarp. When magnesium is deficient, the content
of magnesium in grape decreases, the content of
soluble sugar and soluble protein in pulp and
pericarp decreases, but the content of amino acid
accumulates. Appropriate application of magnesium
fertilizer can improve magnesium content in fruits,
increase soluble protein and soluble sugar content in
pulp and pericarp, and reduce free amino acid
content. The fruits of S2F0.4 (i.e., 150kg/hm2
magnesium sulfate fertilizer applied in autumn, and
0.4% magnesium sulfate fertilizer sprayed on the
leaves in mid-may, mid-June and mid-July) have
high magnesium content and high soluble protein
and sugar content in the pulp and pericarp, which is
the best magnesium supplementation measure in this
soil environment.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by Chongqing
Technology Innovation and Application
Development Special General Project(cstc2019jscx-
msxmX0405).
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