Disaster Mitigation Strategies to Maintain Mental Health Stability in

Society Facing Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review

Sarah Salsabila Ichwanhaq

, Novi Qonitatin

and Dian Ratna Sawitri

Master of Psychology,Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia

Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia

Keywords: Mental Health, Disaster Mitigation, Pandemic, COVID-19.

Abstract: The COVID-19 Pandemic has been declared as a public health emergency and the virus already spread

around the world. This has an impact on mental health in the community. The systematic review aims to

review all research on mitigation to maintain mental health stability in the community facing the COVID-19

pandemic. Article searches were obtained from PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Cambridge Core,

ProQuest, and SpringerLink. The research method uses Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review

and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The search identified 46 articles and used 9 articles that match the criteria.

Analysis of 9 relevant articles shows that disaster mitigation was carried out with targets in society,

specifically on healthcare workers. Healthcare workers are mostly in the form of education on anti-

contagion measures by using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and interventions in the form of training

or crisis response services. Disaster mitigation in society takes the form of strengthening crisis center

services, education on the applications of a healthy lifestyle, and increasing positive thinking to reduce

negative emotions as well as education on limiting information from social media to reduce anxiety and fear

related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

1 INTRODUCTION

COVID-19 is a disease caused by novel coronavirus

or better known as SARS-CoV-2 which was

discovered in 2019 at Wuhan, China for the first

time. SARS-CoV-2 was identified and the genetic

was shared publicly in early January 2020 (World

Health Organization, 2020). World Health

Organization declared that COVID-19 was a public

health emergency on January 30, 2020, and COVID-

19 was declared as a pandemic on March 11, 2020

(Balkhair, 2020). COVID-19 was declared a

pandemic due to the high risk of spreading the virus

to other countries around the world (WHO, 2020).

The status of COVID-19 that has been determined

by the World Health Organization is then followed

up limiting society’s mobility, implementing social

interaction, and conducting self-isolation or self-

quarantine. This has a long-term impact on society’s

mental health (Ridlo, 2020).

Mental health is an individual’s ability to adapt

to various circumstances, both in adjusting to

oneself and adjusting to society (Santoso, 2016).

Then, mental health is how individuals think, feel,

and act when faced with the realities of life. Mental

health can be optimal when individuals can

overcome the problems that occur in life and

individuals can deal with these problems well

(Hadjam & Widhiarso, 2011). The balance between

physical and psychological conditions of the

individuals also reflects mental health where these

two conditions are interconnected and mutually

reinforcing so that individuals can adapt to the

surrounding environment (Fridayanti et al., 2019).

Mental health can’t distribute properly due to the

problems that individuals faced. Individuals who

have a high risk of experiencing mental health

disorders are individuals who have a low social level

and individuals are in a vulnerable position (Power

et al., 2020). A study showed that the current

COVID-19 pandemic causes uncertainty in life and

slowing the pace of the economy can reduce mental

health. Declining mental health can increased

anxiety in individuals (Soklaridis et al., 2020).

Another study showed that 64.3% of the total 1522

respondents experienced anxiety disorders,

depression, and psychological trauma during the

COVID-19 pandemic (Ross et al., 2020). Ages that

Ichwanhaq, S., Qonitatin, N. and Sawitri, D.

Disaster Mitigation Strategies to Maintain Mental Health Stability in Society Facing Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review.

DOI: 10.5220/0010809200003347

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Psychological Studies (ICPsyche 2021), pages 94-102

ISBN: 978-989-758-580-7

are vulnerable to increased stress and anxiety due to

the COVID-19 pandemic are teenagers where there

is occur due to limited access to outdoor activities

(Iqbal & Rizqulloh, 2020).

Mental health disorders are not only experienced

by teenagers but also experienced by adults. A study

showed that adults experienced mild to moderate

symptoms of depression and increased symptoms of

anxiety due to the fear that arises as a result of the

COVID-19 pandemic (Haider et al., 2020). High

levels of anxiety can harm individuals and society.

The adverse effects caused lead to maladaptive

behavior (Vigo et al., 2020). The global situation

that has occurred due to the COVID-19 pandemic is

important to realize the trauma can affect each

individual in different ways. This can create mental

health challenges for society (Otu et al., 2020). The

implications for mental health are long-lasting and

have a greater prevalence than the virus itself.

Mental health is an important aspect in realizing

overall health (Ridlo, 2020).

Efforts to maintain mental health stability in

society can be carried out in disaster mitigation

strategies. Mitigation is an activity to reduce and

minimize the impact of disasters (Niode et al.,

2016). Mitigation is also an effort to reduce the

impact of disasters such as natural disasters, non-

natural disasters, or a combination of both disasters

in a country or society (Ma’ruf, 2010). Then,

disaster mitigation is the first step to do in

preventing disaster (Buchari, 2020). Disaster

mitigation is also an effort to reduce the occurrence

of disaster risk, both through physical development

as well as awareness and capacity building in

dealing with disaster threats (Sunarti, 2014).

One of the disaster mitigation strategies is

providing education on implementing a healthy

lifestyle, such as regulating sleep patterns and

increasing physical activity to reduce the emergence

of negative emotions during the COVID-19

pandemic (Zhang et al., 2020). Disaster mitigation

can also be done by providing services by telephone

to individuals who have a high level of risk of

experiencing mental health disorders (Momoi et al.,

2020). The authors would like to conduct a further

systematic review of disaster mitigation strategies to

maintain mental health stability in a society facing

the COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic review

aims to summarize and identify disaster mitigation

to maintain mental health stability in a society facing

the COVID-19 pandemic.

2 METHOD

Article searches were obtained from PubMed,

Science Direct, Google Scholar, Cambridge Core,

ProQuest, and SpringerLink with the keywords

relevant to the topic, which were “Disaster

mitigation AND “COVID-19” OR “Mental health”

AND “COVID-19” in English as well as “Mitigasi

bencana” AND “COVID-19” OR “Kesehatan

mental” AND “COVID-19” in Indonesian. This

systematic review was conducted and reported under

the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic

Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA).

The articles found would be reviewed based on

the inclusion criteria: 1) disaster mitigation to

maintain mental health stability in society; 2) the

publication of the articles between 2020-2021; 3)

full text; 4) the articles in English and Indonesian.

The search identified 46 articles (PubMed 14

articles, Science Direct 10 articles, Google Scholar 8

articles, Cambridge Core 6 articles, ProQuest 4

articles, and SpringerLink 4 articles). 18 articles

were issued which mental health articles that did not

lead to disaster mitigation and articles that were not

in the form of publication such as letters to the

Figure 1: Article Selection Flow.

Disaster Mitigation Strategies to Maintain Mental Health Stability in Society Facing Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review

editor. Then, 28 full-text articles were obtained

which were assessed for eligibility. 19 articles were

issued where disaster mitigation articles that did not

lead to mental health and disaster mitigation articles

that did not lead to COVID-19. 9 full-text articles

match the criteria as shown in Figure 1.

3 RESULT

Table 1: Article Review Summary.

References Country Respondents

Disaster Mitigation

Strategies

Outcomes Related to Review Aims

Giorgi et

al., 2020

Italy

673 office

workers

Education of Personal

Protective Equipment

(PPE)

Respondents who returning to their duties

after protracted lockdown, showed that

respondents are facing post traumatic stress

disorder (10,8%). Meanwhile, respondents

reported a low prevalence of anxiety

(3,8%), depression (3,7%), stress (1,5%),

and insomnia (2,3%). Disaster mitigation

carried out by the organization are

improving infrastructure at workplace,

implementing anti-infectious measures

where Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

provided, and implementing resilience

training programs to increase understanding

the psychological conditions during the

COVID-19 pandemic.

Gray et al.,

2021

USA

1170

healthcare

workers

a. Mental Health

Liaison (MHL)

b. Mental Health

Crisis Response

Team (MHCRT)

Disaster mitigation that carried outs is to

form a program with the Mental Health PPE

model to support the mental health of

healthcare workers during COVID-19

pandemic. Mindfulness and breathing

exercises that include on effective support

techniques having ability to text someone

when they needed to access to referrals for

mental health treatment.

Matto &

Sullivan,

2021

100

emergency

services

personnel

Mindfulness

techniques with art

therapy from

Ashes2Art

Organization

Ashes2Art is a non-profit organization that

works with firefighters who promote

creativity to offset exposure to extreme loss

and trauma. Ashes2Art has around 100

emergency services personnel and family

members actively participating during the

crisis during COVID-19 pandemic.

Mindfulness techniques that integrated with

art therapy to reduce burnout and enhance

self-care in healthcare workers to provide a

community of support.

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

Table 1: Article Review Summary (cont.).

References Country Respondents

Disaster

Mitigation

Strategies

Outcomes Related to Review Aims

Momoi et

al., 2020

Japan

210.000

respondents

Intervention by

Telephone

Disaster mitigation that carried out by sending a

mental health and lifestyle survey to the society

and then providing interventions by telephone

to individuals who is at high risk based on the

survey results. This is done to help individuals

at risk cope with stress, reduce emotional

burden, provide information on social resources

(e.g., schools, public offices, or medical

facilities), and provide advice related to

lifestyle. Respondents who received telephonic

system help in the form of stress coping method

(36,6%), social resource information (29,4%),

and lifetsyle advice (28,8%).

Otu,

Charles, &

Yaya, 2020

775

respondents

of adults

a. Eductaion of

Personal

Protective

Equipment

(PPE)

b. Education of

Implementin

g Positive

Thinking

a. Disaster mitigation that provide education

related to the proper use of Personal

Protective Equipment (PPE) and to

understand the main principles underlying

the management of patients COVID-19.

Healthcare workers trained to be able to

identify the early signs of stress or burnout

that arise at workplace and seek help

immediately.

b. Disaster mitigation that carried out for

society are provide education related to

positive thinking and full of hope and build

a positive image. Then, society is also

taught to be able to limit exposure the news

that related to COVID-19 which can cause

anxiety and psychological stress.

Sheek-

Hussein,

Abu-Zidan,

& Stip,

2021

UAE

a. Healthcar

e Workers

b. Society

a. Academic

Journal Club

b. Education of

Implementin

g Positive

Thinking

Disaster mitigation that carried out includes two

targets which is healthcare workers and society.

a. Disaster mitigation for healthcare workers is

to form the Academic Journal Club. This

club was formed to increase the reading

interest of healthcare workers. This club

was also formed to reduce negative

emotions and improve stress management.

Read at one’s own pace with a follow-up

session by phone or video call.

b. Disaster mitigation for society is provide

education that related to positive thinking.

Another disaster mitigation for society is

also taught to be able to limit themselves

from news that related to COVID-19 which

can cause anxiety and psychological stress.

Disaster Mitigation Strategies to Maintain Mental Health Stability in Society Facing Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review

Table 1: Article Review Summary (cont.).

References Country Respondents

Disaster Mitigation

Strategies

Outcomes Related to Review Aims

Skilbeck,

Spanton, &

Roylance,

2020

a. Healthcare

Frontline

and Non-

Frontline

Workers

b. Society

Improving Access to

Psychological Therapies

(IAPT) Services:

a. Stepped-care model of

talking therapy for

low-intensity (guided

self-help)

b. Stepped-care model of

talking therapy for

high-intensity (CBT)

Disaster mitigation with Improving

Access to Psychological Therapies

(IAPT) is a mental health service

that has shown variability in

response to COVID-19. Several

IAPT services are adapting quickly

to reduce anxiety and fear of

uncertainty condition during

COVID-19 pandemic.

Suyadi,

Nuryana, &

Fauzi, 2020

Indonesia

3917 patients

in 79 hospitals

Fikih Kebencanaan

(Coping with Disaster)

Disaster mitigation that carried out

by Fikih Kebencanaan (Coping with

Disaster) where the medical health

movement and the reconstruction of

fiqh worship are about the rules to

adapt with emergencies or COVID-

19 pandemic situation. Fikih

Kebencanaan teaches how to deal

with disasters from a general

religious perspective.

Zhang et

al., 2020

China

66 college

students

Education of Implementing

Healthy Lifestyle

Respondents reported a high

prevalence of stress (71,21%),

anxiety (54,55%), and depression

(77,27%). Disaster mitigation that

carried out is to provide education

on implementing a healthy life such

as doing regular exercise by physical

activities that are in accordance with

the physical abilities of each

individual and regular sleep.

Disaster mitigation to reduce

negative emotions of everyone.

4 DISCUSSION

This study aims to find out about disaster mitigation

to maintain mental health stability facing the

COVID-19 pandemic. There are found two main

targets of disaster mitigation that related to mental

health based on 9 articles, such as healthcare

workers and society. Many of the articles were

reported from overseas and only one article was

conducted in Indonesia. The results show that

disaster mitigation to maintain mental health

stability mostly to prevent the emergence of negative

emotions and psychological stress as well as the

form of intervention to manage a crisis or emotional

burdens that occur during the pandemic.

Disaster Mitigation for Healthcare Workers.

Disaster mitigation can be done by establishing a

service program for healthcare workers. First,

disaster mitigation to maintain mental health

stability by educating to use and provision of

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to avoid

susceptibility to COVID-19 transmission (Gray et

al., 2021). Completeness of Personal Protective

Equipment (PPE) was found to have a significant

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

relationship with decreasing anxiety about being

infected with COVID-19 in healthcare workers

(Asriyani & Sriningsih, 2021; Irmayanti et al.,

2021). Healthcare workers’ perceptions of Personal

Protective Equipment (PPE) the availability that

complete and good are related to an increase in

symptoms of anxiety and depression (Smith et al.,

2021). The government and health agencies need to

be aware of the magnitude of mental health

problems in healthcare workers and expected to

always be vigilant in providing adequate Personal

Protective Equipment (PPE) when the pandemic

continues (Arnetz et al., 2020).

Second, Disaster mitigation that carried out to

maintain mental health stability by implementing

resilience training programs, providing Personal

Protective Equipment (PPE), and improving

infrastructure (Giorgi et al., 2020). Disaster

mitigation can be done by establishing a service

program for healthcare workers. The program of

disaster mitigation is divided into two teams, Mental

Health Liaison (MHL) where the team provides

prevention support to the COVID-19 hospital unit

and the emergency unit, and Mental Health Crisis

Response Team (MHCRT) were the team that has

crisis response services for 7 days 24 hours to

support and reduce the crisis in healthcare workers

as needed (Gray et al., 2021). Healthcare workers

also need help to maintain their mental health

through actions to reduce negative emotions and

improve stress management (Sheek-Hussein et al.,

2021).

Healthcare workers are also trained to be able to

identify the early sign of stress or burnout that

appear at the workplace and seek help immediately

(Otu et al., 2020). Resilience is very important to

deal with stress and important to keep it balance

during pandemics (Vinkers et al., 2020). The

resilience training program is seen as an alternative

to disaster mitigation measures that can be used to

maintain mental health disabilities. Resilience is

described as an individual’s capacity to rise above

adversity, conflict, confusion, and failure and the

ability to make positive changes (Gatt et al., 2020).

High resilience is associated with good mental

health (Xu et al., 2020). That is very important for

intervention programs and support strategies to be

developed during the COVID-19 pandemic to

protect mental health and against mental distress and

increase psychological resilience (Bakioğlu et al.,

2020).

Disaster Mitigation for Society. Disaster mitigation

in society can be done by providing interventions in

the form of education or opening mental health crisis

center services for society. This service aims to

reduce the level of anxiety, emotional burden, and

fear, especially during the uncertainty of the

COVID-19 pandemic (Momoi et al., 2020; Skilbeck

et al., 2020). Providing education-related to positive

and hopeful thinking as well as building a positive

self-image, especially in a pandemic situation (Otu

et al., 2020). Maintain mental health stability should

be made to overcome stress, provide information

that is available on social resources, and provide

advice related to a better lifestyle (Momoi et al.,

2020). Disaster mitigation is also carried out by

providing education related to implementing a

healthy lifestyle to increasing positive emotions and

reducing exposure to COVID-19 news. Education on

the application of a healthy lifestyle such as doing

regular exercise by doing physical activity,

managing to sleep well, and reduce the negative

emotions of each individual (Zhang et al., 2020).

Identification to get more precise targets in

providing services through surveys to society, such

as collecting data on society’s health and lifestyle

then followed up by providing interventions by

telephone that have adjusted to the needs based on

the results of the survey (Momoi et al., 2020). The

interventions by telephone have the beneficial

impact of reducing psychological distress. In

addition, interventions by telephone that are carried

out consistently are also for the treatment of anxiety

and depression (Martin et al., 2020). Mental health

services are changing due to the COVID-19

pandemic. The demand for face-to-face mental

health services decreased significantly because of

fear of infection (United Nations, 2020). Restrictive

measures on physical and social contact hinder

traditional face-to-face psychological services

during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is in line with

the passing of the acute phase during the pandemic

where it is very likely that people who are more

vulnerable (both biomedically and psychologically)

will avoid face-to-face contact (Ribeiro et al., 2020).

Another important thing that was found was the

need for restrictions to news-related COVID-19 in

society who are vulnerable to mental health.

Excessive coverage in the mass media can cause

anxiety and psychological stress (Lin et al., 2020).

Individuals who sit more and spend more time

reading news related to COVID-19 can increase

anxiety and depression (Huckins et al., 2020). The

importance of credibility through mass media and

social media as well as the right strategy to fight

misinformation during the pandemic. The role of

social media is very necessary to provide correct

Disaster Mitigation Strategies to Maintain Mental Health Stability in Society Facing Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review

information during the COVID-19 health crisis. On

the other hand, wrong or correct information is

received by the public it will have a global negative

impact on mental health (Abbas et al., 2021).

The special thing that appears in the study of

research article found in Indonesia is the effort to

maintain mental health stability in society through a

religious or religious approach which is Fikih

Kebencanaan (in the form of coping strategies in

dealing with disasters). Fikih Kebencanaan teaches

how to deal with disaster from a general religious

perspective. Disaster mitigation through a religious

approach also teaches the rules of worship to be able

to adapt the emergencies or the COVID-19

pandemic (Suyadi et al., 2020). This is supported by

research results show that a strong relationship

between religiosity and mental health, especially in

the form of social welfare (Winurini, 2019).

Religiosity has an important role in relieving

suffering, having an influence on health outcomes,

and minimizing the consequences of social isolation

(Lucchetti et al., 2020). That is necessary to

highlight religious activities during the pandemic as

a step in maintaining mental health stability.

Disaster mitigation can also be done using art

media, such as Ashes2Art as a non-profit

organization based in the UK apart from using a

religious approach. This organization has creative

activities to offset exposure to extreme loss and

trauma. Another purpose of this activity as an effort

to help manage the short-term and long-term

emotional impact of the activity or work that is

carried out (Matto & Sullivan, 2021). Art is related

to the positive mental health domain. The effect of

art goes beyond the scope of energizing, relaxing, or

bringing relief to positive psychological aspects.

These are attention, autonomy, flexibility, social

relationship with others, emotional well-being,

experiencing freedom, play, and self-directed

(Haeyen et al., 2018). Art as a tool to improve

mental health well-being and in line with global

health challenges. Art activities have been

documented as non-medic, holistic, low-cost with the

potential to promote mental health and community

well-being (Jensen, 2018). Art engagement amongst

society may help to enhance positive mental health

and life satisfaction, especially against mental distress

(Wang et al., 2020).

5 CONCLUSION

Various disaster mitigation methods were carried out

to reduce and minimize the impact caused by the

COVD-19 pandemic situation. Disaster mitigation

by providing education on healthy lifestyle and other

intervention services to reduce stress and emotional

burden as well as increase positive thinking that is

full of hope. Disaster mitigation during the COVID-

19 pandemic is related to mental health is not only

given to the society in general but also needs to be

done to healthcare workers who are in direct contact

with COVID-19 patients who give anxiety of

transmission. Further research can conduct studies

related to disaster mitigation that leads to mental

health stability in Indonesia as well as disaster

mitigation services that can be accessed and

accepted by all levels of society in Indonesia to deal

with the COVID-19 pandemic situation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We thank the Faculty of Psychology Universitas

Diponegoro for supporting the study. The authors

declared no potential conflict of interests concerning

the research, authorship, and publication of this

article. The study is based on literature that is

publicly available and does not require any

declaration.

REFERENCES

Abbas, J., Wang, D., Su, Z., & Ziapour, A. (2021). The

role of social media in the advent of covid-19

pandemic: Crisis management, mental health

challenges and implications. Risk Management and

Healthcare Policy, 14, 1917–1932.

https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S284313

Arnetz, J. E., Goetz, C. M., Sudan, S., Arble, E., Janisse,

J., & Arnetz, B. B. (2020). Personal protective

equipment and mental health symptoms among nurses

during the covid-19 pandemic. Journal of

Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(11),

892–897. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.000000000000

1999

Asriyani, D., & Sriningsih, N. (2021). Hubungan tingkat

kecemasan penggunaan alat pelindung diri (apd)

terhadap pencegahan penularan covid-19 pada perawat

di ruang rawat inap rumah sakit umum (rsu) kabupaten

tangerang tahun 2020. Nusantara Hasana Journal.

1(1), 95–101.

Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of

covid-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance

of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress.

International Journal of Mentah

Health and Addiction, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/

s11469-020-00331-y

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

100

Balkhair, A. A. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic: A new

chapter in the history of infectious diseases. Oman

Medical Journal, 35(2), 2–3.

https://doi.org/10.5001/OMJ.2020.41

Buchari, R. A. (2020). Manajemen mitigasi bencana

dengan kelembagaan masyarakat di daerah rawan

bencana kabupaten garut indonesia. Sawala : Jurnal

Pengabdian Masyarakat Pembangunan Sosial, Desa

Dan Masyarakat, 1(1), 1.

https://doi.org/10.24198/sawala.v1i1.25836

Fridayanti, F., Kardinah, N., & Nurul Fitri, T. J. (2019).

Peran workplace well-being terhadap mental health:

Studi pada karyawan disabilitas. Psympathic : Jurnal

Ilmiah Psikologi, 6(2), 191–

https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v6i2.5754 Gatt, J. M.,

Alexander, R., Emond, A., Foster, K.,

Hadfield, K., Mason-Jones, A., Reid, S., Theron, L.,

Ungar, M., Wouldes, T. A., & Wu, Q. (2020). Trauma,

resilience, and mental health in migrant and non-

migrant youth: An international cross-sectional study

across six countries. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10

(March). 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.0

00997

Giorgi, G., Lecca, L.I., Alessio, F., Finstad, G.L.,

Bondanini, G., Lulli, L.G., Arcangeli, G., & Mucci, N.

(2020). Covid-19-mental health effects in the

workplace. International Journal of Environmental

Research and Public Health, 17(21). 1-22.

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217857

Gray, B., Eaton, J., Duncan, J., Hanna, F., & Kasi, S.

(2021). A proactive approach: Examples for

integrating disaster risk reduction and mental health

and psychosocial support programming. International

Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 54.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102051

Hadjam, M., & Widhiarso, W. (2011). Pengujian model

peranan kecakapan hidup terhadap kesehatan mental.

Jurnal Psikologi UGM, 38(1), 61-72.

https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.7665

Haeven, S., van Hooren, S., van der Weld, W. M., &

Hutschemaekers, G. (2018). Promoting mental health

versus reducing mental illness in art therapy with

patients with personality disorders: A quantitative

study. Arts in Psychotherapy, 58, 11-16.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2017.12.009

Haider, I.I., Tiwana, F., & Tahir, S.M. (2020). Impact of

the Covid-19 pandemic on adult mental health.

Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(COVID19-

S4). https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-

S4.2756

Huckins, J.F., da Silva, A. W., Wang, W., Hedlund, E.,

Rogers, C., Nepal, S.K., Wu, J., Obuchi, M., Murphy,

E. I., Meyer, M. L., Wagner, D. D., Holtzheimer, P.

E., & Campbell, A. T. (2020). Mental health and

behavior of college students during the early phases of

the Covid-19 pandemic: Longitudinal smartphone and

ecological momentary assessment study. Journal of

Medical Internet Research, 22(6).

htpps://doi.org.10.2196/20185

Iqbal, M., & Rizqulloh, L. (2020). Deteksi dini kesehatan

mental akibat pandemi Covid-19 pada Unnes sex care

community melalui metode self reporting

questionnaire. Praxis, 3(1). 20.

https://doi.org/10.24167/praxis.v3i1.2730

Irmayanti, A., Trisnawati, E., & Saleh, I. (2021). Faktor

yang berhubungan dengan kecemasan terinfeksi

Covid-19 pada tenaga keseharan di Puskesmas Kota

Pontianak. Riset Informasi Kesehatan, 10(1), 34-42.

https://doi.org/10.30644/rik.v8i2.517

Jensen, A. (2018). The use of arts interventions for mental

health and wellbeing in health settings. Perspectives in

Public Health, 138(4), 209-214. https://doi.org/10.11

77/1757913918772602

Lin, Y., Hu, Z., Alias, H., & Wong, L. P. (2020). Influence

of mass and social media on psychobehavioral

responses among medical students during the

downward trend of Covid-19 in Fujian, China: Cross-

sectional study. Journal of Medical Internet Research,

22(7), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.2196/19982

Lucchetti, G., Goes, L.G., Amaral, S.G., Ganadjian, G. T.,

Andrade, I., Almeida, P. O. de A., do Carmo, V. M., &

Manso, M. E. G. (2020). Spirituality, religiosity and

mental health consequences of social isolation during

Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Social

Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020970

996

Ma’ruf, M. (2010). Pedoman umum mitigasi bencana.

Pedoman Umum Mitigasi Bencana, 1-54.

Martin, A., Kilpatrick, M., Scott, J., Cocker, F., Dawkins,

S., Brough, P., Sanderson, K. (2020). Protecting the

mental health of small-to-medium enterprise owners,

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,

62(7), 503-510. https://doi.org.10.1097/JOM.0000000

000001882

Matto, H. C., & Sullivan, K. (2021). Ashes2Art:

Mitigation strategies for short- and long-term distress

in emergency services personnel during Covid-19.

Clinical Social Work Journal, Yancy 2020.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-021-00797-w

Momoi, M., Murakami, M., Horikoshi, N., & Maeda, M.

(2020). Dealing with community mental health post

the Fukushima disaster: Lesson learnt for the Covid-19

pandemic. Ojm, 113(11), 787-788. https://doi.org/

10.1093/qjmed/hcaa213

Niode, D. F., Rindengan, Y. D. Y., & Karouw, S. D.

(2016). Geographical information system (GIS) untuk

mitigasi bencana alam banjir di Kota Manado. Jurnal

Teknik Elektro dan Komputer, 5(2), 14-20

Otu, A., Charles, C. H., & Yaya, S. (2020). Mental health

and psychosocial well-being during the COVID-19

pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health

Systems, 14(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-

020-00371-w

Power, E., Hughes, S., Cotter, D., & Cannon. M. (2020).

Youth mental health in the time of COVID-19. Irish

Journal of Psychological Medicine, 37(4), 301-305.

https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2020.84

Ribeiro, E., Sampaio, A., Gonçalves, M. M., Taveira, M.

D. C., Cunha, J., Maia, Â, Matos, M., Gonçalves, S.

Disaster Mitigation Strategies to Maintain Mental Health Stability in Society Facing Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review

101

Figueiredo, B., Freire, T., & Soares, T. (2021)

Telephone-based psychological crisis intervention: the

Portuguese experience with COVID-19, Counselling

Psychology Quarterly, 34(3-4), 432-446,

https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2020.1772200

Ridlo, I. A. (2020). Pandemi Covid-19 dan tantangan

kebijakan kesehatan mental di Indonesia. INSAN

Jurnal Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental, 5(2), 162.

https://doi.org/10.20473/jpkm.v5i22020.162-171

Ross, H. O., Hasanah, M., & Kusumaningrum F. A.

(2020). Implementasi konsep sahdzan (sabar dan

huznudzan) sebagai upaya perawatan kesehatan

mental di masa pandemic Covid-19. Khazanah: Jurnal

Mahasiswa, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.20885/khazanah.

vol12.iss1.art7

Santoso, M. B. (2016). Kesehatan mental dalam perspektif

pekerjaan sosial. Share: Social Work Journal, 6(1).

https://doi.org/10.24198/share.v6i1.13160

Sheek-Hussein, M., Abu-Zidan, F. M., & Stip, E. (2021).

Disaster management of the psychosocial impact of

the Covid-19 pandemic. International of Emergency

Medicine, 14(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-

021-00342-z

Skilbeck, L., Spanton, C., & Roylance, I. (2020). Beyond

the COVID-19 pandemic: ’Learning the hard way’-

adapting long-Term IAPT service provision using

lessons from past outbreaks. Cognitive Behaviour

Therapist, 13(2020), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/

S1754470X20000379

Smith, P. M., Oudyk, J., Potter, G., & Mustard, C. (2021).

The association between the perceived adequacy of

workplace infection control procedures and personal

protective equipment with mental health symptoms: A

cross-sectional survey of canadian health-care workers

during the covid-19 pandemic. Canadian Journal of

Psychiatry, 66(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/

0706743720961729

Soklaridis, S., Lin, E., Lalani, Y., Rodak, T., &

Sockalingam, S. (2020). Mental health interventions

and supports during covid-19 and other medical

pandemics: A rapid systematic review of the evidence.

General Hospital Psychiatry, 66, 133-146.

Sunarti, V. (2014). Peranan pendidikan luar sekolah dalam

rangka mitigasi bencana. Spektrum: Jurnal Pendidikan

Luar Sekolah (PLS), 2(2). https://doi.org/10.24036/

spektrumpls.v2i2.5044

Suyadi., Nuryana, Z., & Fauzi, N.A.F. (2020). The fiqh of

disaster: The mitigation of Covid-19 in the perspective

of Islamic education-neuroscience. International

Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, 1-9.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101848

United Nations. (2020). Policy brief: Covid-19 and the

need for action on mental health. Policy Brief:

COVID-19 and the Need for Action on Mental Health,

1–17.

Vigo, D., Patten, S., Pajer, K., Krausz, M., Taylor, S.,

Rush, B., Raviola, G., Saxena, S.,Thornicroft, G., &

Yatham, L. N. (2020). Mental health of communities

during the Covid-19 pandemic. Canadian Journal of

Psychiatry, 65(10), 681–687. https://doi.org/10.1177/

0706743720926676

Vinkers, C. H., van Amelsvoort, T., Bisson, J. I., Branchi,

I., Cryan, J. F., Domschke, K., Howes, O. D.,

Manchia, M., Pinto, L., de Quervain, D., Schmidt, M.

V., & van der Wee, N. J. A. (2020). Stress resilience

during the coronavirus pandemic. European

Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 12-16.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.05.00 3

Wang, S., Mak, H. W., & Fancourt, D. (2020). Arts,

mental distress, mental health functioning & life

satisfaction: Fixed-effects analyses of a nationally-

representative panel study. BMC

Public Health, 20(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-

019-8109-y

WHO. (2020). Mental health and psychosocial

considerations during covid-19 outbreak. World

Health Organization, January, 1–6.

Winurini, S. (2019). Hubungan religiusitas dan kesehatan

mental pada remaja pesantren di Tabanan. Aspirasi:

Jurnal Masalah-Masalah Sosial, 10(2), 139–

153.https://doi.org/10.46807/aspirasi.v10i2.1428

World Health Organization. (2020). Covid-19 situation

report. World Health Organization, 31(2), 61–66.

Xu, C., Gong, X., Fu, W., Xu, Y., Xu, H., Chen, W., & Li,

M. (2020). The role of career adaptability and

resilience in mental health problems in Chinese

adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review,

112(30), 104893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.child

youth.2020.1048 93

Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., Ma, X., & Di, Q. (2020). Mental

health problems during the Covid-19 pandemics and

the mitigation effects of exercise: A longitudinal study

of college students in China. International Journal of

Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10).

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103722

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

102