Optimization of Operation Performance and Bacterial
Characteristics in SBR Processes for Short-cut Nitrification and
Denitrification
Kun Yin
a
, Min Wei
b
, Guo-qiang Long
c
, Ya-lei Liu
d
and Guang-feng Yang
e,*
College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, No.1 Haida South Road, Zhoushan 316022, P.R. China
Keywords:
SBR Process, Shortcut Nitrification and Denitrification, Denitrification, Microbial Community Structure.
Abstract:
In order to explore the operation performance and bacterial characteristics in short-cut nitrification and
denitrification (SND) processes, three laboratory scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) R
1
, R
2
and R
3
were
established using activated sludge as seeding sludge. Experimental results showed that three SND systems
could operate effectively and stably in sludge preculture stage with the average NH
4
+
-N removal efficiency
of 88.6±1.7%, 93.5±1.2% and 91.4±1.5% in R
1
, R
2
and R
3
, respectively. Changing the aeration mode from
continuous aeration to intermittent aeration with intermittent time of 2h, the removal efficiency of NH
4
+
-N
and total nitrogen (TN) were 66.3±2.4% and 85.3±1.4%, respectively. The nitrification performance was
obviously inhibited, but intermittent aeration improved the TN removal performance. Decreasing aeration
rate, the removal efficiency of NH
4
+
-N decreased to 54.3±2.1%, while the removal efficiency of TN increased
by 73.0±2.8%. When the C/N ratio changed from 1.5:1 to 2:1, the removal efficiency of NH
4
+
-N and TN were
71.2±3.3% and 85.4±2.0%, respectively. In the SND-SBR system, Proteobacteria (47.0%), Bacteroidetes
(25.9%), Actinobacteria (17.8%) were dominant at phylum level. At the same time, denitrification related
genus Thauera with relative abundance of 10.6% was dominant in SND systems.
1 INTRODUCTION
The emissions of nitrogen in wastewater have caused
the pollution of different water bodies in the whole
world, especially in developing countries. The
overloaded nitrogen in water environment may cause
various risks to the water ecology and human health
(Liu, Daigger, Liu, Zhao, Liu, 2020). Therefore,
efficient and economical technologies for nitrogen
removal were useful to ensure the water quality and
safety. Up to date, many researchers have contributed
a great deal of intellectual and financial resources to
the development of novel biological processes for
nitrogen removal (Kuypers, Sliekers, Lavik, Schmid,
Jørgensen, Kuenen, Jetten, 2003). The short-cut
nitrification and denitrification (SND) process
proposed and developed by Delft University of
Technology in Netherlands in 1997 was a promising
biological technology for nitrogen removal (Yao,
Chen, Guan, Zhang, Tian, Wang, Li, 2017). Although
SBR technology has many successful practices in
wastewater treatment, it is still the focus of
researchers to affect the stability and system
performance of SBR operation (Zhao, Wang, Li, Jia,
Wang, Peng, 2019).
SND process simplified the nitrification process
and controlled the conversion of NH
4
+
-N in
wastewater to NO
2
-
-N rather than NO
3
-
-N (Adav, Lee,
Show, Tay, 2008); (Hou, Xia, Ma, Zhang, Zhou, He,
2017); (Li, Liu, Ma, Zheng, Ni, 2019); (Wu., Zhang,
Yan, 2016). Comparing with widely used nitrification
and denitrification process, 25% oxygen demand and
approximately 40% organic carbon source for
denitrification were saved. In addition, the hydraulic
retention time (HRT) could reduce by approximately
50% with enhanced nitrogen removal performance
(Yao, Chen, Guan, Zhang, Tian, Wang, Li, 2017);
(Wu., Zhang, Yan, 2016); (Aslan, Miller, Dahab,
2009); (Ma, Han, Ma, Han, Zhu, Xu, Wang, 2017);
(Zhang, Peng, Wang, Zheng, Jin, 2007).
Up to date, sequential batch reactor (SBR) has
been widely used in many wastewater treatment
processes in the worldwide due to its simple
operation mode, higher separation effects of sludge
and water. The SBR process has been often used for
short-cut nitrification and denitrification (Zheng,
Zhou, Wan, Luo., Su, Huang, Chen, 2018). Published
342
Yin, K., Wei, M., Long, G., Liu, Y. and Yang, G.
Optimization of Operation Performance and Bacterial Characteristics in SBR Processes for Short-cut Nitrification and Denitrification.
DOI: 10.5220/0011207000003443
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics (ICBEB 2022), pages 342-348
ISBN: 978-989-758-595-1
Copyright
c
 2022 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

literature has proved that many factors including the
influent NH
4
+
-N concentration and loading rate,
temperature, pH, operating mode, DO concentration
and nitrite level affected the operation performance in
SBR-SND processes (Choi, Cho, Jung, 2019);
(Hellinga, Schellen, Mulder, van Loosdrecht,
Heijnen, 1998); (Gilbert, Agrawal, Brunner,
Schwartz, Horn, Lackner, 2014); (Kartal, Kuenen,
Van Loosdrecht, 2010). For example, some studies
have proved that the unconventional nitrogen
removal pathway has been successfully explored in
the sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) system
under the condition of low C/N ratio (Chai, Xiang,
Chen, Shao, Gu, Li, He, 2019). At the same time,
some studies have shown that in the simultaneous
nitrification and denitrification system, the DO
concentration has an important impact on microbial
metabolism, microbial community distribution and
pollutant removal, especially under the condition of
low DO (Ferrentino, Ferraro, Mattei, Esposito,
Andreottola, 2018); (Layer, Villodres, Hernandez,
Reynaert, Morgenroth, Derlon, 2020). In this study,
three lab-scale SBR reactors were established and
parallelly operated to study the optimization of
operation performance and bacterial characteristics in
SBR reactors for short-cut nitrification and
denitrification.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Experimental Setup
In this experiment, three lab-scale SBRs named R
1
,
R
2
and R
3
were constructed with the total volume and
effective volume of 15.0L and 10.0L, respectively.
The seeding sludge was activated sludge obtained
from the secondary sedimentation tank of a municipal
sewage plant located in Zhoushan, Zhejiang
Province, China. Each reactor was inoculated with
6.0L activated sludge with sludge volume index
(SVI) and mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS) of
39.7±1.2 mL/g and 47.2±1.9g/L, respectively.
2.2 Synthetic Wastewater
Synthetic wastewater was prepared as the influent of
each reactor. The synthetic wastewater of each
reactor consisted of nitrogen source, carbon source,
inorganic solution and trace elements solution (TES).
The nitrogen source in influent of reactors R
1
, R
2
and
R
3
was NH
4
+
-N, which was provided by (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(1.875×10
-5
mol/L). NaHCO
3
(1×10
-4
mol/L) and
glucose (1.45×10
-5
mol/L) were used as inorganic and
organic carbon source, respectively. The component
of inorganic solution included KH
2
PO
4
(0.01mol/L),
MgSO
4
·7H
2
O (0.06mol/L) and CaCl
2
(0.06mol/L).
The trace element solution included FeSO
4
·7H
2
O
(0.3mol/L), ZnSO
4
·7H
2
O (1.5×10
-3
mol/L),
CoCl
2
·6H
2
O (1.0×10
-3
mol/L), MnCl
2
·4H
2
O
(0.005mol/L), CuSO
4
·5H
2
O (0.001mol/L),
NaMoO
4
·2H
2
O (0.001mol/L), NiCl
2
·6H
2
O (8.8×10
-
4
mol/L) and H
3
BO
3
(2.3×10
-4
mol/L).
2.3 Experimental Setup and Procedures
2.3.1 Culture of Inoculated Sludge (P
1
)
Three lab-scale SBR reactors including R
1
, R
2
and R
3
were operated in parallel for the sludge
acclimatization for SND-SBR process. The
experimental period of SBR reactors was set at 24h,
including influent 0.2h, reaction 23h, precipitation
0.5h, and drainage 0.3h. The influent NH
4
+
-N and
C
6
H
12
O
6
-C were set at 56mg/L and 280mg/L,
respectively. Corresponding NH
4
+
-N loading rate
(ALR) was 0.112kg/L/d. A mechanical aeration
device with an aerator was used for aeration, and the
aeration flow rate was 800mL/min. The temperature
of each reactor was set at 25±1℃.
2.3.2 Effects of Different Operation Factors
on the Operation Performance of
SND-SBR Process (P
2
)
On Day 44, the effects of changes in aeration mode,
DO concentration, and C/N ratio on the performance
of SND-SBR system were investigated. Reactor R
1
was changed from continuous aeration to intermittent
aeration with an interval of 2 hours; the influent
carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) of reactor R
2
was
changed from 1.5:1 to 2:1; the aeration rate of reactor
R
3
was changed from 800mL/min to 600mL /min, the
remaining operation conditions remain unchanged.
2.4 Analytical Methods
2.4.1 Water Quality Analysis Methods
Influent and effluent samples of each reactor were
regularly obtained and analyzed. The main water
quality indicators, including chemical oxygen
demand-chromium (COD
Cr
), NO
3
-
-N, NO
2
-
-N, NH
4
+
-
N were measured according to the Standard Methods
(SEPA, 2002).
Optimization of Operation Performance and Bacterial Characteristics in SBR Processes for Short-cut Nitrification and Denitrification
343

2.4.2 Bacterial Structure Analysis
The seeding sludge (Day 1) (S1) and the SND sludge
(Day 43) (S2) of reactor R
2
were obtained from each
reactor for the analysis of bacterial community
structure. The genomic DNA of each sample was
extracted using the soil DNA extraction kit
(OMEGA), and V3-V4 variable regions of 16S rRNA
genes was analyzed by Illumina Miseq sequencing
technology in OE biotech Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China).
16S rRNA genes in V3-V4 regions were amplified
using bacterium-specific primers 343F (5'-
TACGGRAGGCAGCAG -3') and 798R (5'-
AGGGTATCTAATCCT-3'). PCR amplification was
conducted in 25 μL reaction system, the detail
determination information was same to that reported
by Feng et al. (2017).
Illumina Miseq sequencing analysis was used
after PCR amplification. Data preprocess was
conducted to obtain the high-quality sequences.
Vsearch software was used to classify the sequences
according to the similarity of the sequences. And the
sequences with similarity of greater than 97% were
classified as an operational taxonomic unit (OTU).
The subsequent analysis of bacterial information was
based on the OTU. The α-diversity and bacterial
structure at phylum and genus levels were further
analyzed.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Short-term Operation of
Nitrification and Denitrification
Process (P
1
)
The operation performance of reactors R
1
, R
2
and R
3
is shown in Fig. 1. In the initial 5 days, the NH
4
+
-N
removal performance of each reactor was unstable
and the NO
2
-
-N accumulation phenomenon was
observed. After 5 days’ operation, nearly no NO
2
-
-N
accumulation was observed in the effluent. The
NH
4
+
-N removal efficiencies were stable at
86.5±2.1%, 90.2±1.6% and 89.4±1.8%, and COD
Cr
removal efficiencies were stable at 80.1±3.7%,
82.3±2.5% and 87.5±1.9%, respectively. There was
almost no NO
2
-
-N accumulation in each reactor with
the average NO
2
-
-N concentration of less than
0.23mg/L.
Figure 1: The performance of each reactor in stage P
1
: (a) R
1
, (b) R
2
and (c) R
3
.
3.2 Operation Performance of
SND-SBR System in P
2
3.2.1 Overall Nitrogen Removal
Performance in P
2
Fig. 2 shows the operation performance of the
reactors R
1
, R
2
and R
3
in period P
2
. In reactor R
1
, the
average ARE was 66.5% during the initial 7 days’
operation, but quickly increased to 91.4% on Day 8.
The effluent average NH
4
+
-N concentration
decreased from 15.3mg/L to 3.7mg/L. The NH
4
+
-N
removal efficiency was not obviously affected by the
changes of aeration mode. The average DO levels in
the effluent of aeration and non-aeration period were
3.6 mg/L and 0.8 mg/L, respectively. Compared with
continuous aeration, intermittent aeration can slightly
improve the nitrogen removal (Ma, Li, Bao, Li, Cui,
2020); (Niu, Feng, Wang, Liu, Liang, Liu, He, 2021).
After changing the reaction conditions, the
effluent NH
4
+
-N concentration of R
2
and R
3
decreased to approximately 3.0mg/L, but quickly
decreased to a lower level of approximately 0.5 mg/L.
Compared with the performance in startup period, the
ammonia nitrogen removal performance of reactor R
2
was significantly improved. At the beginning of
operation, the effluent nitrite concentrations of R
2
and
R
3
were 72.5 mg/L and 79.3 mg/L, respectively. The
C/N ratio of reactor R
2
was increased from 1.5:1 to
2:1 to promote the denitrification performance. For
R
3
, the reduction of aeration rate from 800 mL/min to
600 mL/min also promoted the denitrification
performance. The TN removal efficiencies of R
2
and
R
3
were 86.0% and 90.4%, respectively. There was
(a)
(b)
(c)
ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics
344

almost no accumulation of nitrite nitrogen in the
effluent of the two reactors. These results showed that
the nitrite almost completely removed. Obviously,
reactors R
2
and R
3
had good nitrogen removal
performance.
Figure 2: Operation performance of each reactor in the short-term nitrification and denitrification sludge cultivation stage: (a)
R
1
, (b) R
2
and (c) R
3
.
3.2.2 Cod
cr
Removal Performance Analysis
Fig. 3 shows the COD
Cr
removal performance of the
reactors R
1
, R
2
and R
3
during period P
2
. Before
changing operation conditions, the average COD
Cr
removal efficiencies of reactor R
1
, R
2
and R
3
were
93.4%, 92.0% and 95.8%, respectively. At the end of
the experiment, corresponding values increased to
94.2%, 96.5% and 96.8%, respectively. Obviously,
the COD
Cr
removal efficiency of R
3
was higher than
that of R
1
and R
2
. This result showed that the aeration
rate of reactor R
3
changed from 800mL/min to
600mL/min increased the organics removal due to the
enhancement of denitrification effects.
Fig. 3 COD
Cr
removal performance of each reactor
3.2.3 Sludge Sedimentation and Biomass
Analysis
At the beginning of the operation, the SVI level of
seeding activated sludge of reactor R
1
was 40.6mL/g
with MLSS of 48.9g/L. In reactor R
2
, SVI and MLSS
values were 41.0mL/g and 45.1g/L, respectively. In
R
3
, SVI and MLSS values were 37.5mL/g and
47.6g/L, respectively. In P
2
, the SV
30
of the reactors
R
1
, R
2
and R
3
were 85.0%, 91.0% and 93.0%,
respectively. After long-term operation, SVI of
reactors R
1
, R
2
and R
3
were increased to 56.1 mL/g,
60.3 mL/g and 51.5 mL/g, respectively.
Corresponding MLSS values were increased to 51.8
g/L, 50.3 g/L and 54.2, respectively.
3.3 Microbial Structure Analysis
3.3.1 Microbial Diversity Analysis
Table 1 shows the alpha diversity index of different
sludge samples. The measured Goods coverage of S1
and S2 were 0.9959 and 0.9943, respectively. These
index values were close to 1, which means that the
sequencing depth has basically covered all species in
the sample. The Shannon index and Simpson index of
7.29-7.57 and 0.9802-0.9873 indicated a higher
biodiversity level. After long-term acclimatization,
the bacterial diversity of shortcut denitrifying
bacteria increased due to the directional selection of
bacterial community (Niu, Feng, Wang, Liu, Liang,
Liu, He, 2021); (Chen, Wei, Yang, Wang, Lu, Wang,
Wang, 2021); (Mao, Zhang, Xia, Zhong, Zhao, 2010);
(Ren, Ngo, Guo, Wang, Peng, Ni, Liu, 2020).
Table 1: Alpha diversity index of different sludge samples.
Index Chao 1 Goods coverage Observed species Shannon Simpson
S1 1131.0 0.9959 1054.3 7.57
0.9873
S2 1288.3 0.9943 1166 7.29
0.9802
(a)
(b)
(c)
Optimization of Operation Performance and Bacterial Characteristics in SBR Processes for Short-cut Nitrification and Denitrification
345

3.3.2 Bacterial Structure Characteristics
Fig. 4a shows the distribution characteristics of the
bacterial structure of each sludge sample at phylum
level. There were 5 phyla with relative abundance
(RA) of greater than 1.0% in the sample S1, including
Proteobacteria (47.0%), Bacteroidetes (25.9%),
Actinobacteria (17.8%), Gemmatimonadetes (1.5%)
and Chlorobi (1.1%). There were 6 phyla in sample
S2, including Proteobacteria (55.9%), Bacteroidetes
(25.6%), Actinobacteria (9.2%), Gemmatimonadetes
(2.45%), Nitrospirae (2.1%), Acidobacteria (1.5%)
and Chlorobi (1.5%). In the two sludge samples, the
dominant bacteria belonged to Proteobacteria,
Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. After
approximately 43 days’ acclimatization, the RA of
Proteobacteria increased by 19.0%, while
Actinobacteria decreased by 4.9%. There were some
reports shown that Bacteroidetes phylum was closely
related to the removal of nitrogen (Shourjeh, Kowal,
Drewnowski, Szeląg, Szaja, Łagód, 2020); (Winkler,
Straka, 2019); (Yan, Liu, Liu, Zhang, Liu, Wen, Yang,
2019), and many microorganisms in the
Proteobacteria were involved in the nitrogen cycle
and related with nitrification and denitrification
(Yang, Hou, Wang, Shi, Xu, Han, Li, 2018); (Zhang,
Zhang, Chen, 2020); (Zhao, Feng, Yang, Dai, Mu,
2017). In this experiment, short-cut nitrification and
denitrification to remove nitrogen and organic matter,
Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes microorganisms
may play a key role.
At genus level, the structures of each sample are
shown in Fig. 4b. The top 15 genera were
Ferruginibacter, Thauera, Dokdonella, Nitrospira,
Paracocccus, Parvularcula, Defluviicoccus,
Nitrosomonas, Terrimonas, Denitratisoma,
Woodsholea, Amaricoccus, Candidatus
Competibacter, Phaeodactylibacter and Haliang.
The main genera were Ferruginibacter (6.1%),
Defluvicoccus (5.0%) and Paracocccus (2.1%) in
sample S1, and Thauera (10.6%), Ferruginibacter
(4.5%) and Dokdonella (4.1%) in S2. It was clearly
showed that the main genera had changed
significantly at the genus level after 43 days’
operation. Thauera has the highest relative
abundance, and a variety of bacteria belonging to the
genus Thauera were related to denitrification in
biological wastewater treatment systems (Feng, Xu,
Xu, Zhu, Xu, Ding, Luan, 2012); (Lei, Yao, Li, 2021);
(Li, Zhang, Xu, Shan, Zheng, 2021).
Figure 4: Distribution of main bacterial at different sludge
samples: (a) phylum level and (b) genus level.
4 CONCLUSION
During the SND-SBR system sludge cultivation
stage, the system could quickly reach stability, the
average NH
4
+
-N removal efficiencies of R
1
, R
2
and
R
3
were stable at 86.5±2.1%, 90.2±1.6% and
89.4±1.8%, respectively. The NH
4
+
-N and TN
removal efficiencies with intermittent aeration of
every 2h were 66.3±2.4% and 85.3±1.4%,
respectively, which enhanced the reactor
performance. When the C/N ratio increased from
1.5:1 to 2:1, denitrification performance was also
promoted. The effluent ammonia nitrogen
concentration was 7.76mg/L with the TN removal
efficiency of 86.0%. After the aeration rate changed
from 800mL/min to 600mL/min, the removal
efficiencies of NH
4
+
-N and TN were 54.3±2.1% and
73.0±2.8%, respectively. In the SND-SBR system,
the denitrification related phylums including
Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria
were found in system after long-term operation, while
the denitrification genus Thauera had the relative
abundance of 10.6%.
(a)
(b)
ICBEB 2022 - The International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics
346

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was funded by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (51808498), Natural
Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China
(No. Q17E090015), Fundamental Research Funds for
the Provisional Universities (2019J00050) and Open
Foundation from Marine Sciences in the First-Class
Subjects of Zhejiang (No. 20190009).
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