A Survey on Smart Cities and Ageing

Rute Bastardo

, João Pavão

and Nelson Pacheco Rocha

Science and Technology School & UNIDCOM, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal

Science and Technology School & INESC-TEC, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal

Medical Sciences Department & Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro,

University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

Keywords: Smart Cities, Older Adults, Healthcare, Active Ageing, Mobility.

Abstract: During the last decades, local, regional, and national governments promoted the development of smart cities,

aiming the integration of traditional urban infrastructures and information technologies to provide high quality

and sustainable urban services. Smart cities’ implementations may change the way the individuals experience

the urban spaces. Looking specifically to older adults, smart cities’ applications have the potential of

promoting their autonomy, independence, safety, well-being, social participation, and inclusion. This paper

presents a survey of the scientific literature aiming to analyse current evidence related to smart cities’

applications to support older adults and to identify issues for future research.

1 INTRODUCTION

Due to the rural-to-urban migration, the urban

population of the world has grown rapidly, having

increased from 751 million in 1950 to 4.2 billion in

2018 (UN, 2018). Since 2007, more than half of the

world population lives in urban areas and according

to the projections of United Nations the proportion of

the urban population will increase in the next decades,

being expected to be more than two-thirds in 2050

(UN, 2018).

The urban population growth of the last decades

reinforced the importance of cities as dominant

centers of population, business locus and

transactions. This growth also reinforced the

difficulties and challenges of cities to minimize

problems resulting from the congregation of large

amount of people (e.g., scarcity of resources, traffic

congestion or pollution), which tend to worsen

(Rocha, Santinha, Rodrigues, Rodrigues, Queirós &

Dias, 2021).

The advent of low-cost sensors capable of

collecting vast quantities of data, data-actuated

devices, wireless communication networks, and

advanced data analytics (Santinha, Dias, Rodrigues,

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3207-3445

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9042-2730

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3801-7249

Queirós, Rodrigues & Rocha, 2019) promote the

development of automate and intelligent processes.

As such there is a trend for the integration of

traditional urban infrastructures and information

technologies (IT) to allow cities to provide high

quality and sustainable urban services. Therefore,

new urban strategies have emerged, which intend to

take advantage of the technological evolution to

surpass or minimize the difficulties of the cities and

to answer to their challenges. These strategies

emphasize the smartness and of the cities (e.g., smart

city, intelligent city, knowledge city, digital city, or

talented city) that is at the forefront of cities’ social

discourse, policy making and research (Hoffman,

2020; Nesti, 2020).

One of the challenges that cities needed to face is

the population ageing. Since the ageing process

impacts on the psychological well-being of the

individuals, it is important to find ways to maintain

the functioning and the quality of the participation in

society of older adults (Rowe & Kahn, 1997). In this

context, it is widely agreed upon that the adoption of

IT solutions is fundamental not only to the

optimization of existing support services but also for

the mitigation of disabilities (Queirós, Silva,

330

Bastardo, R., Pavão, J. and Rocha, N.

A Survey on Smart Cities and Ageing.

DOI: 10.5220/0011113500003188

In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health (ICT4AWE 2022), pages 330-337

ISBN: 978-989-758-566-1; ISSN: 2184-4984

Alvarelhão, Rocha & Teixeira, 2015; Queirós, Dias,

Silva & Rocha, 2017). As such, intelligent

applications such as the smart cities applications

might support older adults, promoting their

autonomy, independence, safety, well-being, social

participation, and inclusion as full rights citizens.

Therefore, it is worthwhile to analyse current

evidence related to smart cities’ applications to

support older adults and to identify issues for future

research. This was the objective of the survey of the

scientific literature reported on this paper.

2 SMART CITIES

Smart cities are expressed through different

definitions, meanings, and contexts, and a clearly and

unanimously established vision does not yet exist

(Talamo, Pinto, Viola & Atta, 2019). However, it is

commonly accepted that smart cities presuppose the

use of IT to improve the quality of life of the citizens,

to optimize the efficiency of urban operation and

services, and, consequently, to promote the

competitiveness and sustainability of the cities while

providing social inclusion. Therefore, one of the

focuses of the smart city developments are

technology-intensive cities or wired-cities, hence

placing IT in the centre of the debate.

Other approaches complement the technology-

intensive cities perspective. For instance, the focus on

the community needs rather than on technology

emphasizes the interaction among stakeholders and

promotes the involvement of the community in the

development of the city (e.g., governance or co-

designing solutions) (Eskelinen, García, Robles,

Lindy, Marsh, & Muente-Kunigami, 2015), and

originated the ‘human smart city’ expression

(Oliveira, Campolargo & Martins, 2015).

Since the topics covered under the smart city

concept are quite broad and it can be foreseen impacts

in different cities’ sectors (Lazaroiu, & Roscia, 2012),

it has become difficult to find an adequate organizing

taxonomy (Albino, Berardi & Dangelico, 2015;

Hoffman, 2020). In this respect, different authors

have proposed different dimensions for the smart

cities. Some of them emphasize the conditions for the

development of innovative solutions (e.g., urban

openness, service innovation, partnerships formation,

urban pro activeness, smart city infrastructure

integration, smart city governance (Dirks, Gurdgiev,

& Keeling, 2010; Bajdor, & Starostka-Patyk, 2021),

while others emphasize the sectors that are impacted

by the smart cities services (e.g., economy, people,

governance, environment, living, mobility and data

(Sharifi, 2019), or smart business, smart living, smart

education, smart citizen, smart government, smart

infrastructure, smart utility, smart mobility, and smart

environment (Vishnivetskaya & Alexandrova,

2019)). One of the well-known taxonomies was

proposed by Giffinger and Gudrun (2010), and

considers the following dimensions: smart economy,

smart people, smart governance, smart environment,

smart living, and smart mobility. This model was

selected to frame the survey reported on this paper,

which was specifically focused on smart living (i.e.,

quality of life of the individuals, namely health

conditions, cultural and education facilities, housing

quality, and touristic attractiveness) and smart

mobility (i.e., local, national, and international

accessibility, and the availability of communication

infrastructure or sustainable and safe transport

systems) dimensions, since the related applications

might impact the quality of life of older adults living

in the cities.

3 SMART LIVING

Viable ageing friendly infrastructures require the

deployment of wellness, healthcare, and safety

services for the maintenance of physical and

psychological wellbeing (Normie, 2011). In this

respect, since smart cities infrastructures facilitate the

gathering of a large amount of personal and

environmental data, they might be used to: support

populations surveillance to stimulate response to

emerging health problems, and to optimize the

planning, implementation, and evaluation of health

services and programs (Thacker & Berkelman, 1998;

Pacheco Rocha, Dias, Santinha, Rodrigues, Queirós,

Rodrigues, 2019); individuals’ monitoring, both at

home and public spaces, in a completely unobtrusive

manner (Bryant, Spencer, King, Crooks, Deakin &

Young, 2017); and to promote active ageing

paradigms, namely by the deployment user centric

applications to support citizens in their daily activities

and to facilitate their participation in society (López-

de-Ipiña, Klein, Vanhecke & Pérez-Velasco, 2013).

3.1 Population Surveillance

Real-time monitoring mechanisms allowing the

individuals to send their data without disclosing their

identity is an important issue of populations’

surveillance (Patsakis, Clear, Laird, Zigomitros &

Bouroche, 2014), which might be done not only for

diseases surveillance (e.g., real-time urban scale

virologic and epidemiological data monitoring)

A Survey on Smart Cities and Ageing

331

(Rocha, Dias, Santinha, Rodrigues, Queirós &

Rodrigues, 2019; Abusaada & Elshater, 2020), but

also with other purposes such as physical activities

(Clarke & Steele, 2011), emotions (Roza &

Postolache, 2016) or environmental conditions (Guo,

Al Shami & Wang, 2015; Federico, Ceballos, Rivera,

Larios, Beltran, Beltran & Ascencio, 2017; Wray,

Olstad & Minaker, 2018). Considering the amount

and diversity of the data collected, data analytics tools

should be used to aggregated and process the

collected data to achieve relevant outcomes.

Regarding fitness activities surveillance, to

surpass the lack of structured approaches for data

collection and aggregation, Clarke and Steele (2011)

proposed a conceptual architecture supported in

fitness sensors, as well as the steps and developments

that would improve the quality and usability of data

collected. The types of usage of the collected data

might range from urban planning and transport

monitoring to more health focused aims such as the

surveillance of the population health conditions.

Relevant affective states that can be detected

individually and then aggregated into a global model

of affect are being used to promote an affect-aware

cities by mapping and correlating large-scale

sentiment data to urban geography features, and

consequently attempting to understand the main

sources of happiness in the cities’ landscapes (Roza

& Postolache, 2016).

The monitoring of environmental conditions by

smart cities’ infrastructures is being used for several

purposes. For instance, Guo, Al Shami and Wang

(2015) presented a mobile application to estimate the

level of ultraviolet radiation exposure each individual

was subjected to at any given time and location,

Wray, Olstad and Minaker (2018) suggested a micro-

level monitoring network of static devices to measure

harmful air pollutants and ultraviolet radiation

exposure levels, and Federico et al. (2017) proposed

an application to monitor individual environments

(e.g., infrastructure, weather, or social interactions) to

better understand the link between genetic traits and

disease by using genome-wide association studies.

3.2 Individuals’ Monitoring

Individuals’ monitoring aims to enhance and build a

more comprehensive and predictive picture of

individuals’ wellbeing and health conditions to

sustain better health outcomes and to deliver early

interventions to anticipate needs (Bryant et al., 2017).

Moreover, monitoring older adults’ interactions with

the built environment might be useful to determine if

a dangerous situation is occurring (e.g., abrupt

changes of the heart rate or a sudden acceleration,

followed by a state of quiet that might be a sign of fall

or fainting) (Bellagente, Crema, Depari, Ferrari,

Flammini, Lanfranchi, Lenzi, Maddiona, Rinaldi &

Sisinni, 2018) or support interventions to minimize

stressful interactions (Lee, Choi, Ahn & Lee, 2020).

In addition, open data services available in the

smart city technological infrastructure together with

the collection of personal data might be used to track

the location of older adults while performing outside

activities, including falls detection, unmet needs,

visited points of interest or some activities performed,

such as visiting a family member, or usage of public

transportation (Kötteritzsch, Koch & Wallrafen,

2016; Medrano-Gil, de los Ríos Pérez, Fico,

Montalvá Colomer, Cea Sáncez, Cabrera-Umpierrez,

& Arredondo Waldmeyer, 2018). Outdoor

localization services are important) to protect older

adults (Chen, Sakamura, Nakazawa, Yonezawa,

Tsuge & Hamada, 2018, specifically wandering

individuals more vulnerable to experiencing adverse

events than the healthy ones, ranging from falling,

getting lost, elopement or boundary transgression to

emotional distress (Lin, Liu & Wang, 2018). To

minimize wandering-related adverse consequences,

virtual boundary delineated around areas of interest

that can be created with a variety of different

technologies, such as wireless communications, and

Global Positioning System (GPS) (Lin, Liu & Wang,

2018).

3.3 Promotion of Active Ageing

With the expansion of smart cities, enriched

information access promotes the development of

intelligent services that might facilitate active ageing

paradigms. For instance, innovative tourism and self-

service travel (Encalada, Boavida-Portugal, Ferreira

& Rocha, 2017) make the decision process easier for

older adults and make their transportation, visits, and

leisure activities less difficult (Liu, Sokhn, Le Calvé

& Schegg, 2016), particularly if the accessibility of

public spaces is part of the smart city design (Nowak

Da Costa & Bielski, 2018).

Active ageing also encompasses the adoption of

healthy lifestyles. Specifically, physical activity

affects health conditions and the current

recommendations advice older adults to perform

regular physical activity. Therefore, among the

extensive body of research on technological solutions

to promote the integration of physical activity into

daily life (Simões, Silva, Amaral, Queirós, Rocha &

Rodrigues, 2018), some authors are focused on the

promotion of physical activity in the context of smart

ICT4AWE 2022 - 8th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health

332

cities. For instance, Trencher and Karvonen (2017)

present a real-world case study on the Japanese smart

city of Kashiwanoha based on data monitoring

supported by wearable sensors used to capture

continuous lifestyle data to allow the individuals to

receive feedback and advice, educational activities

(e.g., walking, diet, or socializing), and gamification

to incentive the best performers. In turn, Stibe and

Larson (2016) introduced the concept of “persuasive

cities” supported in behavioral change through

gamification. Moreover, in (Lindqvist, Rutberg,

Söderström, Ek, Alexandrou, Maddison & Löf, 2020)

is presented the Smart City Active Mobile Phone

Intervention (SCAMPI), which evaluates an

application to promote physical activity together with

data acquisition related to behaviour, mode of travel,

duration, and speed. The application collects data in

real time on location and travel speed using GPS.

Moreover, accelerometers are used to provide an

objective assessment of physical activity. The

primary outcome is moderate-to-vigorous intensity

physical activity, while secondary outcomes include

time spent in active transportation, perceptions about

active transportation and health related quality of life.

Other studies explore context-aware features to

offer personalized recommendations of exercise

routes to older adults according to their medical

conditions, personal preferences and real-time

environment information (e.g., air quality, ultraviolet

radiation, wind speed, temperature, and

precipitation), without disrupting their routines

(Casino, Patsakis, Batista, Borràs & Martínez-

Ballesté, 2017; Rodrigues, Santos, Queirós, Silva,

Amaral, Gonçalves & Rocha, 2018).

4 SMART MOBILITY

Navigation tasks through an environment constitute

an essential activity in our daily lives. However, for

impaired people, these tasks might represent

tremendous difficulties. In this respect, the

information provided by smart cities might be used

by applications to facilitate the mobility of older

adults.

Smart cities promote the establishment of

communication channels between the citizens and

authorities, which might support the acquisition of

accessibility data to be available for the planning and

management of the urban spaces or to support

individuals in adverse situations. Moreover, different

types of applications can be foreseen to assist the

mobility of older adults, be them pedestrians or

drivers.

4.1 Urban Accessibility

Some studies (e.g., (Mirri, Prandi, Salomoni,

Callegati & Campi, 2014; Cortellazzi, Foschini, De

Rolt, Corradi, Neto & Alperstedt, 2016; Mirri, Prandi,

Salomoni, Callegati, Melis & Prandini, 2016))

propose applications to allow citizens to provide

information about public and private places of the city

with respect their accessibility. The aim is to promote

the involvement of social players and citizens in the

identification of urban accessibility issues, which is

intended to be used by the citizens to facilitate their

mobility and by city managers to identify and solve

accessibility issues.

The collection of accessibility information might

be supported in crowdsourcing or crowdsensing

services. The application presented by Cortellazzi et

al. (2016) use crowdsourcing to allow citizens to

review the accessibility of public spaces, and these

reviews are used to determine alternative pedestrian

routes avoiding as many barriers as possible

(Cortellazzi et al., 2016). In turn, assuming that a

mobile user can be at the same time a consumer and

a provider of the sensing services, Mirri et al. (2016)

used both participatory sensing (i.e., mobile users

actively engage in sensing activities by manually

determining how, when, what, and where to sense)

and opportunistic sensing (i.e., fully automated

sensing activities without the involvement of the

users) to collect that about the accessibility conditions

of the urban spaces exploiting, for example, GPS

coordinates. Moreover, Mirri et al. (2014) argued that

although any instance of the crowdsourced and

sensed data may be unreliable, aggregating a large

amount of information related to the urban area

makes the data more trustworthy (i.e., an error made

by a single sensor, or a single user, become less

significant as the volume of data increases).

Additionally, the data quality might be increased

when considering their aggregation with accessibility

reviews conducted by experts.

4.2 Mobility Assistance

The availability of data related to urban accessibility

might be used to provide older adults with

personalized and accessible pedestrian paths and

maps (Mirri et al., 2014), or support older adults who

travel by bus in the city by providing real time

information about transport availability and

accessibility facilities.

Some studies (e.g., (Vargas-Acosta, Becerra,

Gurbuz, Villanueva-Rosales, Nunez-Mchiri & Cheu,

2019; An, Wang, Wang, Yang, Pu, Ke & Chen,

A Survey on Smart Cities and Ageing

333

2020)) integrated various technologies, including

location-based services, augmented reality, and

crowdsourcing, to provide personalized and

accessible pedestrian paths and maps (Mirri et al.,

2014), real time information about transport

availability and accessibility facilities (Mirri et al.,

2014), accurate map information service and travel

route planning (An et al., 2020), or to assist older

adults during their travels within a city and to mitigate

their risks (e.g., being caught in traffic congestion,

getting lost, or being involved in a crash) (Vargas-

Acosta et al., 2019).

Moreover, it is envisaged collaborative support

for individuals with disabilities and older adults in

adverse situations from qualified agents and

volunteers (Matos, Matter, Martins, da Rosa Tavares,

Wolf, Buttenbender & Barbosa, 2021). In concrete,

the proposed mobile application allows users to ask

for assistance by sending a notification to agents and

volunteers who are nearby.

Older adults face many issues when it comes to

parking in urban areas which include the limited

availability of spaces allocated for their use and the

unauthorized usage of such spaces. In this respect,

smart parking management systems might take

advantage of the capabilities of mobile devices to

allow users to find, reserve and access real-time

parking availability information (e.g., using

occupancy sensors) (Lambrinos & Dosis, 2013).

These systems might be used not only to present the

real-time availability of parking slots in an area of

interest, but also to provide information to city

authorities for usage monitoring, law enforcement or

planning purposes (Lambrinos & Dosis, 2013).

Other smart cities applications are being designed

to promote safe driving by alerting drivers of

potential dangers (e.g., the proximity of vulnerable

road users such as cyclists or pedestrians) or by

providing driving assistance (Ksiksi, Al Shehhi &

Ramzan, 2015; Hernandez-Jayo, De-la-Iglesia &

Perez, 2015; Hernandez-Jayo, Perez, De-la-Iglesia &

Carballedo, 2016; Joshi, Singh, Moitra & Deka, 2016;

Taha, 2017; Lee & Gutesa, 2017).

Concerning vulnerable road users, the proposed

information systems use different sensors, wireless

vehicular communications, and mobile

communications to detect their proximity to provide

more time to the drivers to take the appropriate

manoeuvres. In turn, in terms of driving assistance,

the possibilities range from providing routes that

include safety metrics (Ksiksi et al., 2015) or keeping

drivers informed of changing road and traffic

conditions (Ksiksi et al., 2015; Taha, 2017) to helping

effective lane changing (e.g., using GPS coordinates)

(Joshi, 2016) or to perform safe and smooth crossings

at the intersections (Lee & Gutesa, 2017).

5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE

CHALLENGES

The survey of the scientific literature shows that there

is an ongoing effort to take advantage of the smart

cities’ paradigm to make cities more ageing friendly.

For that, different types of technologies are being

used to collect data (e.g., a broad range of sensors) to

transmit these data (e.g., wireless communications)

and to retrieve information (e.g., data analytics).

This diversity of technologies tends to promote

the heterogeneity of the solutions, which means that

the interoperability of the different applications is a

real challenge. However, looking specifically to

smart cities’ applications targeting older adults, the

issues related to data interoperability, standardization

and aggregation are poorly addressed (Rocha,

Bastardo, Pavão, Santinha, Rodrigues, Rodrigues,

Queirós & Dias, 2021).

Another question that deserves special attention is

the data privacy, integrity, and confidentiality

(Pacheco Rocha, Dias, Santinha, Rodrigues,

Rodrigues, Queirós, Bastardo, Pavão, 2022). The

privacy of the individuals is at risk when they are

monitored by different types of sensors, due to the

acquisition and communication of personal data.

Using sensors to constantly monitor individuals has

the potential to put their privacy at risk, due to the

communication of personal data. Therefore, secure

data protection mechanisms are required to guarantee

the acquired data would only be accessed by

individuals who are authorized. Due to its relevance,

data privacy, integrity, and confidentiality is object of

significant research in the topic of smart cities, but it

is an issue that, in general, is not conveniently

addressed by the articles reporting smart city

application’ to support older adults.

A potential reason for this mismatch could be the

fact that developing smart city applications is quite

complex, their requirements have not yet been

comprehensively extracted and systematized,

including different scenarios and concerns, leading to

a great variability in terms of design, implementation

and required technologies, while, seldom, the

research groups, namely academic research groups,

do not have specialized knowledge to deal with all

that complexity and variability.

The low maturity level of the applications being

reported in the literature also must be carefully

ICT4AWE 2022 - 8th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health

334

analysed. A significant percentage of the studies

developed proof-of-concept prototypes. This means a

general difficulty in evaluating the impact of the

proposed applications on the potential users, namely

by implementing user-centred evaluations. The lack

of user-centred evaluations can be considered a major

barrier for the dissemination of the developed

applications.

Future developments of smart cities applications

must consider effective evaluation and validation of

smart cities applications. This requires not only

various types of resources (e.g., technologies and

physical or virtual infrastructures) but also a diversity

of stakeholders. Despite the existence of models

aiming to optimize smart city implementations (e.g.,

(Taratori, Fiscal, Pacho, Koutra, Pareja-Eastaway &

Thomas, 2021), the coordination of these resources

and stakeholders requires experience and a large

amount of effort that must be guaranteed so that large

trials might be conducted to evidence that smart

cities’ applications effectively fit the older adults’

needs.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was financially supported by National

Funds through FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a

Tecnologia, I.P., under the project UI IEETA:

UID/CEC/00127/2021.

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