Engagement of Senior Citizens in a Family Setting to Help Revive

Dignity: A Study

Sanchita Sandip Kamath and Sophia Rahaman

School of Engineering and IT, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai Campus, U.A.E.

Keywords: Ageing-Well, Psychology, Dignity of the Elderly, Inclusion, Human Computer Interaction.

Abstract: As people grow older, they start craving for their family and need filial support. In a family setting, elderly

contribute largely to the betterment of their family. This paper redefines Positive and Negative Engagement

in an elderly setting, and works to define various aspects within it, and analyse its impact on the dignity and

the psychology of the senior citizens. Self-Fulfilment and the feeling of being wanted, has been hypothesized

as being the most essential for the aging population and the research has been directed along the same lines.

Further, the role of technology in helping restore elderly dignity has been penned, and how it can improve

interactions with their family. This paper also includes methods to understand the mind-set of the ageing

population, to understand what the concept of “Ageing well”, means for them. This paper being theoretical, a

taxonomy has been generated, anticipatory results have been tabulated, and proposed model for applying

Human Computer Interaction to restore dignity has been generated, including all factors that affect the concept

and are crucial to get right. This paper focusses on the psychology of the elderly, and what exactly shapes it,

and how it is related to their dignity.

1 INTRODUCTION

Familial Heredities are one of the most fundamental

and seeding roots in a person's life: people essentially

start their life journey with family and end with them.

The first influence on a person's life is from the

parents and that influence continues, to the end. Now,

while the bond stays in homeostasis (speaking in a

general context (does not include every case), despite

emotional turbulence), age doesn't and cannot. The

interactions and social participation in one’s younger

days would be quite different from that of when they

are older. When a person is young, they have a lot of

social interaction with friends, colleagues, bosses,

juniors, family, and relationships; but when a person

ages the only interactions they get limited to, is

maybe with their neighbours, partner, relatives, and

children. The active social life comes seemingly to a

halt, and a person spends more time with themselves

and with their near and dear ones. This increased

interaction with self must be insured with optimal and

a guarded mental state. This gives birth to the concept

of ‘Aging Well’ (Halaweh et al., 2018).

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2781-4659

Access to different resources at different periods

of time, generates the term Subjective Well-Being,

wherein a person’s needs is subjective, and can be

evaluated only by evaluation of life and effect not

being a collective trait at all (Keyes, 1998).

2 MOTIVATION AND

OBJECTIVE

Engagement is essential for senior citizens to occupy

themselves. Engagement, in a general preview is said

to have three components, concentration, interest and

enjoyment. The primary source for this for elderly, is

their family, and their maximum interactions happen

with their partner, children, and close relatives

(Shernoff et al., 2003). It is said that humans have

three innate needs, which they desire to have fulfilled,

throughout their lives: competence, autonomy, and

relatedness (Ryan & Deci, 2000). These needs get

further heightened in the elderly, who have taken their

break from the load of work and have finally settled

down to live their lives at a slow pace. This paper

Kamath, S. and Rahaman, S.

Engagement of Senior Citizens in a Family Setting to Help Revive Dignity: A Study.

DOI: 10.5220/0011074800003188

In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health (ICT4AWE 2022), pages 307-314

ISBN: 978-989-758-566-1; ISSN: 2184-4984

307

posits both Positive and Negative Engagement and

Interaction (Government of South Australia, 2016)

being commanded by Senior Citizens in a family

setting, and how they depend on these interactions to

fulfil their innate needs which is essential for them to

“Age Well”.

This is the main motivation of the paper, to hold

on to the past (by walking alongside the elderly),

while moving forward towards the future (by helping

them take a step forward towards graceful ageing, by

reviving their dignity). Positive Engagement and

Negative Engagement is outlined which differs from

the definition considered standard in the sphere of

mental health, cognition, and psychology (Vallerand

et al., 2003), but have been modified to suit the strata.

The reasons for both have been stipulated, and

methods to increase positive engagement and

decrease negative engagement in the perspective of

the psychological dimensions of the elderly have been

suggested.

3 METHODOLOGY

This paper employs the following steps to have an in-

depth and through analysis of the concept of “Ageing

Well” and understanding how important dignity is for

the elderly, how they expect it to be preserved, where

exactly it lies for them, and what steps can be taken

by a family to support their elderly and to make the

family as close-knit as possible.

Figure 1: Method devised to understand “Ageing Well”.

Identifying the key aspects, shall help understand

how engagement can affect the self-esteem of the

elderly. Classification of these aspects, help in

differentiate between the outcomes of interactions

and engagement and in Analysing and Identifying

methods for assessing these aspects. Thus, giving an

overall wholistic approach to understanding the

concept itself, and the way engagement affects it. A

model is proposed based on anticipated results

stemming from the notion of how the elderly interact

with technology, and how Human-Computer

Interaction as a concept helps in the promulgation of

technology among the elderly.

4 DISCUSSION

The methodology adapted, is aimed at conducting a

complete study on the concept of graceful ageing.

Further, to support the study conducted, data

collection methods have been outlined, which shall

supplement it, and help get a further understanding of

the concept, which is essential before proposing

suggestions to solve any underlying obstacles. While

this paper only posits the data collection methods, no

actual data has been analysed. Nevertheless, based on

current research, a model has been proposed, that

employs technology as a tool to revive the dignity of

the elderly. This is depicted in figure 5 and shall be

further refined and enhanced post data collection.

This section details on the methodology adapted.

4.1 Identifying Key Aspects

As people grow older, their self-esteem gets linked

with the respect they receive from their family, and

that comes through the type of engagement they have.

Below are the key aspects of senior citizen

engagement:

4.1.1 Taxonomy

The following taxonomy includes various factors

important to mental gratification in old age:

Figure 2: Identifying key aspects of elderly living.

4.2 Classification and Thorough Study

of Aspects

Following are the methods of engagement that are

common in the lives of the elderly. These include the

aspects outlined and many adjoining important

ICT4AWE 2022 - 8th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health

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factors that contribute to their living and

psychological state.

4.2.1 Positive Engagement

Positive engagement has been defined as positive

interactions between family and elderly that lead to

positive outcomes, improving relations, experiences,

future decisions, and trust. Aspects for positive

engagement are seen as follows:

 Support (PSUP)

As elders transition into their later life, their

perceptions become more profound, and

parent-children relationships become very

important; to stay happy and healthy (Branson

et al., 2019).

The elderly does their best to support their

children through social hardships and this

fosters a familial support is extremely essential

for people after retirement, when their family

becomes the most important thing they have in

their lives, to take care of. (Silverstein &

Giarrusso, 2010) It has been postulated, that

having children in old age, might even increase

morality and longevity of life, due to support

provided by family (Modig et al., 2017). While

studies have focused on the aspects of parents

receiving help from their children for a long

time now (Stoller, 1983) (Dinkel, 1944)

(Ikkink et al., 1999), which of course is

essential to understand the psyche and mindset

of the elderly; the support that their family

provides, is more innate to maintaining the

dignity of the elderly. Studies also show that

the support from parents to their children

through their life changes form as time

progresses, and although on the decline, is

significant when parents reach their old age

(Cooney & Uhlenberg, 1992).

The elderly, having knowledge about their

younger family’s career moves, feel in touch

with the evolving market, allowing them to feel

self-reliant (most people feel a void after

having continuously worked for as long as they

can remember, and are now retired) which

gives them a sense of purpose (Osborne, 2012)

and can help them cope with death anxiety.

 Guidance (GUID)

Everyone needs to learn about the mistakes that

have occurred in the past to not repeat them,

avoid pitfalls, succeed, and someone to tell

them that it is fine do take risks and make

decisions that are required and essential to their

career and social life, even though they might

seem laborious in the beginning (Mancini &

Blieszner, 1989). The wisdom that stems from

experience, is best given by elderly in the

family: parents, aunts, and uncles, who people

know have their best interests at heart and

whom they trust. This trust helps them

understand that the advice is coming from a

good place, and they would not be at a loss if

they choose to abide by it. Experience that

elderly have, gives their children and family a

guideline that they can follow, a basic skeleton

of rules that they know if they cross, they might

fall into trouble and more importantly where

they can surpass it in order to achieve more

than what their parents did.

When the elderly sees their family take up

their advice and move forward in life, they gain

a sense of self-gratification, becoming

encouraged to dig into their past for better

advice. They become more liberal and begin to

see past the constraints that had been put on

them while they were growing up and were in

their adulthood, or those which they had self-

imposed on themselves, and begin to see the

world in a better light with increasing wisdom.

The copious astuteness they stand to gain not

only from there past experiences, but also from

a mature perspective of the issues that the

younger part of their family faces, is invaluable

not only to them, but also to their family. This

engagement helps both factions in increasing

their mental propriety.

 Scaffolding (SCAFF)

Scaffolding is seen from the context of

classroom learning (Bliss et al., 1996), but it is

pertinent in real-life too. When family falls into

trouble, elderly of the family can give an

objective perspective on the same. Therefore, it

becomes easier to come up with prospective

solutions that can be implemented to solve this

problem. Elderly can also help their family

understand which of the alternative solutions

might be most effective and what would be the

best way to implement it. But this cannot be

done all at once. Problems take time to become

full-blown enough for the family to speak to

their elderly about it, or ask for help (while

people might be close to their elders, they tend

to hide their problems from them for the fear of

rejection of the problem altogether, or the fear

that they will be greeted with a lack of support,

or simply because they do want to put their

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elders in a position of worry) and therefore it

would require a lot of time to be unravelled as

well. Ergo, it needs to be broken down into

chunks, and solutions for each smaller problem

needs to be dealt with, one at a time. The advice

on how to do this can also be given by the

elderly, which if the family follows, they are at

a better chance of getting their lives back on

track which is what the elderly thrive for.

4.2.2 Negative Engagement

Engagement between the senior citizens, and the

younger part of their family might not always be a

garden of roses. They will always have their

differences, and that shall affect both parties,

especially the elderly because their family means

much more to them emotionally and is a much larger

part of their life than the younger faction (Clarke et

al., 1999). Aspects of negative engagement are as

follows:

 Clash of Opinions (CLOP)

While the older demographic is prone to

thinking about what shall occur in the long run

and making decisions based on how it might

affect their future, the younger demographic is

interested in taking decisions that will make

their present life better, and not worry about

how it will impact their future in the same

situation. This leads to a clash of opinions,

wherein elders have a very mature and

farsighted approach and perspective towards a

status quo, whereas their family seem to think

that their ideas are far-fetched and too

constrained and binding. This does not fester a

healthy environment and has an adverse effect

on both factions (Birditt et al., 2017), more on

the former than the latter, since they soon after,

feel socially obligated to be the understanding

and shrewd party who is supposed to cotton on.

People generally are at a loss of words when

they go and meet their elderly, because they do

not have any common topics of interaction.

They feel that their parents and elders in the

family, are very out-of-touch, conservative,

and backdated, and do not display any interest

whatsoever, in speaking to them. These

awkward conversations and fights, have an

adverse effect on the psyche of the elderly, and

they begin to feel unwanted and useless, which

is not the case: especially not what the younger

demographic wants their elders to believe.

 Independence (INDP)

A child-centric environment fosters

protectiveness of parents/elders towards the

younger members of the family. But, this might

become extreme as the children grow up; they

require their own space and the freedom to live

their own life, but because parents are overly

attached to their children they start interfering

in their decisions and this leads to negative

engagement. Helicopter-parents are generated,

(Fingerman et al., 2012) who constantly want

to be a part of their children's life and are not

able to detach themselves from them. While the

younger demographic is right in wanting to live

their own lives on their own terms, they forget

that their elders are a huge part of it and end up

disrespecting their concern which has an

adverse impact on the psyche of the elderly,

who feel unwanted and disregarded, which is

not essentially the case. Upon the smallest of

spats, elders end up feeling like they're losing

their dignity every time they speak to their

children and younger family members and feel

as though they are a burden on their family;

there should be a symbiosis of support: the

children rely on their parents for guidance and

elders rely on their younger family for

emotional support and sustenance.

Also, having worked for everything that

they've achieved throughout their lives, most

elders want to be completely independent and

do their work on their own, without any support

from anyone. Unfortunately, their body might

not agree with their mindset, and they need to

rest more, which they might feel hampers their

independence.

 Attitudes (ATT)

Attitudes are the culmination of reactions to

external stimuli, which shapes your future

thinking, arising from your belief system and

thought process. Beliefs and Faith are

indoctrinated by a person’s family, but as time

progresses, a person becomes his choices and

proficiencies, but elders in the family, expect

younger family members to remain the same,

they have developed their beliefs based on

events that they have encountered in life, and

teach their children everything that they did

right and wrong. Unfortunately, this teaching

turns to imposition. Instead of generating

empathy, engagement generates judgement;

while the elders are not wrong in wanting their

children to take the idealist path that they

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seemed to have taught, they sometimes might

fail to understand that their children react to

situations and might have had made different

choices on second thoughts. In fact, parental

views on aging and lifestyle might change due

to their relationship with their adult children,

and differences of attitudes and opinions (Jung

& Jopp, 2019).

 Priorities (PRIO)

As a person grows, priorities change. It is

essential for a person to objectively reflect on

her life and decide what needs to be done at a

given point of life, wherein they face dilemma

and turmoil. Parents always look at their

children's lives objectively, and generally from

afar, hence they have their own take on what

their child should prioritize, which might not sit

well with the latter. Every time that they tell

their children that they are not prioritizing the

right things, children feel hurt and believe that

their parents do not have any faith in them or in

their life choices, and answer back, maybe

rudely. This makes the elders feel that their

children do not respect them anymore and are

not even ready to listen to their opinions which

hurts them and makes them feel as though they

are losing their self-worth (Pyke, 1999).

5 ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

A basic reason for differences between the two

demographics, might be the lack of communication,

and a large and potent difference of attitudes, along

with the need for healthy independence from each

other.

5.1 Key Practices

One must understand the paramount needs and issues

that the elderly have, hence there is a need to collect

data on the same. Practices to be ensured are:

 Acknowledgement of support that both

factions get from each other

 Understanding by the younger demographic

that everything that their elders tell them,

comes from a place of concern and they must

not reject it outright.

 Taking of an effort by younger members take,

to change their habits to match the expectations

of the elder members of their family.

 Mitigating attitude clashes; if the elderly are

dead set in their ways, the younger members of

the family should adjust and try to make things

right.

Figure 3: Roadmap to concept understanding.

5.2 Surveys

Surveys are a method of collecting quantitative data,

that shall help us generate an idea of what exactly the

elderly feel, and how they have or do react to their

feelings, which shall be matched quantitatively

through the answers that they provide via a scaled

metrics (ranging from 1-5). There shall be two set of

questions: one for the elderly, and the other for the

family, and along with the rating questions, there

shall be two open ended question, which shall help

encompass and understand the feelings that the two

factions have towards each other.

This study suggests metrics for further field study,

which shall be conducted. To tabulating the results,

and draw conclusions and suggest measure to

improve the dignity of the elderly, it is important to

collect prior information such as (non-exhaustive

questions):

 What did the survey takers do in their previous

jobs?

 Did they spend a lot of time away from their

family?

 Have they been over-protective of their

children?

 How often do they now interact with their

children?

This information should be asked after the survey is

taken, to help divide the takers into categories based

on their jobs, the style of parenting they adopted as

their children grew up, how they interact with their

children now, and how often they interact with their

children.

5.3 Interviews

Interviews can be conducted by answering open

ended questions which shall give a complete

perspective on what the elderly want in order to “Age

Engagement of Senior Citizens in a Family Setting to Help Revive Dignity: A Study

311

Well”; what their expectations are, what they need,

and what their family can do, which is not being done

that shall support them in a better fashion. There

might be a sense of duty they feel towards their

family, what they do to exercise it and what they want

to do, shall be better understood. This collection of

quantitative data can then be pooled, and trends and

similarities in various answers can be observed, to

give a better understanding, with a scientific

perspective of concept of “Ageing Well”.

Figure 4: Integration of analysis to generate a model.

The figure above, shows how using the

implementation of the above given suggestions, and

results that shall be tabulated from the surveys and

interviews, one can create a model, that can support

the revival of dignity of the elderly

5.4 Results

While making the elderly happy is an easy task,

sustenance of that happiness is essential to help the

process of “Aging Well”.

Anticipated results of interactions with technology

are:

 Not able to work the device due to lack of

instructions

 Incomprehensibility of interface

 Squinting over the interface to understand the

font

 Lack of interest

 Frustration due to inability of work the device

 Improvement in mood upon successful

working

 Feeling of proud achievement

Along with familial support, it is paramount for

the technology to be broad enough to include the

elderly. When the younger members of the family,

shall see that their elderly are working towards

involving themselves in the current world scenario,

they will have a lot of more common topics to interact

on. This shall help them feel more confident,

independent, and self-sufficient.

Technology is the best method to keep the elderly

connected with the world because they would not

need to step out of the house, or even move out of

their resting spots to interact with the world, and their

families, and help them feel productive and self-

reliant with least physical effort. The elderly should

be given a piece of technology to handle, and their

interactions, should be monitored, to understand the

issues that have while handling it. Further, there

should be a user story drafted, that can encompass all

common traits and a few quirks. This would help

cover all pain-points of the user, to make the interface

completely inclusive for them.

It becomes very important for them to be mentally

satisfied for them to have ‘Aged Well’. Their mental

satisfaction lies in the well-being of their family.

Hence, engagement becomes extremely important to

promote healthy ageing. A user story should be

written to include all aspect of a senior citizens’ life,

and a case study must be developed accordingly,

which can be analyzed to understand the underlying

factors to define the dimensions of “Ageing Well”

and develop technology that can supplement and

uplift filial support.

6 PROPOSED MODEL

Based on the anticipated results, the following model

has been proposed:

Figure 5: Proposed model to use Human Computer

Interaction as a tool for reviving dignity of Elderly.

As technology is modified to encompass their

needs by becoming more inclusive, it shall bring the

elderly into the changing world. Enhanced Human

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Computer Interaction that caters to their needs, will

be an approach to connect the elderly not just to their

families, but also to the world. They will no longer

remain a waning part of it, but be right there with their

families, helping the latter through their experiences

and wisdom, that shall not stagnate or remain

tenacious, but evolve with time. This shall give them

the feeling of purpose and self-fulfillment, that shall

help revive their dignity, as they feel more wanted,

respected and purposeful; mitigating differences, and

creating a positive space for both factions to learn and

discuss about life and its problems.

7 CONCLUSIONS

The future scope of this study would be to focus on

the analysis of the answers that one shall receive from

the surveys and interviews and making changes to the

proposed model. The study on the behavioural

aspects of “Aging Well” shall help get a scientific

understanding of the concept itself, and collecting all

information, mapping it appropriately, to predict

behaviour upon certain input stimuli by creating a

model that can do that, which would be the next step

forward to understanding social concepts

algorithmically.

One can therefore derive, that while certain

aspects of “Ageing well” is common for everyone,

each person will have their own needs to be fulfilled

for accomplishing the concept; and the degree of

demand of fulfilment of a need, shall vary according

to the dimension of the need, and how well set into

the story of each individual it is (Kapteyn, 2015). The

meaning of dignity too, changes for older adults; from

being respected for the work they do by the society,

to being self-reliant, and understood by their family.

Studies show that to have themselves acknowledged,

elders even tone down their illnesses, to preserve their

dignity (Clancy et al., 2021). To help revive the

dignity of elders, it is essential to include technology,

and use it as a weapon (by understanding their current

interactions and use it to inspire future changes) to

restore elderly dignity and help them “Age Well”,

through fulfilment, and mental satiation.

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