Systematic Literature Review: Identification of Causes and

Integrated Interventions to Reduce Domestic Violence

Sirajuddin Islam

and Endang Sri Indrawati

Human Resource Development, Post Graduate School, Airlangga University,

Jl. Airlangga No 4-6, 60115, Surabaya, Indonesia

Fakulty of Psychology, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, 50275, Semarang, Indonesia

Keywords: Domestic Violence, Intimate Partner Violence, Empowerment Family.

Abstract: The occurrence of domestic violence is generally a consequence of weak power, empowerment, and gender

equality in society. Cases of domestic violence are dominated by men as perpetrators, but it is still possible

for women to become perpetrators of such violence. This study aims to comprehensively discuss the causes

of domestic violence, as well as interventions that can be carried out on perpetrators of domestic violence.

This literature study uses several scientific articles related to domestic violence published from 2010 to 2021

from several international article sites. Researchers look for articles that are relevant to the research objectives

using keywords such as domestic violence, women's empowerment, family empowerment. We categorize the

causes of domestic violence, namely the existence of a culture of gender inequality in society, the experience

of witnessing violence in childhood, women with feelings of superiority complex, and women with feelings

of inferiority complex. This study explains that interventions that can be carried out must be adjusted to the

causes of domestic violence such as empowerment programs to transform gender inequality norms in society,

interventions in the form of emotional regulation training, religiosity therapy, and family-based counselling.

1 INTRODUCTION

The World Health Organization or WHO has defined

domestic violence as behavior in intimate

relationships that causes physical, psychological or

sexual harm (Afandi et al., 2017). Domestic violence

is behavior in intimate relationships that causes

physical, psychological, and sexual harm to

individuals in the relationship (Dhakal et al., 2014).

Domestic violence aims to gain power and control

over a partner or other family members (Fleming et

al., 2015). In some groups, men use violence against

women to maintain their power over women (Schuler

et al., 2018).

Domestic violence can be in the form of sexual,

psychological, and physical violence (Nisa &

Rahmita, 2018). The form of physical violence in the

household can be in the form of slaps, blows using

hands or objects, being pushed, kicked. Meanwhile,

forms of sexual violence such as the occurrence of

coercion to have sex when one of them does not want

it, having sex because of the fear of the threat

received, the existence of coercion to take actions that

can degrade themselves sexually (Hayati et al., 2011).

Psychological violence implies all kinds of threats,

insults and expressions of suspicion towards a partner

(Bhattacharya & Bhattacharya, 2014). In addition,

domestic violence has various health impacts related

to physical, psychological, and reproductive health

(Dhakal et al., 2014).

The problem of domestic violence still requires

more attention from society and the government

because there are relatively many cases in Indonesia.

Based on Women National Commission’s 2020

Annual Records, the number of cases of Violence

against Women (KtP) throughout 2020 was 299,911

cases (National Commission On Violence Against

Women, 2021). The number of cases of domestic

violence may increase due to the impact of the Covid-

19 pandemic. Domestic violence can increase

because of regulations related to restrictions imposed

by the government to control the spread of Covid-19

that cause people to feel economically insecure, stress

related to poverty, loss of work or reduced working

hours, quarantine, and social isolation (Muldoon et

al., 2021).

There are still many cases of domestic violence

that are not yet known because many victims of

Islam, S. and Indrawati, E.

Systematic Literature Review: Identiﬁcation of Causes and Integrated Interventions to Reduce Domestic Violence.

DOI: 10.5220/0010809400003347

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Psychological Studies (ICPsyche 2021), pages 111-118

ISBN: 978-989-758-580-7

111

violence choose to remain silent. Only a few victims

reported the conditions of violence they experienced

because of shame, fear of reprisals from the

perpetrators, and lack of concern for the police. When

the violence experienced becomes intolerable or can

lead to death, the woman will be willing to report it

(Bhattacharya & Bhattacharya, 2014). Most women

prefer not to report physical assault or sexual violence

because of gender norms, fear of retaliation, shame,

and feelings of love for their partner (Afandi et al.,

2017).

Many factors influence domestic violence, such as

low education levels, husbands who consume

alcohol, couples living together without getting

married, marrying at a young age, experiencing

violence during childhood, living in an environment

that supports domestic violence (Abramsky et al.,

2011). Some of the causes of domestic violence, one

of which is the inequality of gender norms in society.

Gender norms based on culture and religion in a

society give men absolute authority over women

(Hayati et al., 2011). Male behaviors commonly

associated with traditional masculinity, such as

controlling the behavior of their partners, fighting

with other men, engaging in sexual activity with

different women (Abramsky et al., 2011; Agrawal et

al., 2014). Husbands tend to think that their wives are

completely owned by their husbands, so they can

freely treat their wives, even though this can hurt their

wives physically and psychologically. In addition, in

a marriage the husband acts as the breadwinner, while

the wife as a housewife who must submit to every

decision and action of their husband (Nisa &

Rahmita, 2018). The existence of inequality in

women's social roles can be a cause of domestic

violence (Rahmah et al., 2020).

Unfortunately, in societies with gender inequality,

empowerment with the aim of giving women the

ability to make strategic life choices can violate men's

social norms, which can lead to violent responses

(Kelly-Hanku et al., 2016). Violent marriages are

often a consequence of disputes over the division of

labor, and the wife's higher educational attainment

than her husband's (Bhattacharya & Bhattacharya,

2014). Therefore, domestic violence against women

requires a comprehensive approach to empower

women economically, changing gender norms in

improving women's communication and negotiation

skills.

In another finding, it is explained that in addition

to men who are perpetrators of violence, women also

have the potential to commit domestic violence. Men

and women have the same potential to commit

domestic violence (McKeown, 2014). Based on the

results of a study conducted on 1,668 men in Korea,

it was found that the prevalence of men who became

victims of domestic violence ranged from 1.7% to

23.3%, depending on the type of violence (Ferraresso,

2020). This shows that women have the potential to

commit acts of violence even in a marital relationship.

Women who have the potential to commit domestic

violence can be divided into two types. The first type

is motivated by a feeling of superiority to wives who

have economic advantages over their husbands. The

second type is motivated by feelings of inferiority

complex on the wife because the husband is

considered superior to herself.

Other cause of domestic violence is the

experience of witnessing domestic violence during

childhood. The experience of witnessing and

experiencing domestic violence is a traumatic event

because the violence is carried out by the closest

people to the child, the family who should provide a

sense of security, instead displays and provides

violence that creates fear, insecurity, and anger

(Margaretha et al., 2013). The experience of physical

violence against boys and sexual harassment against

girls is a factor that causes domestic violence in the

future (Abramsky et al., 2011). Furthermore, violence

against partners was significantly associated with

education level, place of residence, economic status,

having witnessed violence during childhood,

husband's behavior in power, husband who consumed

alcohol (Semahegn et al., 2019).

Based on this discussion, researchers are

interested in conducting a more in-depth study of

women as victims of domestic violence. All women

have the potential to become victims of domestic

violence, however, it is still possible in a minority of

women to become perpetrators of such violence.

There needs to be a comprehensive discussion related

to the phenomenon of domestic violence. Therefore,

the purpose of this study is to comprehensively

discuss the causes of domestic violence, as well as

interventions that can be carried out against

perpetrators of domestic violence.

2 METHODS

This study uses a Systematic Literature Review

approach with data sources coming from journal

literature published from 2010 to 2021 from several

international journal sites, such as Scopus,

SpringerLink, ResearchGate, Sciencedirect, and

GoogleScholar. The population of research data is

journals related to domestic violence as many as 23

journals.

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

112

In this study, there are three stages of conducting

a review: planning, conducting, and reporting (Zhu et

al., 2018). At the planning stage, researchers

formulate research questions that will be used to

guide the process of searching and extracting

literature. The next stage is the conducting stage

which is the implementation of the review. At this

stage, it can be started by determining the keywords

for the literature search, followed by determining the

source of the literature search. After all the literature

is obtained, then select the literature that is adjusted

to the inclusion and exclusion criteria that have been

determined by the researcher. The literatures are then

extracted data which is then continued by

synthesizing various things found from these

literatures. The last stage is reporting which is the

process of writing the results of a literature review.

2.1 Research Question

The process in formulating research questions based

on PICOC is Population, Intervention, Comparation,

Outcome, and Context.

Table 1: Summary of PICOC Causes Identification and

Integrated Interventions to Reduce Domestic Violence.

Population

Women from adolescence to

adulthood

Intervention Interventions in the psychological

Comparison n/a

Outcome

Causative factors and intervention

strategies to prevent domestic

violence

Context

Research on rural and urban

communities

The research questions formulated in this study

are what causes domestic violence to occur, how

domestic violence can occur to women and men, what

psychological interventions can be done against

perpetrators of domestic violence, what actions or

programs can be proposed to the government or

related parties to reduce cases of domestic violence.

2.2 Conducting

Researchers look for journals that are relevant to the

research question that has been formulated using

keywords, such as Domestic Violence,

Empowerment Woman, Empowerment Family from

several international journal sites, such as Scopus,

SpringerLink, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, and

GoogleScholars. Researchers also use Mendeley to

make it easier to manage the literature that has been

obtained.

After getting a lot of literature, the researcher

chose the appropriate literature by making inclusion

and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria in this

study are research published in 2015 to 2021, research

samples are women and girls, The results of the

research are in the form of causal factors and

intervention strategies to prevent domestic violence,

psychological-based intervention or empowerment

approaches, and English-language research. The

exclusion criteria in this study are research published

in 2010 to 2014, the study sample was male, the

results of the study were the prevalence of cases of

domestic violence, and intervention or empowerment

approaches other than psychological.

The next step is to extract the literature and then

collect the data to answer research questions. The data

extracted in this study includes quantitative data and

qualitative data. After the extraction process is

complete, it is continued with the data synthesis

process which aims to collect evidence from the

selected literature to answer research questions.

3 DISCUSSION

Domestic violence is often used to seize power and

maintain control from one person over another. One

of the causes of domestic violence described above is

the inequality of gender norms in society. When

violence occurs and is justified by culture and

religion, then it is accepted and tolerated by

community members, thus shaping the attitudes and

behavior of the community (Arisukwu et al., 2021).

The existence of a strong patriarchy culture in

society, as well as a culture of silence on the actions

of men and the normalization of violence against

women can underlie the occurrence of domestic

violence (Dhakal et al., 2014; Rahmah et al., 2020).

In a patriarchy culture, the role of men as the sole

ruler, has the main control in society, while women

have little influence or no rights in general areas in

society, both economically, socially, politically, and

psychologically, even in marriage (Sakina & Siti,

2017). Patriarchy culture has had a negative impact

on women's lives, such as marginalization of women,

subordination of women, labeling or stereotyping

against women, and the occurrence of violence and

crimes against women (Wandi, 2015). In addition,

attitudes towards violence affect women's responses

to domestic violence. If the woman agrees with an

Systematic Literature Review: Identiﬁcation of Causes and Integrated Interventions to Reduce Domestic Violence

113

understanding of domestic violence, the more likely

she is to blame herself for the violence, and the more

likely she is to experience negative impacts from the

violence (Hayati et al., 2011). This phenomenon

shows that women are in a state of helplessness and

live in conditions of compliance with prevailing

social norms.

The level of education and culture of the

community can influence people's perceptions of

domestic violence (Arisukwu et al., 2021). Improved

access to education for girls and boys with the aim of

changing gender norms and attitudes towards the

opposite sex, overcoming experiences of abuse

(Abramsky et al., 2011). Several intervention studies

that have been conducted in several countries reveal

that the transformation of gender norms through

behavior change and programs that focus on

communication can promote gender equality norms

and prevent domestic violence against women

(Semahegn et al., 2019). In addition, community

mobilization and creating awareness to change

gender norms can reduce violence against partners.

Another cause of domestic violence is the

experience of witnessing domestic violence during

childhood. If a child witnessed domestic violence in

his childhood, it may have a deep and terrible impact

on his mindset. Children who witness incidents of

violence within the family may experience physical,

mental, and emotional disturbances (Margaretha et

al., 2013). If the child is used to such incidents at

home, then the child has a tendency to reciprocate the

same thing in later life (Bhattacharya & Bhattacharya,

2014). Witnessing violence between parents by a

child is a strong predictor of further domestic

violence that the child will commit (Heise &

Kotsadam, 2015).

The impact of witnessing violence against

children can cause various problems both in the short

term, such as threats to the safety of children's lives,

damage to family structures, the emergence of

various mental disorders. Meanwhile, in the long

term, the child has the potential to be involved in

violent and abusive behavior in the future, both as

perpetrators and victims (Margaretha et al., 2013).

Boys who witness domestic violence are more likely

to agree with violence, believe that violence can

improve a person's reputation, and to justify their

violent behavior, compared to boys who do not

witness domestic violence. Witnessing domestic

violence in childhood increases the risk of similar

behavior later in life for boys by about 56% or 63%,

depending on the severity (Roberts et al., 2010).

According to Hotaling & Sugarman in their empirical

study, men who observe domestic violence in their

childhood are more likely to become perpetrators of

violence against their partners (Renner & Whitney,

2012).

Further discussion regarding this phenomenon

according to the perspective of modeling theory

where this theory is an application of social learning

theory that by Albert Bandura. Modeling is basically

observational learning, where the results of these

observations can teach a certain skill and behavior

(Abdullah, 2019). Individuals will make observations

on the attitudes and behavior of other individuals, the

results of these observations will be imitated so that

other individuals will be used as role models for

themselves (Kaparang, 2013). When a child

witnesses domestic violence perpetrated by his father

against his mother, the event will be stored in the

child's long-term memory, which is then actualized in

the form of reflex motion (unconscious motion) as

adult, and has low self-control. In line with the

findings of Coccaro which explains that domestic

violence is often seen as a consequence of

Intermittent Explosive Disorder, namely the inability

of a person to control the urge to act aggressively

(Bhattacharya & Bhattacharya, 2014).

In another discussion, when a boy finds out his

father is violent against his mother, and has an affair

with another woman, then the child will be angry with

his father, and in its development the child will also

be angry with his father's mistress. The experience of

domestic violence can cause the child to develop a

false perception of violence (Margaretha et al., 2013).

This condition creates negative stereotypes towards

women which causes a decrease in respect for

women, disrespect for women, and a decrease in

concern for women. If the boy is married, then he has

the potential to commit domestic violence because his

concern for women decreases.

In addition, there is another finding that when a

son grows up with a high ego, and witnesses his father

cheating, then the child may judge that the incident

was his mother's fault. When the boy attributes that

his father's infidelity was caused by his mother's fault,

because the mother is not able to carry out her

responsibilities, it can destroy his happiness which

already has a complete family. This condition causes

feelings of hatred and anger towards their mothers,

and causes the appreciation of women to decrease.

When the son is married, the potential for domestic

violence against his wife is high.

In the following discussion, it was found that

women also have the potential to commit domestic

violence. Several men were found to be victims of

physical violence from their partners (Rode et al.,

2015). According to the NFHS-III survey in India,

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

114

553 out of 72,693 women surveyed admitted to

having hurt their partner, even though their husbands

were not violent towards them. This condition can be

caused by women's socio-psychological problems, or

as revenge for acts of violence committed by their

husbands (Bhattacharya & Bhattacharya, 2014).

Women as perpetrators of domestic violence were

initially victims of violence by their husbands and

ended in divorce. After remarrying, the woman has

the potential to verbally abuse her new husband.

Verbal violence perpetrated by these women can be

in the form of comparing the quality of sex or sexual

satisfaction between the old husband and his current

husband. This condition is exacerbated when the

husband's financial condition is currently under the

old husband, so that verbal violence by women

against their husbands can increase. In accordance

with the results of research conducted by Mckeown,

it was explained that many female perpetrators were

initially victims of violence, and after that they

committed violence in their current relationship

(McKeown, 2014).

Dutton; Goldenson stated that women as

perpetrators of domestic violence have problems in

maintaining emotional balance, emotional instability

causes frequent mood swings, have low control over

their emotions, and are impulsive and hyperexcitable

(Rode et al., 2015). Furthermore, hyperexcitability

and aggression can be caused by hormonal

fluctuations that accompany pre-menstrual period,

making women more susceptible to emotional

reactions. In addition, low control can also be caused

by egoism which is more dominant than the nurturing

nature of women (heterocentrism). When a woman is

dominated by her selfish nature, the tenderness that

characterizes a woman will decrease. Even though

this tenderness is needed to develop a nurturing

nature in women. This condition causes a decrease in

empathy for their partners so it is easy to say or

express dissatisfaction in marriage in the form of

verbal violence against their partners.

In this study, there are two types of women who

have the potential to commit domestic violence. The

first type is motivated by a feeling of superiority

complex in wives who have economic advantages

over their husbands. The wife felt that what she gave

was not comparable to what she received in married

life. Because of these unbalanced conditions, a wife

will experience a decrease in marital satisfaction. The

accumulation of marital dissatisfaction, as well as the

feeling of pride in being able to make their own

money caused the wife to lose emotional control

which led to verbal violence against her husband.

Women who have the potential to commit

domestic violence in the second type is motivated by

feelings of inferiority complex which are caused

because their husbands are considered superior to

themselves. According to Adler, individuals who

have inferiority complex will try to show outwardly

that she is superior to compensate for her inferiority

(McCluskey, 2021). Furthermore, to fight for

excellence can be done in various ways, one of which

is by showing possessive behavior. The emergence of

this possessive behavior is due to the fear of losing a

potential partner for her. This condition allows the

emergence of domestic violence that is not realized.

3.1 Intervention

Interventions with the aim of reducing domestic

violence behavior can be carried out in several ways,

adjusted to the cause of the violence.

3.1.1 There is Inequality in Gender Norms

in Society

To reduce domestic violence against women, it can be

done by increasing communication skills through

training and strengthening economic support for

families, changing social norms that men have power

over women, empowering and educating women,

eliminating gender discrimination in work and

education, and build a protective environment (Kiani

et al., 2021). This is because low socioeconomic

status is an important factor in domestic violence

against women (Dhakal et al., 2014).

In order to break the chain of domestic violence,

this can be done by transforming patriarchy culture

into a culture based on gender equality by educating

boys to respect women, having an understanding that

women are not subordinate to men but must be

respected and honored, and provide an understanding

that by hitting a woman will lower his self-esteem as

a man. With this parenting pattern, boys will grow up

believing that committing violence and demeaning

women is an act that is not right because it violates

human rights.

The empowerment program is of course adapted

to the existing culture in the community, and is

carried out in stages in the form of socialization to

educate people's mindsets, transform gender

inequality norms, improve education, and provide

new understandings based on gender equality. This

empowerment can be done by providing assistance to

families who experience domestic violence,

socialization is carried out continuously for women,

men, and children at school. In addition, to increase

Systematic Literature Review: Identiﬁcation of Causes and Integrated Interventions to Reduce Domestic Violence

115

the effectiveness of the empowerment, it is also

necessary to propose to the government to establish a

domestic violence monitoring and complaints office

to the level of the Neighborhood Association.

Shelters and community-based organizations are

effective interventions to reduce the burden of

domestic violence

(Dhakal et al., 2014). With this

program, it can give a warning to men not to commit

violence against their wives.

3.1.2 There Is an Experience of Witnessing

Domestic Violence during Childhood

In adult males with temperament characters, it is

required to undergo emotional regulation training

which aims to make emotions more stable, reduce

negative emotions, and strengthen emotional control

so that they are able to refrain from committing

violence against their partners. Someone who is not

good at regulating emotions, generally will tend to be

easily stimulated by difficult situations, unable to

resist feelings to attack, unable to make the right

decisions, and will eventually lead to aggressive

behavior (Roberton et al., 2012). Emotional

regulation is one of the factors that influence the

formation of resilience in individuals (Everall et al.,

2006). The results of research conducted by Tugade

and Fredrickson (2004) explain that resilience makes

individuals with traumatic experiences, such as

domestic violence, able to turn these very stressful

and unpleasant events into something normal

(Izzaturrohmah & Khaerani, 2018). When an

individual experiences a traumatic experience, high

resilience will make the individual able to quickly

return to normal life and rise from the adversity.

This emotional regulation training can be done

regularly by involving participants in a series of

games that require teamwork. In addition to

emotional regulation training, motion therapy such as

exercise or yoga therapy is also carried out.

Individuals who are temperamental are physically

less regular in their breathing, so it is recommended

to exercise with certain methods on a regular basis.

The success of this therapy can be seen from the more

regular breathing. The more regular breathing makes

the individual more able to control his emotions.

Another form of intervention that can be done is

in the form of family-based counseling that aims to

reduce the potential for domestic violence against

women. Family-based counseling is a decision-based

support and approach that aims to identify problems

and provide appropriate solutions (Coutinho et al.,

2015). This counseling focuses on family education

to solve family problems, and gain confidence and

ability to reduce pressure or problems in everyday

life. Family-based counseling can significantly

reduce domestic violence against women, and

confirms the effectiveness of family participation in

reducing violence against women (Babaheidarian et

al., 2021). In addition, it is also necessary to propose

to the government to conduct socialization activities

regarding regulations related to acts of domestic

violence. The amount of knowledge possessed by

men makes them more careful to commit acts of

violence against their partners.

3.1.3 Women with Feelings Superiority

Complex

Intervention on women with feelings superiority

complex can be done by providing "emotional

regulation" training which aims to make emotions

more stable, reduce negative emotions, and

strengthen control over their emotions so that they are

able to refrain from violence that has a negative

impact on themselves and others. This training can be

carried out periodically as many as 10 meetings with

a duration of 3 hours for each meeting. This training

involves participants in a series of games that require

teamwork. After each meeting, participants are given

assignments to do and submit to the next meeting.

The trainers in this training must have certified

qualifications so that the training can run effectively

and efficiently. Trainers must be assisted by assistant

trainers to monitor participants during the training.

3.1.4 Women with Feelings Inferiority

Complex

Interventions for women with feelings of inferiority

complex can be done with religiosity therapy which

aims to reduce one's egoism, and reduce the concept

of extreme ownership. This therapy can be done on

individuals with high egos, and who are arrogant with

what they have. Individuals must realize that

everything they have is a gift from God, and realize

that the extreme concept of ownership is an incorrect

concept.

4 CONCLUSION

Domestic violence is a form of violation of health and

human rights associated with individual factors,

relationships between individuals, society, and the

entire existing system. There are several factors that

cause domestic violence, namely the inequality of

gender norms in society, the experience of witnessing

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

116

domestic violence in childhood, women with feelings

of superiority complex, and women with feelings of

inferiority complex.

Interventions with the aim of reducing domestic

violence behavior can be carried out in several ways

adapted to the causes of the violence, such as

interventions in the form of empowerment programs

to transform gender inequality norms by providing

new understandings based on gender equality in

society. In a smaller scope, interventions can be

carried out with emotional regulation training, motion

therapy, religiosity therapy, and family-based

counseling.

In order to reduce and minimize the potential for

domestic violence, the government is expected to

hold outreach activities regarding regulations related

to acts of domestic violence, as well as establish a

domestic violence monitoring and complaints office.

Therefore, the government's role as a policy maker is

needed in supporting the implementation of this

empowerment program.

REFERENCES

Abdullah, S. M. (2019). Social cognitive theory : A

Bandura thought review published in 1982-2012.

Psikodimensia, 18(1), 85–100.

https://doi.org/10.24167/psidim.v18i1.1708

Abramsky, T., Watts, C. H., Garcia-Moreno, C., Devries,

K., Kiss, L., Ellsberg, M., Jansen, H. A. F. M., & Heise,

L. (2011). What factors are associated with recent

intimate partner violence? findings from the WHO

multi-country study on women’s health and domestic

violence. BMC Public Health, 11(109), 1–17.

https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-109

Afandi, D., Indrayana, M. T., Nugraha, I., & Danisha, D.

(2017). Prevalence and pattern of domestic violence at

the center for forensic medical services in Pekanbaru,

Indonesia. Medical Journal of Indonesia, 26(2), 97–

101. https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v26i2.1865

Agrawal, A., Bloom, S. S., Suchindran, C., Curtis, S., &

Angeles, G. (2014). Gender-based power and couples’

HIV risk in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, North India.

International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive

Health, 40(4), 196–205. https://doi.org/10.1363/

4019614

Arisukwu, O., Igbolekwu, C., Adebisi, T., & Akindele, F.

(2021). Perception of domestic violence among rural

women in Kuje. Heliyon, 7(2), e06303.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06303

Babaheidarian, F., Masoumi, S. Z., Sangestani, G., &

Roshanaei, G. (2021). The effect of family-based

counseling on domestic violence in pregnant women

referring to health centers in Sahneh city, Iran, 2018.

Annals of General Psychiatry, 20(1), 1–9.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-021-00332-8

Bhattacharya, S., & Bhattacharya, S. (2014). Battered and

shattered: Will they get justice? A study of domestic

violence against women in India based on national

family health survey, 2005. Journal of Adult

Protection, 16(4), 244–248. https://doi.org/10.1108/

JAP-07-2013-0032

Coutinho, E., Almeida, F., Duarte, J., Chaves, C., Nelas, P.,

& Amaral, O. (2015). Factors related to domestic

violence in pregnant women. Procedia - Social and

Behavioral Sciences, 171, 1280–1287. https://doi.org/

10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.242

Dhakal, L., Berg-Beckhoff, G., & Aro, A. R. (2014).

Intimate partner violence (physical and sexual) and

sexually transmitted infection: Results from Nepal

Demographic Health Survey 2011. International

Journal of Women’s Health, 6(1), 75–82.

https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S54609

Everall, R. D., Jessica Altrows, K., & Paulson, B. L. (2006).

Creating a future: A study of resilience in suicidal

female adolescents. Journal of Counseling and

Development, 84(4), 461–470. https://doi.org/10.1002/

j.1556-6678.2006.tb00430.x

Ferraresso, R. (2020). Risk and protective factors

associated with intimate partner violence in a nationally

representative sample of Korean men. Journal of

Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 53(2), 135–

142. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.292

Fleming, P. J., McCleary-Sills, J., Morton, M., Levtov, R.,

Heilman, B., & Barker, G. (2015). Risk factors for

men’s lifetime perpetration of physical violence

against intimate partners: Results from the international

men and gender equality Survey (IMAGES) in

eight countries. PLoS ONE, 10(3), 1–18.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118639

Hayati, E. N., Högberg, U., Hakimi, M., Ellsberg, M. C., &

Emmelin, M. (2011). Behind the silence of harmony:

Risk factors for physical and sexual violence among

women in rural Indonesia. BMC Women’s Health,

11(52), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-11-52

Heise, L. L., & Kotsadam, A. (2015). Cross-national and

multilevel correlates of partner violence: An analysis of

data from population-based surveys. The Lancet Global

Health, 3(6), e332–e340. https://doi.org/10.1016/

S2214-109X(15)00013-3

Izzaturrohmah, I., & Khaerani, N. M. (2018). Peningkatan

resiliensi perempuan korban pelecehan seksual melalui

pelatihan regulasi emosi. Psikohumaniora: Jurnal

Penelitian Psikologi, 3(1), 117. https://doi.org/

10.21580/pjpp.v3i1.2527

Kaparang, O. M. (2013). Analisa gaya hidup remaja dalam

mengimitasi budaya pop Korea melalui televisi. Revista

Cubana de Medicina General Integral, 2(2).

https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/actadiurnakomu

nikasi/article/view/1138/916

Kelly-Hanku, A., Aeno, H., Wilson, L., Eves, R., Mek, A.,

Nake Trumb, R., Whittaker, M., Fitzgerald, L., Kaldor,

J. M., & Vallely, A. (2016). Transgressive women don’t

deserve protection: Young men’s narratives of sexual

violence against women in rural Papua New Guinea.

Systematic Literature Review: Identiﬁcation of Causes and Integrated Interventions to Reduce Domestic Violence

117

Culture, Health and Sexuality, 18(11), 1207–1220.

https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2016.1182216

Kiani, Z., Simbar, M., Fakari, F. R., Kazemi, S., Ghasemi,

V., Azimi, N., Mokhtariyan, T., & Bazzazian, S.

(2021). A systematic review: Empowerment

interventions to reduce domestic violence? Aggression

and Violent Behavior, 58, 101585. https://doi.org/

10.1016/j.avb.2021.101585

National Commission On Violence Against Women.

(2021). Perempuan dalam himpitan pandemi: Lonjakan

kekerasan seksual, kekerasan siber, perkawinan anak,

dan keterbatasan penanganan di tengah Covid-19.

https://komnasperempuan.go.id/siaran-pers-

detail/catahu-2020-komnas-perempuan-lembar-fakta-

dan-poin-kunci-5-maret-2021

Margaretha, M., Nuringtyas, R., & Rachim, R. (2013).

Trauma kekerasan masa kanak dan kekerasan dalam

relasi intim. Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia,

17(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.7454/mssh.v17i1.1800

McCluskey, M. C. (2021). Revitalizing Alfred Adler: An

echo for equality. Clinical Social Work Journal,

0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-021-

00793-0

McKeown, A. (2014). Female offenders who commit

domestic violence: Aggression characteristics and

potential treatment pathways. Journal of Forensic

Practice, 16(2), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFP-

01-2013-0007

Muldoon, K. A., Denize, K. M., Talarico, R., Fell, D. B.,

Sobiesiak, A., Heimerl, M., & Sampsel, K. (2021).

COVID-19 pandemic and violence: Rising risks and

decreasing urgent care-seeking for sexual assault and

domestic violence survivors. BMC Medicine, 19(1), 1–

9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01897-z

Nisa, H., & Rahmita, N. R. (2018). Menilik bentuk perilaku

kekerasan dalam rumah tangga. Musãwa Jurnal Studi

Gender Dan Islam, 17(2), 107. https://doi.org/

10.14421/musawa.2018.172.107-122

Rahmah, Z., Syafrilsyah, S., & Fatmawati, F. (2020).

Religiusitas dan kecenderungan melakukan kekerasan

dalam rumah tangga. Jurnal Studia Insania, 8(1), 10.

https://doi.org/10.18592/jsi.v8i1.3556

Renner, L. M., & Whitney, S. D. (2012). Risk factors for

unidirectional and bidirectional intimate partner

violence among young adults. Child Abuse and Neglect,

36(1), 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.20

11.07.007

Roberton, T., Daffern, M., & Bucks, R. S. (2012). Emotion

regulation and aggression. Aggression and Violent

Behavior, 17(1), 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/

j.avb.2011.09.006

Roberts, A. L., Gilman, S. E., Fitzmaurice, G., Decker, M.

R., & Koenen, K. C. (2010). Witness of intimate partner

violence in childhood and perpetration of intimate

partner violence in adulthood. Epidemiology

(Cambridge, Mass.),

21(6), 809–818. https://doi.org/

10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181f39f03

Rode, D., Rode, M., & Januszek, M. (2015). Psychosocial

characteristics of men and women as perpetrators of

domestic violence. Polish Psychological Bulletin,

46(1), 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2015-0006

Sakina, A. I., & Siti, D. H. (2017). Menyoroti budaya

patriarki di Indonesia. Share : Social Work Journal,

7(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.24198/share.v7i1.13820

Schuler, S. R., Lenzi, R., Badal, S. H., & Nazneen, S.

(2018). Men’s perspectives on women’s empowerment

and intimate partner violence in rural Bangladesh.

Culture, Health and Sexuality, 20(1), 113–127.

https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2017.1332391

Semahegn, A., Torpey, K., Manu, A., Assefa, N., Tesfaye,

G., & Ankomah, A. (2019). Are interventions focused

on gender-norms effective in preventing domestic

violence against women in low and lower-middle

income countries? A systematic review and meta-

analysis. Reproductive Health, 16(1), 1–31.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0726-5

Wandi, G. (2015). Rekonstruksi maskulinitas: Menguak

peran laki-Laki dalam perjuangan kesetaraan gender.

Kafa`ah: Journal of Gender Studies, 5(2), 239.

https://doi.org/10.15548/jk.v5i2.110

Zhu, M., Sari, A., & Lee, M. M. (2018). A systematic

review of research methods and topics of the empirical

MOOC literature (2014–2016). Internet and Higher

Education, 37, 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/

j.iheduc.2018.01.002

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

118