Hybrid Ludo: Combination of a Tangible UI for Seniors and a

Web-based Ludo Game

Bernhard Wohlmacher

, Fabian Mertl

, Holger Klapperich

and Alina Huldtgren

Hochschule Düsseldorf, Münsterstr. 156, 40476 Düsseldorf, Germany

Keywords: Tangible User Interfaces, Games for Seniors, Intergenerational.

Abstract: During the ongoing pandemic, the need for senior-friendly remote communication systems became more than

apparent. While communication could be switched with little effort from face-2-face to online video

conferencing in many areas of life, these systems still provide barriers for a broad range of older people. In

addition, the simple provision of a digital communication tool does not inherently provide opportunities for

meaningful interactions and the creation of new memories. However, especially in times of (physical) contact

limitations, it is not sufficient to do video telephony but also to engage in remote activities that are meaningful,

playful, and lead to shared memories. We posit that a hybrid system offering tangible and web-based

interactions, while each being adapted to the living situations of particular users (e.g. seniors and their younger

relatives), can overcome the lack of meaningful engagement in existing video telephony systems. This paper

provides a new interaction concept based on hybrid user interfaces and describes the development of a proof-

of-concept prototype of a digital game of Ludo that comprises a senior-friendly tangible interface, a web-

based interface, and an integrated video conferencing function.

1 INTRODUCTION

Loneliness is a central problem of old age (Armitage

& Nellums, 2020; Brooks S K et al., 2020; Cudjoe &

Kotwal, 2020) that intensified during the last two

years of the Covid-19 pandemic. Already before the

pandemic, old citizens, who were less mobile, lived in

rural areas and/or had relatives living far away

suffered from loneliness and relied on communication

technologies, foremost the telephone, to stay in touch

with their social network. They rarely used video

telephony or social media to connect (Sacco et al.,

2020), among other reasons due to fear of making a

mistake or because they perceived technologies to be

too complicated.

However, during the pandemic, loneliness

increased exponentially due to additional limitations

of physical contact. In our country, we experienced

times of complete lockdown; visitors were not

allowed into care homes, and only people from two

households could meet at home. Whereas companies

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6069-5666

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6923-2526

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0321-6187

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0542-8626

and universities quickly transitioned to home office or

remote teaching settings, using collaboration and

communication software including video telephony

(e.g. Zoom, MS Teams), seniors coped less easily.

Many seniors are not familiar with these tools or do

not have access to computers or mobile devices (e.g.

in care homes). Especially people with mild cognitive

impairments or dementia have problems getting

accustomed to digital technologies.

Furthermore, even if older adults connect to their

relatives through communication technologies,

conversational difficulties arise due to a lack of recent

shared experiences to talk about (due to immobility or

lockdown) as well as a lack of meaningful interactions

with each other at the time of the call. Especially in

intergenerational communication, e.g. between an

older and younger relative or caregiver,

conversational hurdles may include different living

circumstances and foci as well as a lack of knowledge

about the others’ backgrounds. Some research has

suggested providing so-called ‘Tickets-to-Talk’ to

Wohlmacher, B., Mertl, F., Klapperich, H. and Huldtgren, A.

Hybrid Ludo: Combination of a Tangible UI for Seniors and a Web-based Ludo Game.

DOI: 10.5220/0011069500003188

In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health (ICT4AWE 2022), pages 283-290

ISBN: 978-989-758-566-1; ISSN: 2184-4984

283

trigger intergenerational conversations in the context

of dementia, providing young carers with an app

(Welsh et al., 2018). “Ticket to Talk” provides

inspiration in the form of generic suggestions,

personalised with information from the older person’s

profile. These prompts typically invite the young

person to find out a bit of information about the life

history of the person they are creating tickets for, and

to create media related to this. For example: “Steven

was 18 in 1940, can you find a picture of London at

that time?” (ibid, p.375). While this approach can lead

to more meaningful conversations, it does not solve

the problem of fostering significant interactions and

creating new memories. In our view, video telephony

is an important technology to connect humans, but it

is only a means to an end. We need to create a

meaningful social practice as a reason to feel

connected, satisfying the psychological need for

relatedness (Hassenzahl et al., 2012).

New concepts and systems are needed to allow for

more meaningful engagement between remote

people. For technology-savvy people, online gaming

platforms or shared TV watching tools provide

solutions to engage in a shared activity while remote.

However, these tools are often not used by seniors

who are not technology-savvy.

Thus, the central research question in our work is

“How can we provide a system for intergenerational

engagement over a distance?” Subquestions include

“How can we allow seniors with little or no digital

experience to engage with others remotely?” and

“Through which activity can we trigger engaging,

affective and meaningful interactions that provide

memorable experiences?”

The goal of the work presented in this paper is to

provide a novel approach to online communication

and interactions by employing hybrid user interfaces

in the context of traditional gameplay and a technical

proof-of-concept in the form of a running prototype.

2 RELATED WORK

2.1 Closeness at a Distance and

Wellbeing

In general, closeness at a distance is essential for

humans because it can satisfy the psychological need

for relatedness and thereby increase subjective

wellbeing. Also, Ryan and Deci’s Self Determination

Theory identifies relatedness in addition to autonomy

and competence as the primary needs motivating

human behaviour (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Hassenzahl

and colleagues (Hassenzahl et al., 2012) introduced

technology-based concepts for partners in long-

distance relationships, which enable closeness at a

distance, but also create a social practice by inscribing

the meaning of relatedness. For instance, the concept

of awareness is based on devices (e.g. a digital picture

frame), which show a moment with someone you feel

related to. Another idea is to give a gift to a related

person, which could be an individual recipe for a

shared lunch, or to keep memories alive by collecting

sounds of a shared moment. All those strategies could

be used in a close relationship, but also over a

distance. The authors argue, “besides the challenge to

point out the benefits of alternative, less explicit forms

of communication, we require more profound insights

into people’s acceptance and willingness to use such

devices.” (Hassenzahl et al., 2012, p.15).

2.2 HCI for Intergenerational

Communication

In their literature review, Reis and colleagues (2021)

identified that technology for intergenerational

connectivity is an emerging field, while interventions

are mainly game-focused. They argued for a more

multidisciplinary approach to balance the lack of

methods and consistent vocabulary. Moreover, they

state that “[t]he increasingly ubiquitous and flexible

nature of technology is enabling innovative and

exciting approaches to connect youth and older adults

in many ways” (Reis et al., 2021, p.17)

A central problem leading to conversational

difficulties across generations is the generational gap

that can form barriers and unfamiliarity with an older

person’s experiences (Powell & Arquitt, 1978). In a

study about the use of information and

communication technology (ICT) with focus-groups

of young and old people, Pieri and Diamantinir found

out that “[…] while elderly use the cell phone almost

exclusively to make calls, young people make a more

intensive use of it, since they also exchange text

messages, use it as a personal agenda, listen to music,

take pictures and so on. The relationship with the cell

phone can become almost symbiotic” (Pieri &

Diamantinir, 2010, p. 2424).

Especially for people with dementia, a condition

affecting older people more often, digital

communication technology is hard to approach due to

cognitive impairments and difficulties to learn new

things. Systems need to be designed to promote

acceptance and enable the usage in an everyday

context, not only for people with dementia but also for

people who want to communicate with them.

The concept “Ticket-To-Talk” (Welsh et al.,

2018) is an interesting example, which shows how

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284

communication technology for intergenerational use

could offer an occasion to talk. It suggests

communication topics through a digital application,

based on the life story of the person with dementia.

By introducing individual bibliographic data, the

person with dementia could easier remember the

personal conversation topic, and the communication

partner does not need to search for an appropriate

subject.

2.3 Older People and (Digital) Gaming

Previous studies found that a higher frequency of

gameplay in old age was associated with a higher

cognitive function. Playing more games was also

associated with less general cognitive decline from

age 70 to 79, and particularly less decline in memory

ability. Also, playing games frequently between 70

and 76 was associated with less decline in cognitive

speed (Altschul & Deary, 2020).

In addition, playing digital games with

educational elements can lead to an improvement of

the quality of life for older people by helping them to

strengthen ties with friends and thus decreasing

loneliness. The digital online bingo game “Live Well,

Live Healthy!” uses a bingo game to ask users

questions about different aspects of well-being

(nutrition, physical activities, psychological issues

and social environment). The results of the user test

showed that playing the game could increase the

quality of life significantly (Sauvé et al, 2016).

Based on an analysis of different game designs,

Soldati et al. (2020) described how social interaction

between older people and players from another

generation could be positively triggered and thereby

increase subjective wellbeing. Just like the ‘Ticket-

To-Talk’ principle, games could create an occasion

for communication or “[…] motivate relatives to visit

older people more often, so that the elderly are not

forgotten” (Soldati et al., 2020, p.1).

The authors also refer to Ryan and Deci’s self-

determining theory in the context of playing games.

Intergenerational players can be competent and

autonomous in the game while feeling connected to

other players through the game.

2.4 Tangible UIs for Older People

Tangible user interfaces (TUI) have a high potential

to bridge the gap between the digital and the physical

world. In particular for older people or people with

dementia, it matters if digital technology could also be

experienced physically. Especially physical everyday

artefacts, which hold meaning for the older people’s

generation, help trigger a person’s memories and

mitigate barriers of acceptance (Spreicer, 2011). Bong

et al. (2018) describe in a literature review that TUIs

make digital technology more accessible because they

“[…] can be a more natural, intuitive, and easier

interaction for older people, which might also result

in less cognitive and physical efforts required of

them” (Bong et al., 2018).

In the following we outline three recent works in

the area of tangible interfaces for gaming and for

communicating over a distance.

An excellent example of gaming is the tangible

serious chess game by Eichhorn and colleagues

(2021). The tangible uses a tablet as user interface as

well as a game board. Pieces are printed with

conductive material to recognize the players’

movements on the tablet. It is highly adapted to the

needs of people with dementia. The authors provide

different considerations for design aspects, like

feedback, assistance or color themes. For example, the

pieces are designed in a way that users can distinguish

the figures from each other. Additionally, the game

uses fewer pieces so that game complexity is low.

Players can choose between three scenarios: the

tutorial, training and play scenario, where as in the last

scenario, one plays with a virtual opponent. This

opponent adjusts to the cognitive skills of the user.

The authors also implemented auditory feedback

when players try to perform illegal or impossible

moves. In all three levels, a companion supports the

user through providing useful information and tasks.

Last, the interface is highly customizable with

different color themes and a 2D- or 3D-view and the

design is very detailed for older people. Nevertheless,

it lacks in initiating social interaction.

Another playful, but not game-based tangible user

interface that fosters building up social closeness is

the Story-Me system, a slot-machine-like device (Li

et al., 2019). It focuses on playful “intergenerational

story-sharing regarding life story and family memento

story, between older adults living in nursing home and

their children” (Li et al., 2019, p.245). The system

consists of a tangible device for the older adults

looking like a slot machine connected to a remote

mobile application used by their children. Children

can send photos and questions to the Story-Me system

and the older adults use the slot-machine-like

mechanic to switch between these trigger images or

questions. If they want to reply and tell stories around

them, they can record and send audio with two

hardware buttons. The positive aspects of this work

related to our research is the self-determined usage

and the provision of means to establish playful rituals

in intergenerational and social exchange.

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285

Another system similar to the previous examples, is

the “Grandtotem” (Butzer et al., 2020). It combines a

remote mobile app used by family members, in this

case, grandchildren studying abroad, with a tangible

object for older people. Grandtotem functions in

several ways as focal point for social rituals, including

a photo frame and a relationship media album. (Butzer

et al., 2020). The wooden rectangular device is

equipped with touch screens at two sides, an analog

photo frame on the third side and a hinge at the top to

flip up a webcam. The tangible enables the older

people to receive and send video messages in an easy

way as well as browse through a gallery or enjoy a

slide show. “The grandparent can also send a

lightweight ‘touch’, by physically touching the base

of the totem” (Butzer et al., 2020, p. 230) to the mobile

app, which has been evaluated positively. It was found

that users on both sides happily received video

messages but were less keen on sending their own.

Recommendations include that notifications need to

be more visible and persistent. Last, the authors

emphasized that other researchers should take into

account that older users have to adapt to the

technology first, that there might be physical barriers

and that roles can change during interactions.

Summarizing, all prototypes reveal the necessity

to understand how older people can adapt their

individual ways to technology and design systems

carefully with social rituals in mind. TUIs seem to

work best if they keep focus on one or two primary

functions.

3 HYBRID GAMING OVER A

DISTANCE: CONCEPT DESIGN

We need to create a meaningful social practice as a

reason for feeling connected to satisfy the

psychological need for relatedness (Hassenzahl et al.,

2012). Shove et al. (Shove et al., 2012) define social

practice based on the three elements ‘meaning’,

‘competencies’ and ‘material’. As designers and

developers, we often design the material first. In the

case at hand, the material needs to introduce a

common topic to connect people over a distance. For

example, a topic could be the weather, introduced

through a weather station. Or a conversation about

relatives, introduced through a digital photo book,

showing the latest family event. We chose to use a

board game as a trigger for engagement. Shared

gameplay can be considered a meaningful activity

across generations. While children naturally engage in

play and start playing games more strategically

around age 5, traditional board games are still a key

social activity for older people (at home, in care

homes, or in community centres). Even people with

mild cognitive impairments or early-stage dementia

often remember the rules of games played throughout

their lives. In addition to the fun, playing known

games also provides the players with the sense of

competence and therefore self-determination.

However, when playing remotely using a web

interface this feeling of older adult’s competence can

be undermined by the difficulties of interacting with

the technology.

To address this problem, we created the concept of

hybrid gaming over a distance. ‘Hybrid’ refers to the

combination of using a physical playfield that is

technologically enhanced on the one side and a

completely digital, web-based playfield on the other

side. Both connect players with different

competencies in using technology and different

lifestyles. While the tangible UI provides a low

threshold game experience for people who are not

technology-savvy, the web interface allows people

familiar with technology to use it wherever they want,

even while on the go. Both UIs are connected via a

network connection (e.g. a webserver). The artefacts

are also paired with video communication technology,

helping users communicate reasonably natural while

engaging with the material in a meaningful and

competence-based interaction. Thereby, it has the

potential to create a new social practice in terms of

Shove et al.’s (2012) theory.

In the following we provide a detailed technical

description of our proof-of-concept prototype.

4 CASE: HYBRID LUDO

4.1 Design Concept

We implemented a hybrid version of the traditional

board game Ludo, as it is a game that has been played

by many generations and is still popular. Thus, it can

be expected that most people know the rules, whether

young or old. We created a physical interactive board

game for older participants, including video

conferencing functionality. A screen could be pulled

out of the wooden game case. The case holds the

interactive LED-based playfield. The physical figures

and dice are in a drawer that can be opened on the side

of the case. The tangible UI allows older people to

play Ludo in the same way that one would do with the

traditional board game. The only exception is that the

player needs to confirm their move to transmit the

information via the network to the digital game UI.

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The (younger) relatives can use the web interface

anywhere they want by simply accessing it through a

computer, laptop, or smartphone. The web UI uses

animations of the game figures to show their

movements, while the tangible UI shows the online

player’s moves through LED lights. When a piece is

“thrown out”, the figure/light moves back into the

starting circles. Rolling the dice on the web UI is done

by clicking the corresponding button. The user of the

tangible UI uses a real dice. In the following, we

describe the implementation in detail.

4.2 UI Design Considerations for Older

People

When designing for older people, some guidelines

must be respected. The contrast vision and the hearing

ability decrease. The decrease of color vision most of

the time happens due to previous illness (Lord et al.,

1991, Berninger et al., 1999). Hearing loss can be as

high as 20db in the frequency spectrum most

important for speech, between 500 Hz and 4 kHz

(Hesse et al., 2014;

Meyer-Eppler, 1950). To avoid

frustration, interactions should be designed intuitively

and directly (Burchardt & Uszkoreit, 2018). We tried

to implement the guidelines by developing a tangible

user interface with natural input and using bright, high

contrast colors on the playfield as well as volume-

adjustable sound output.

4.3 Implementation of the Tangible

Ludo Game

4.3.1 General Hardware

We chose oiled oak wood for the outer case for the

prototype unit, giving it a pleasant and valuable look

and keeping it robust. To lower the weight, we milled

off the inner parts of the case. We used MDF wood

for the base plate. The inside (Figure 1) offers enough

space for arranging electronic hardware like the pull-

out display or the drawer. Facing the prototype from

the front (Figure 2), two rotary knobs can be used to

adjust the game’s brightness and the system volume.

In addition, three buttons are provided for further

interaction, such as confirming a move.

4.3.2 Electronic Components

One of the critical components the player interacts

with is the interactive playing field. It provides visual

feedback of the opponent’s position and the player’s

pieces using LEDs and recognizes their moves using

hall sensors.

A classic ludo field can be represented by an

11x11 matrix, deriving a need of 121 LEDs and

sensors. Accordingly, we designed a custom PCB

Figure 1.

1: Raspberry Pi 4B Mainboard

2: Pull-out display unit with microphone and webcam

3: ESP8266 SoC for discrete control of the matrix

4: 5W speaker

5: PAM8403 audio amplifier

6: 5V step-down converter

7: Drawer for playing pieces and dice

Figure 2: Front view showing controls.

Figure 3: Single row PCB design.

Hybrid Ludo: Combination of a Tangible UI for Seniors and a Web-based Ludo Game

287

Figure 4: LED and sensor Matrix.

Figure 5: Diffusor array.

containing 11 WS2812b RGB LEDs, 11 AH3503

linear hall sensors, and a CD74HC4067 analog

multiplexer (Figure 3). 11 PCBs are combined to a

complete game matrix (Figure 4). In addition, the use

of analog hall sensors, determining a higher

sensitivity in magnetic field strengths and polarity,

enables several playing pieces to be differentiated.

The PCBs are designed to connect the

multiplexer’s address inputs in parallel, and the LEDs

are daisy-chained. Each row’s multiplexer output is

fed into a column multiplexer, generating one analog

output for all hall sensors. At the same time, eight

address pins are required for the multiplexers. As the

AH3503 sensors can draw up to 11mA each, we

included a ULN2803 Darlington array to switch off

the sensors if not in use. Splitting the multiplexing

into rows and columns by only using 11 of the

16 inputs enables direct addressing rather than

https://www.felix-riesterer.de/self/maedn/

Figure 6: Game canvas of the web interface.

calculating the position of a sensor in the matrix. An

ESP8266 SoC does the processing to simplify testing

and programming. The connection is established via

USB Serial, and simple commands can be used to

control the matrix and retrieve the current positions of

the play pieces. To diffuse the LEDs, we 3D printed a

lens array that also serves as a playing field (Figure

5). Besides the matrix, we also integrated a 5-inch

touchscreen that can be pulled out of the case’s back

and flipped up to present a video call with the

opponent. The screen is attached with a standard full

HD USB webcam and microphone. A 5W speaker

provides an adequate audio output.

The prototype is based on a Raspberry PI 4B with

4GB of RAM running Raspbian, winning with a small

footprint and sufficient CPU performance to host the

web interface and manage video calls. The PI handles

both communications with the electronic components,

like the LED-matrix, and hosts a web application for

logic and interfaces. We established the

communication between the Raspberry and the matrix

using the NodeJS based serial port library. A simple

set of commands helps to minimize the serial port’s

traffic. For example, one character and three integers

(function, row, column, colour) are sent to control one

LED. A changed position of a piece can be requested

from the sensor matrix, or the ESP8266 can auto-sent

new coordinates as soon as a change occurs.

4.3.3 Web Interface

An Apache web server provides the web interface and

the game logic written in JavaScript, based on the

implementation by Felix Riesterer

. We modified the

input routine to add interface compatibility with the

prototype and chose a web interface to ensure a non-

specific OS use on the opponent’s device. The web

interface contains an interactive ludo playing field in

wood design, showing both the online player’s and the

opponent’s positions (Figure 6).

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5 DISCUSSION

We successfully implemented a proof-of-concept

prototype for the described concept of ‘hybrid gaming

over a distance’, thereby showing the technological

feasibility of the introduced concept. The concept is

based on our own experiences in designing solutions

for technologically mediated socio-emotional

communication of older adults and intergenerational

and insights from the literature on creating closeness

over a distance. The reason to choose a hybrid form

of a tangible interface and a digital application is the

multigenerational context. The combination lowers

barriers for both target groups and potentially raises

their acceptance. Each user might easily integrate this

new social gaming practice over a distance in his or

her individual’s everyday routine.

The main limitation of the work presented is lack

of involvement of the target audience throughout the

project. At the beginning a participatory approach was

envisioning with regular involvement of seniors

recruited by a social senior care worker of the Caritas.

However, due to the covid-19 pandemic, restrictions

in meeting people placed a barrier to interact with the

target group (i.e. people who are not used to digital

devices or online video calling) and also to meet

physically within the project team. Therefore, the

development was done over a distance, and it was not

possible to iteratively evaluate the concept in the wild

with possible users. The social care worker was

involved throughout the project giving valuable

insights and feedback. We were finally able to test the

prototype at the university with him representing the

needs of the older adults and a younger employee who

was not involved during the design and development.

While an in-situ evaluation is still essential to

validate the concept and to improve the design, this

first prototype test of the care worker already led to

research questions, which will be answered in the

ongoing course of the project. For instance, ‘how

important are the audio and video communication

during the gameplay for both sides?’ Especially since

the prototype leaves some room for cheating on the

game (e.g., when the older user does not move

according to the pips on the dice), the video may

support the other users to reveal the cheat. This can

lead to emotional but also joyful interactions. We also

hypothesize that just the gameplay does not have the

power to create relatedness over a distance, but it

could be reached in combination with at least audio

and ideally video transmission. However, other hybrid

activities over a distance, e.g., music-making, could

satisfy the need for relatedness without conversation.

More research needs to investigate the social practices

around hybrid interactions and the resulting technical

ecology. As soon as the pandemic situation allows, we

will conduct user testing with the target group.

6 CONCLUSIONS

To sum up, we introduced the concept of hybrid

gaming over a distance to mitigate the lack of

meaningful, intergenerational communication in

online video communication. We implemented a

hybrid ludo game, which consists of a tangible board

game for seniors connected to a digital application for

younger people who would like to play and

communicate with the older person. In addition, we

proved the technical feasibility of the concept. Future

work will focus on iterative testing and improvements

towards a stable system.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the Caritas Düsseldorf e.V. for support as

well as our students for the development of the game

In addition, we thank Felix Riesterer for providing the

underlying game logic open source.

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