BIKE2WORK: A Shift Towards Sustainable Mobility

Antonio Bucchiarone

1 a

, Annapaola Marconi

1 b

, Piergiorgio Cipriano

and Luca Giovannini

Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK), Trento, Italy

Dedagroup Public Services, Trento, Italy

Keywords:

Sustainable Mobility, Active Mobility, Smart City, Motivational Systems, Engagement, Behavior Change.

Abstract:

Encouraging a shift towards sustainable mobility habits based on active mobility is a key challenge for many

cities, since they are increasingly facing problems of trafﬁc congestion, road safety, energy dependency and

air pollution. Active modes, as cycling, which are also the least polluting, should be particularly encouraged,

especially for local recurrent journeys (i.e., home–to–school, home–to–work). In this context, addressing

and mitigating commuter-generated trafﬁc requires engaging public and private stakeholders through new

innovative and collaborative approaches that focus not only on supply (e.g., roads and vehicles), but also on

transportation demand management. In this paper we propose an approach to home–to–work mobility able to

support the company Mobility Manager (MM) acting on the promotion of sustainable mobility and transport

demand management by analysing the problems, needs and habits of employees, and trying to orient them

towards new sustainable transport habits.

1 INTRODUCTION

Mobility plays a fundamental role within modern

cities(Lyons, 2018): the way in which citizens ex-

perience the city, access its core services, and par-

ticipate in the city life strongly depends on its mo-

bility organization and efﬁciency (Vesco and Ferrero,

2015; Torrisi et al., 2020). In this context, the chal-

lenge that cities are facing is very ambitious: on the

one hand, administrators must guarantee to their cit-

izens the right to mobility and to easily access local

services, on the other hand they need to minimize

the economic, social, and environmental cost of the

mobility system (Cruz and Paulino, 2021; Haarstad,

2017).

Dealing with this challenge requires a holistic

approach that allows to efﬁciently harness existing

mobility resources while integrating and promoting

new or emerging mobility services to enable an in-

tegrated, efﬁcient, and sustainable mobility ecosys-

tem (Gallo and Marinelli, 2020; Klecha and Gianni,

2018). To this end, cities are planning and imple-

menting interventions at the level of infrastructures,

services, and mobility policies. These are certainly

key ingredients towards a more sustainable and in-

tegrated mobility(Lam and Head, 2011), but another

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1154-1382

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-7777

very important aspect to be considered, as a socio-

technical phenomenon, is users’ acceptance and adop-

tion (Giesecke et al., 2016; K

onig et al., 2016). Inno-

vative policies, infrastructures, and services are liable

to fail if they are not combined with actions aimed

at making citizens aware and involved in this process

and to inﬂuence their mobility habits in a gradual but

profound way (Vesco and Ferrero, 2015).

In most cases, citizens’ daily mobility choices are

driven by habits and are based on wrong or outdated

beliefs (Gartner et al., 2021; Anagnostopoulou et al.,

2020). Citizens need to be aware of the mobility ser-

vices offered by their city and of their actual value

(in terms of time, cost, and environmental impact).

They need to be conscious of the impact of their in-

dividual daily choices (in terms of trafﬁc, greenhouse

gas emissions and social cost). Most importantly, they

need to feel part of a community that, through daily

individual choices, can play a key role towards the

fulﬁllment of city-level mobility strategic objectives

(Gifﬁnger, 2019; Kazhamiakin et al., 2021). In other

words, individuals and communities must learn to

take responsible actions and this can only be achieved

through the development of a new culture for urban

mobility. In recent years, a signiﬁcant effort has been

undertaken to understand how interactive technolo-

gies can be leveraged to raise citizens’ awareness, en-

courage their active participation, break bad habits

Bucchiarone, A., Marconi, A., Cipriano, P. and Giovannini, L.

BIKE2WORK: A Shift Towards Sustainable Mobility.

DOI: 10.5220/0011087000003203

In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems (SMARTGREENS 2022), pages 147-156

ISBN: 978-989-758-572-2; ISSN: 2184-4968

147

and promote behavior change towards a more sus-

tainable lifestyle (Hiselius and Rosqvist, 2016; Al-

Thawadi et al., 2021; Marconi et al., 2021; Badii

et al., 2017).

Our aim, within the AIR-BREAK project

, is to

implement sustainable mobility campaigns that in-

volve the whole community raising its awareness on

the possibilities and advantages offered by the avail-

able sustainable mobility services and to encourage

the adoption of different, more sustainable, mobility

habits.

In this paper we present BIKE2WORK: a home–

to–work sustainable mobility campaign targeting em-

ployees of public or private companies that has the

goals to promote the use of bicycles for home-to-work

trips by providing economic incentives. Starting from

the motivations that led to the deﬁnition of this cam-

paign (see Section 2), we present the BIKE2WORK ob-

jectives and the various steps that have been per-

formed to engage both companies and employees (see

Section 3). We continue giving details on its technical

implementation supporting its management and oper-

ation (see Section 4). We conclude the paper with

some initial experimental results (see Section 5) and

with some conclusions and future work (see Section

6).

2 BACKGROUND AND

MOTIVATIONS

The transport sector is the largest contributor to green-

house gas (GHG) emissions (SUS, 2020). In 2017,

27% of total EU-28 GHG emissions came from this

sector. Within this sector, cities are the main sources

of global mobility demand due to citizens’ transporta-

tion activities within and between urban areas. Trafﬁc

and commuting inefﬁciencies negatively impact ur-

ban infrastructure, increase pollution, and harm the

environment and people’s health.

Addressing and mitigating commuter-generated

trafﬁc requires engaging public and private stake-

holders through a new innovative and collaborative

approach that can focus not only on supply (e.g.,

roads and vehicles), but also on transportation de-

mand management. In recent years, public author-

ities have broadened their focus from demand man-

agement policies that target individuals and house-

holds (which are a largely heterogeneous and disag-

gregated policy target) to demand management poli-

cies that target large trafﬁc generators - including the

public and private sectors.

https://airbreakferrara.net/

Mobility is likely to be a valuable application area

as the impacts on environment, climate, and land

use are beyond the current generation, as it requires

paradigm shifting decisions at the level of individuals

(i.e., behavioural change) and decision-makers (i.e.,

policies and the use of resources).

According to (Hiselius and Rosqvist, 2016)

changes in attitudes and social norms are required to

promote new methods of applying technological so-

lutions and new behaviors and lifestyles in the transi-

tion to a low-carbon society. Mobility Management

initiatives have been proved to help people change

their minds, but they have yet to be acknowledged

as crucial components of a comprehensive transporta-

tion policy strategy.

Now, Covid-19 is generating a rapid change in the

way people work, act, and move, which could pave

the way for more change in transportation behavior

(TEI, 2021; Bergantino et al., 2021; Scorrano and

Danielis, 2021). This means that hard work will be

needed to shape the new behaviors that will form in

the future.

Positively transforming the way people travel for

the beneﬁt of society requires a profound transforma-

tion of habits and behaviors, which must be based on

comprehensive impact assessments and simulations

that consider social, health, environmental and cli-

mate impacts, as well as economic impacts.

Within the AIR-BREAK project, behaviour

change and awareness raising campaigns have the

aim to inform citizens’ and raise their awareness on

the possibilities and advantages offered by the avail-

able sustainable mobility services and to encourage

the adoption of different, more sustainable, mobility

habits.

BIKE2WORK is one of the initiatives in this direc-

tion with the goal to promote an approach to mobility

oriented to workers able to support the company Mo-

bility Manager in the promotion of sustainable mobil-

ity and transport demand management by analyzing

the problems, needs and habits of workers, Covid-19

measures adopted by companies, trying to orient them

towards new habits of sustainable transport.

BIKE2WORK, leveraging on behavioral change,

technologies, and business model, intends to act on

the decisive factors that hinder modal shift by pro-

viding services, information, recommendations, and

incentives:

• To support companies in adopting policies and

initiatives to plan and implement actions and mea-

sures to identify the most sustainable mobility so-

lution.

• To encourage workers to signiﬁcantly change

their mobility habits, making them active partic-

SMARTGREENS 2022 - 11th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems

148

ipants in the solution.

In the rest of the paper, we describe the

BIKE2WORK objectives, how it has been realized, and

the major ﬁndings after the ﬁrst set of experiments.

3 BIKE2WORK OBJECTIVES,

FEATURES, AND

MANAGEMENT

The overall objective of BIKE2WORK is to promote

a more sustainable home–work mobility, contributing

to the reduction of CO2 emissions. Considering the

emergency related to COVID-19 this aspect becomes

even more important as new habits will have to be

re–invented to adapt to the new constraints and lim-

itations imposed by the government for the safety of

citizens to improve, at the same time, the quality of

life of employees.

The adoption of technological solutions alone can-

not make transport more sustainable; to do so it

is necessary to involve people and guide them to-

wards a behavioural change. To achieve these goals,

BIKE2WORK intends to engage companies with its

employees to build new innovative, sustainable, and

targeted solutions that can improve quality of life

more effectively.

The speciﬁc objectives of this initiative are:

• To support workers in switching to sustainable

mobility habits resulting in reduced CO2 emis-

sions.

• To support public/private companies in the adop-

tion of policies, initiatives, and the development

of urban mobility plans.

• To increase the perception of corporate (eco-

logical) Social Responsibility and improve Total

Quality Management (TQM) within companies.

• To increase cooperation between different modes

of transport and promote interconnection and

interoperability between existing transport net-

works.

• To increase the attractiveness of sustainable trans-

port modes through the implementation of differ-

ent measures such as proposing new private mo-

bility policies, promoting public transport, and

pooling and sharing services.

Ferrara

(IT) is a medium-sized city located be-

tween Bologna and Venice, along the Po river, with an

overall number of inhabitants of 131,000 distributed

https://www.comune.fe.it/

in an area of 400 Km

. The town has broad streets

and numerous palaces dating from the Renaissance,

when it hosted the court of the House of Este. More-

over, Ferrara is a pretty ﬂat city where weather con-

ditions that are never particularly impactful. For its

beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated

by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The munici-

pal administration of Ferrara, through the signing of

a Memorandum of Understanding with the Emilia–

Romagna Region

, promoter, and ﬁnancier of the ini-

tiative, has launched in Ferrara the BIKE2WORK cam-

paign for public or private companies based in the city

of Ferrara.

The campaign is part of the sustainable mobility

initiatives put in place to meet the new challenges of

the Covid-19 emergency and wants to promote the

use of bicycles for home–work trips by providing an

economic incentive to employees of public or private

companies in the Municipality of Ferrara. The needs

related to social distancing have, in fact, imposed a

drastic downsizing of public transport capacity, mak-

ing it particularly relevant to encourage the use of bi-

cycles and other modes of private transport with low

environmental impact.

BIKE2WORK provides incentives for sustainable

mobility through an economic contribution for work-

ers who are committed to using bicycles for home–

work trips. Public/private companies of the Munici-

pality of Ferrara can join. Employees of participat-

ing companies are rewarded for their home–work trips

by bike with economic incentives in their paychecks

(0.20 C per Km, max 50 C per month, max 20 km

per day). Mobility managers and employees are sup-

ported by a software platform and a mobile app, as de-

scribed in Section 4, and the overall campaign partici-

pation is supported by a speciﬁc life–cycle depicted in

Figure 1. Each interested company provides (in STEP

01) the following information: (a) all the company

data, and (b) the list of MMs with their related infor-

mation. After that, in STEP 02 each company speci-

ﬁes the details of the headquarters that will participate

in the BIKE2WORK campaign with the declaration of

closure days (e.g., holidays). STEP 03 is dedicated

to the insertion of the employee’s data that will be in-

vited/engaged by the MM during STEP 04. In this

phase the MM sends an email to each participating

employee. In this email each employee receives:

• The presentation of the campaign with the relative

regulations and information regarding data pro-

cessing and privacy.

• The instructions to perform the registration to the

campaign and to download the software applica-

https://www.regione.emilia-romagna.it/

BIKE2WORK: A Shift Towards Sustainable Mobility

149

Figure 1: BIKE2WORK participation lifecycle.

tion needed to participate.

As soon as an employee accepts the invitation to

participate to the BIKE2WORK campaign and the reg-

istration is done, he/she can start tracking the home–

to–work and work–to–home bike journeys (STEP

05). Finally, STEP 06 is used to manage the em-

ployees’ performance and reward them with the cor-

responding amount.

4 THE BIKE2WORK SUPPORTING

TOOL

The life-cycle and all the features presented in the

previous Section have been used to guide the imple-

mentation of the Play&Go Aziende Framework. It

is an innovative ICT solution that provides a console

of data, information, recommendations, and simula-

tions for MM to assess, also through what-if analysis,

the environmental impact of employee commuting, to

evaluate changes because of speciﬁc measures and ac-

tions and to plan optimal and sustainable worker mo-

bility strategies.

To achieve the identiﬁed objectives, Play&Go

Aziende provides:

• A web console

- for the company MM to man-

age the necessary information (entity data, partic-

ipating employees) and to visualize the informa-

tion (trips/valid kilometers) of their employees.

The web console allows each company to con-

ﬁgure and manage all the information related to

their company and employees participating in the

BIKE2WORK campaign.

http://admin.playngo.it

• The Ferrara Play&Go Mobile App

5, 6

- for

the employees, which allows them to track their

home–to–work trips and to visualize the achieved

results.

4.1 Web Console

The web console allows each company to conﬁgure

and manage all information related to their company

and employees participating in the BIKE2WORK cam-

paign. It is a tool addressed to the appointed com-

pany manager (Mobility Manager) who is in close

contact with the campaign promoter (i.e., Municipal-

ity of Ferrara) before, during and after the execu-

tion of the initiative. Each MM can access a dedi-

cated web console with the received credentials. Ac-

cess can be done via the following console link https:

//admin.playngo.it. Once logged-in a MM can spec-

ify and modify the data useful for the validation of

the journeys of their employees. In particular he/she

can specify the data related to the company (address,

latitude, longitude as depicted in Figure 2(a)), the

non-working days and the days when the company is

closed (e.g. holidays) as depicted in Figure 2(b).

Once the company information has been deﬁned,

the MM can start to insert the data related to the var-

ious headquarters involved and the related employees

that have expressed the interest to participate to the

BIKE2WORK campaign. A MM can insert these info

in a massive way through a ﬁle importing method (i.e.

CSV) or can add new headquarters and the related

employees manually through a dedicated form (as de-

picted in Figure 3).

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=it.

smartcommunitylab.playgoferrara,

https://apps.apple.com/us/app/id1526145980

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150

(a) Company Information. (b) Non-Working days declaration.

Figure 2: Web Console UI for Mobility Managers.

(a) Involved Headquarters. (b) Involved Employees.

Figure 3: Headquarters and Employees Data Deﬁnition.

As soon as all the needed company information

has been inserted in the console, each MM can de-

clare the interest to start the BIKE2WORK campaign.

It is from this moment that all the employees listed by

the MM can start to track their bike journeys and ac-

cumulate valid trips and kilometers using the Ferrara

Play&Go mobile app (see Section 4.2 for details).

Figure 4: BIKE2WORK statistics.

The last feature that a MM can use in the con-

sole is related to the campaign “Statistics”. The ob-

jective of this functionality is to ﬁlter and visualize

the information necessary to understand the progress

of the initiative and at the same time to export ded-

icated reports in CSV format for further analysis by

the company. It is possible to visualize aggregated

information about the trips and kilometers made by

the different employees, of the different headquarters,

etc.., eventually also choosing the interested period

(monthly, global) using a ﬁlter component (see Fig-

ure 4).

Figure 5: Home Page.

4.2 Ferrara Play&Go Mobile App

The functionalities supported by the Ferrara Play&Go

Mobile App concern the employee’s registration and

the management of the employee’s proﬁle, the track-

ing of sustainable trips, the inspection of employee’s

results (e.g., points earned, badges and badge col-

lections, active challenges with completion status,

BIKE2WORK: A Shift Towards Sustainable Mobility

151

weekly and global leader boards ranking, personal

mobility diary), information on weekly and global

prizes, as well as the access to game rules and reg-

ulation. The application provides a homepage (see

Figure 5) , in which a summary of the employee’s

state is presented. The homepage also presents a set

of frequent and immediate actions that the user can

perform, e.g., trips tracking.

In the BIKE2WORK campaign, employees can

track trips by bike and can visualize the trips on a real-

world map (see Figure 6), both in real-time while they

are recording them during their journey, and for past

trips stored in their proﬁle.

Figure 6: Trip tracking view.

Each employee who has joined the

BIKE2WORK campaign can directly enter in a

dedicated area (see Figure 7) where she/he can

monitor her/his progress in the campaign. Access to

this private area can take place directly through the

Ferrara Play&Go App through a dedicated web link

The main objective of this area is to show to each

employee her/his behavior regarding home–to–work

mobility. For this reason, it is possible to visualize

dedicated information on the Km traveled, the CO2

saved and the number of valid trips. Moreover, each

employee can consult the BIKE2WORK campaign

regulations, the privacy information document, and

any news dedicated to the campaign in execution.

To validate the bike journeys done to reach the

work locations by the employees, the mobile app ex-

ploits a dedicated trip Validation component. The

validation algorithm implemented by this component

uses the trace coordinates, deriving the information

about the user speed and using that for validation

(e.g., max limits, average speed, etc.). Furthermore,

https://aziende.playngo.it/

Figure 7: Employee Dedicated Area.

the algorithm can be conﬁgured, depending on the ap-

plication setting, to also consider some additional in-

formation to ”certify” the tracked data. For example,

in the case of the BIKE2WORK campaign, the employ-

ees are assigned to a speciﬁc set of company head-

quarters that he/she could reach every working day.

The trip validation component checks if each single

journey starts or arrives from/to one of the declared

locations in this set and if the trip is performed within

a company working day. If the trip validation compo-

nent considers the trip valid, the corresponding em-

ployee action is sent to the Gamiﬁcation Engine com-

ponent that updates the employee state correspond-

ingly. Otherwise, the Trip Validation component pro-

vides a speciﬁc motivation for not considering the trip

valid (e.g., too fast). The validity outcome, in case of

a valid trip, or the motivation explanation, in case of

an invalid trip, is presented to the employee in the mo-

bile App. Finally, employees of participating compa-

nies to the BIKE2WORK campaign are rewarded for

their home–to–work trips with economic incentives

in their paychecks (0.20 C per Km, max 50 C per

month, max 20 km per day).

5 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

In this Section we present the preliminary results

of the BIKE2WORK sustainable mobility campaign

which have been obtained through the data collected

from the Ferrara Play&Go Mobile App and the MM

Web console.

The campaign was launched on May 15, 2021 and

it is still running. At the end of December 2021, 55

companies, in the territory of the municipality of Fer-

rara, were registered to the campaign with 537 active

employees. In this ﬁrst period 24.491 sustainable

trips have been tracked and considered valid. These

trips have contributed to obtain 93.542 sustainable

Kms and 15 Tons of CO2 saved.

Figure 8 shows the distributions of trip total

distances (in Kilometers) while Figure 9 the dura-

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152

Figure 8: Distribution of the BIKE 2WORK trip distances.

tion (in minutes) for the whole set of trips of the

BIKE2WORK campaign. The most frequent trips are

shown to be the ones lasting between 10 to 20 minutes

and the ones covering a distance of 2-3 Km, while the

average ride duration is 35 minutes for an average dis-

tance of 5 Km.

Taking 20 Km/h as a reference for standard

urban cycling speed we could therefore say that

BIKE2WORK commuters on average do not rush to

work, but rather enjoy their ride.

To analyse the BIKE2WORK impact, different mo-

bility data analytics have been implemented. In par-

ticular, an ingestion procedure has been developed to

get anonymixed raw GPS data from Ferrara Play&Go

(depicted in Figure 10), followed by a map-matching

algorithm that reconstructs each trip from the raw

GPS logs using the OpenStreetMap

road network.

Generally speaking, a map-matching algorithm

(Quddus et al., 2007) is an automatized procedure that

combines measures from one or more positioning de-

vices with data from a road network map to provide

an enhanced positioning output. This task is usually

not straightforward because of the combined effect of

measurement errors in positioning data and accuracy

errors in road network data. The map-matching pro-

cedure exploited (Giovannini, 2011), in the context of

the BIKE2WORK campaign, handles the positioning

uncertainties adopting a bayesian approach of max-

imum likelihood; the data are projected on the road

segments that have the higher probabilities of having

generated them.

The overall procedure can be divided in differ-

https://www.openstreetmap.org/

ent phases. Before the actual map-matching of GPS

trajectories takes place, some initialization operations

are performed to speed up the following elaborations:

road network data for the area are loaded in memory

and a road proximity map is created. This proximity

map allows for a fast identiﬁcation of the road arcs

that are close to every given spatial position inside the

area.

Once the initialization step is completed, the map-

matching can start. First of all, the data from each

bike trip goes through a trajectory aggregation stage,

that serves the purpose of removing useless data and

aggregating useful GPS data into trajectories. Then,

GPS trajectories are processed in sequence through

the two last steps of the procedure: the projection of

GPS data onto the surrounding road elements and the

identiﬁcation of the optimal path between projected

data. A typical map-matching case is presented Fig-

ure 11: the red triangles identify single GPS data

records (in this case very distant from each other); the

blue line, connecting the GPS data into a sequence,

represents a GPS trajectory; the yellow line describes

a possible reconstruction of the path followed.

Another set of automatic procedures calculates

different indicators at single road segment, by times-

tamp. These procedures are though to provide practi-

cal and easy answer to typical use cases:

• What are the most used routes within the city?

• Do they match infrastructures for bikers and

pedestrians?

• What are the critical points for cyclist/pedestrian

BIKE2WORK: A Shift Towards Sustainable Mobility

153

Figure 9: Distribution of the BIKE 2WORK trips durations.

safety?

• Where are cyclists riding the wrong way?

To showcase the results, different map applica-

tions have been deployed for sharing data. Interactive

web maps are based on a set of open-source Javascript

library (OpenLayers

)) for displaying spatial data in

web browsers as slippy maps, similar to Google Maps

and OpenStreetMap.

Based on GPS logs, different spatio–temporal in-

dicators have been developed. The map in Figure

12 shows where are the streets mostly used by the

BIKE2WORK participants in Ferrara, from May 2021

until end of December 2021. In the map, the two ma-

jor ﬁndings are highlighted in blue colour:

• Corso Giovecca, which cuts the city centre from

east to west and which in the western part is lack-

ing dedicated cycle lanes despite being very pop-

ular (see the the blue ellipse with label A in Figure

12).

• The new cycle lane, opened in early 2021, that

leads from the center to the hospital of Ferrara in

Cona village (located to the east) and which ap-

pears to be widely used by commuters working

at AUSL and University ((see the the blue ellipse

with label B in Figure 12).

To make the results of this initiative continu-

ously available, an interactive map has also been

https://openlayers.org/

made available online

. The map can be browsed

(zoom/pan) and queried: by clicking on a street seg-

ment, user gets information about number of transits

in the speciﬁc street segment, divided by weekday and

weekend (total number of transits and daily average).

6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE

WORK

With this work, we present a home-to-work sustain-

able mobility campaign (BIKE2WORK ) deﬁned and

executed in the context of the AIR–BREAK project.

It targets employees of public and private companies

and has the goal to promote the use of bicycles to

move in a sustainable way by providing economic in-

centives. We present the software platform, the mo-

bile app, and the interactive web maps, that have been

implemented to support the Mobility Managers and

the employees throughout the campaign and to un-

derstand the progress and the impact of the running

initiative. After the ﬁrst 8 Months of campaign’s ex-

ecution, some initial results have been obtained and

reported. We will continue running the campaign for

the next two years (till December 2023). Future works

will be focused on a thorough and systematic analysis

of the quantitative and qualitative data we collected,

both in terms of the achieved environmental impact

and in terms of user experience.

http://metropolidipaesaggio.it/progetti-pilota/

mappa-tragitti-cittadini/

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154

Figure 10: GPS logs (in orange) and companies locations (in blue) from Ferrara Play&Go.

Figure 11: A typical map-matching case.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work is supported by the AIR-BREAK project

funded through the ERDF Urban Innovation Actions

2020 UIA 05-177.

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