Personality and Body Image of Late Adolescence

Rezkia Ivani and Martaria Rizky Rinaldi

Mercu Buana Yogyakarta University, Indonesia

Keywords: Body Image, Big Five Personality, Late Adolescence.

Abstract: Adolescence is known by their concern towards physical appearance, and late adolescence is no exception.

Body image is defined as an individual’s perception about their body condition. One of the internal factors

that can build body image is personality. This study aims to determine the relationship between the big five

personality with body image in late adolescence. The research subjects in this study were 172 late adolescents

aged 18-21 years who did not have physical disabilities. The data collection method used body image scale

and IPIP-BFM 50 scale. The data analysis technique used was product moment correlation. Based on the

results of data analysis, the correlation coefficient was r

= 0.238 with p = 0.002 (p < 0.05) for extraversion

personality, r

= 0.284 with p = 0.000 (p < 0.05) for agreeableness personality, r

= 0.335 with p = 0.000 (p

< 0.05) for conscientiousness personality, r

= -0.339 with p = 0.000 (p < 0.05) for neuroticism personality,

and r

= 0.166 with p = 0.029 (p < 0.05) for intellect personality. These results indicate that there is a positive

relationship between the personality of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and intellect with body

image, while the neuroticism has a negative relationship with body image.

1 INTRODUCTION

Late adolescence is the last stage of adolescence. Late

adolescence aged 18-21 years have gone through

many periods of change, one of them is physical

changes in adolescence (Steinberg, 2017).

Physical changes occur because the sex hormones

in the adolescent body have already started to work.

Another impact of this sex hormone is adolescences

begin to pay attention to their appearance. Interest in

body image is quite strong at this time (Diananda,

2019).

According to Markey and Gillen (2011), body

image is a perception, belief, feeling, and behavior

related to one's body. According to Cash (2004), body

image refers to a multidimensional experience of

physical appearance that includes self-perception and

self-attitude, such as thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and

behaviors related to the individual body.

According to Cash & Pruzinsky (2002), there are

five facets of body image in an individual, there are

the evaluation of appearance, appearance orientation,

satisfaction with body parts, anxiety of being fat, and

categorization of body size. These five aspects will

assess whether the individual has a positive or

negative body image.

Positive body image makes an individual accept

the body, likes the body, feels comfortable with the

body, does not use a lot of time to focus on weight,

does not use a lot of time to focus too much on the

appearance, the individual perceives his own body

positively, and they’re appreciate their body.

Negative body image makes individuals worry about

excess body weight gain, compare themselves with

others, believe that all problems can go away if they

change their appearance, even feel dissatisfied with the

body that can develop negative symptoms such as

binge eating, and other eating disorder (Taylor, 2014).

Adolescences are expected to be able to perform

their duties effectively, accept the reality of physical

changes, and be satisfied with the condition (Putro,

2017). Late adolescence need to accept the physical

state and be comfortable with their body image,

because in this time the late adolescence have

matured physically. Another reason the late

adolescence need to accept the state of their bodies is

to develop a strong self-identity. If in this late

adolescence is still not satisfied with their body image,

then the late adolescence is considered not to pass the

final task of adolescence properly and correctly. This

can interfere with other developmental tasks or future

developmental tasks.

Late adolescence is a transition to early adulthood.

Research conducted by Bucchianeri, Arikian,

Hannan, Eisenberg, and Neumark-Sztainer (2013)

revealed that body image dissatisfaction increased

Ivani, R. and Rinaldi, M.

Personality and Body Image of Late Adolescence.

DOI: 10.5220/0010808900003347

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Psychological Studies (ICPsyche 2021), pages 69-74

ISBN: 978-989-758-580-7

during the transition to early adulthood. Many

teenage boys and girls are dissatisfied with the body

because BMI rates continue to increase from

adolescence in high school to early adulthood.

Overseas research conducted by Calzo, et al

(2015), found that teenage boys aged 17-20 years have

low body image attention, over-pay attention to body

muscles, use various products to build muscles, have a

high weight, do diet, and binge eating. A total of 86%

of teenage girls aged 16-21 also hope to have a slim

body (Latha, Supriya, Bhat, Sharma, & Pooja, 2006).

In Indonesia, 50.6% of respondents from research

conducted by Oktrisia, Prabamurti, and Shaluhiyah

(2021) were dissatisfied with their size and body shape.

Muhsin's research subject (2014) also claimed to be

dissatisfied with the state of their body, such as acne

face, dry hair, and having a short body.

According to Cash & Smolak (2011), factors of

body image include gender, culture, interpersonal

experience, physical characteristics and changing

physical circumstances, and individual personality.

These factors can affect an individual in shaping their

body image.

Personality is a relatively stable and durable aspect,

able to distinguish individuals from each other, making

individual unique, and at the same time it defined

comparisons between individual with each other

(Gross, 2015). According to Uher (2017), personality

is a pattern of characteristic behavior of a person in a

broad sense (including thoughts, feelings, and

motivations).

One of the approaches to describe an individual's

personality is through a trait consisting of five

dimensions of personality. The five personality traits

include extraversion (surgency), agreeableness,

conscientiousness (dependability), neuroticism (vs

emotional stability), and openness (culture/intellect).

These five traits are called Big Five Personality.

Goldberg identifies five personality traits that often

and consistently appear in most attempts to define

basic human factors, the five traits being the big five

personalities (Cordón, 2005). Each personality has its

own characteristics, high extraversion defined as

talkactive, and assertive, low extraversion has quiet

and passive characteristics. High agreeableness

personality has trustworthy, kind, and warm traits, the

opposite of agreeableness is selfishness, hostility, and

distrust. High conscientiousness personality has

conscientious, reliable, and organized characteristics,

in contrast low conscientiousness makes individuals

careless, negligent, and unreliable. High neuroticism

personality brings out nervousness, moody, and

temperamental. A high openness to experience

(intellect) personality is characterized by imaginative,

curiosity, and creative, if low openness to experience

(intellect) is characterized by ignorance (Goldberg,

1993).

Body image can be formed due to biological,

environmental, and psychological influences. One of

the psychological factors that can affect body image

is personality. Some findings suggest that body image

concerns are related to disorders, such as social

anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder (Aderka,

Gurtner, Lazarov, Hermesh, Hoffman, & Marom,

2014), and depression (Blashill, & Wilhelm, 2014).

Rymarczyk (2021) study shown that body

dissatisfaction is significant predictor of anorexia

readiness syndrome.

Anorexia readiness syndrome is associated with

neuroticism (Rymarczyk, 2021). In addition, previous

study in India has been shown negative body image

associated with high neuroticism and high

conscientiousness (Soohinda, Mishra, Sampath, &

Dutta, 2019). To understand better the personality

factor and body image in specific population such as

late adolescence, is it important to study the

correlation of these variable.

This research aims to determine the correlation of

the big five personality dimensions and body image

of late adolescence. Mayor hypothesis : There is a

relationship between intellect (opennes to

experience), conscientiousness, extraversion,

agreeableness, neuroticism with body image of late

adolescents. Minor hypothesis: 1) There is a

relationship between extraversion and body image of

late adolescence by controlling intellect (openness to

experience), conscientiousness, agreeableness, and

neuroticism. 2) There is a relationship between

agreeableness and body image of late adolescence by

controlling intellect (openness to experience),

conscientiousness, extraversion, and neuroticism.

3)There is a relationship between conscientiousness

and body image of late adolescence by controlling

intellect (openness to experience), extraversion,

agreeableness, and neuroticism. 4) There is a

relationship between neuroticism and body image of

late adolescence by controlling intellect (openness to

experience), conscientiousness, extraversion,

agreeableness. 5) There is a relationship between

intellect (opennes to experience) and body image of

late adolescents by controlling conscientiousness,

extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism.

2 METHOD

This study used descriptive and quantitative approach

with correlational design. The purpose of the

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

correlational research was to look at the relationship

between big five personalities and body image in late

adolescents aged 18-21 years with the condition that

they have no body defects. The total participants in this

study were 172 respondents.

The instrument used in this study is (International

Personality Item Pool-Big Five Factor Marker) IPIP-

BFM 50 Indonesian adaptation by Akhtar & Azwar

(2019), to measure 5 dimensions of personality which

is extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness,

neuroticism, and intellect. This measuring instrument

has reliability of extraversion α = 0.836, agreeableness

α = 0.762, conscientiousness α = 0.811, emotional

stability α = 0.862, and intellect α = 0.768, and test the

difference in aitem power moving between 0.71 - 0.98.

Another instrument used is the body image scale by

Desi (2018), to measure the positive or negative of

body image in late adolescents. The coefficient alpha

is 0.945.

Data retrieval using online questionnaires with

google forms. In the questionnaire there is an informed

consent page that must be filled in, so only participants

who approve informed consent fill out the

questionnaire.

Questionnaire links are sent through messaging and

social media apps, which are WhatsApp and Twitter.

Participants who have filled out questionnaires also

help to share link with others that fit the criterias, so

that link can be spread to many people. When

participants open the link, participants will be directed

to a page containing research information, then the

participant will be asked to fill in their identity and

agree the informed consent page. If the participant has

agreed, the participant proceeds to the next page to fill

out the research scale.

This research is an online study. Participants who

qualify with the criterias, understand Bahasa

Indonesia, and agree the informed consent page can

participate in this study. Data collection was conducted

on May 27, 2021 – May 30, 2021 and June 12, 2021 -

June 14, 2021. Data collection is done twice with the

aim of adding participants. After the data is collected,

then the data completeness check is carried out. If there

is incomplete and unclear data, it will be eliminated.

3 RESULT

3.1 Descriptive Analysis

Descriptive analysis results are used to describe the

data of big five personality and body image research.

The results of descriptive data analysis are shown in

the following table:

Table 1: Descriptive Data of Big Five Personality.

Classification

Percenta

Extra A

ree Cons Neuro Intel

Ver

h 4% 17% 25% 22% 10%

High 19% 55% 46% 34% 47%

Moderate 30% 23% 22% 26% 34%

Low 30% 5% 7% 15% 8%

Ver

Low 17% 0% 0% 3% 1%

Based on the results of table 1 analysis, it can be

concluded that most of the late adolescents

personality in the extraversion dimension are in the

low and moderate category. That most of the late

adolescents personality in the dimension of

agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and

intellect are in the high category.

Table 2: Descriptive Data on Body Image in Late

Adolescents (N = 172).

Classification Total Percenta

Ver

Goo

4 2%

Goo

72 42%

Moderate 76 44%

20 12%

Ver

0 0%

Based on the results of table 2 analysis, it can be

concluded that most body image in late adolescents is

in the category of moderate.

3.2 Analysis Result: Assumption Test

Before data analysis is performed, it is necessary to

conduct a prerequisite test first which includes

normality test and data linearity test. The normality

test used in this study was Kolmogorov-Smirnov. In

table 3 the following is the result of an analysis of the

normality of data distribution.

Table 3: Data Normality Assumption Test Results.

Kolmogorov-Smirnov

Variable Sig. Explanation

Bod

Ima

e 0.093 Normal

Extraversion 0.200 Normal

reeableness 0.002 Not Normal

Conscientiousness 0.023 Not Normal

Neuroticis

0.200 Normal

Intellect 0.49 Not Normal

Based on the analysis test normality, body image,

extraversion, and neuroticism have a normal data

distribution, while agreeableness, conscientiousness,

and intellect have abnormal data distribution.

Agreeableness, conscientiousness, and intellect

have not normal data distribution. According to Hadi

Personality and Body Image of Late Adolescence

(2015), if the number of subjects is above 30, then the

data is still considered normal distribution. In this

study the subjects used were 172 people, therefore the

data is normal, because the number of subjects is

more than 30 people.

The guidelines used to conduct linearity tests are

that if the significance value < 0.050 then the

relationship between big five personality and body

image is linear, and if the significance value ≥ 0.050

then the relationship between big five personality and

body image is not a linear. In table 8 the following is

the result of linearity test analysis.

Table 4: Linearity Test Results.

Variable Sig. Explanation

Extraversion – Body Image 0.002 Linear

Agreeableness – Body Image 0.000 Linear

Conscientiousness – Body Image 0.000 Linear

Neuroticism – Body Image 0.000 Linear

Intellect – Body Image 0.029 Linear

3.3 Hypothesis Test Results

To determine the relationship between variables, the

hypothesis test in this study used product moment

correlation analysis. The result of correlation analysis

presented in table 5.

Table 5: Results of Correlation Analysis Between

Variables.

X1 X2 X3 X4 X5

Pearson

Correlation

.238 .284 .335 -.339 .166

Sig. .002 .000 .000 .000 .029

Based on the results of correlation analysis

between variables in table 9, it can be concluded that:

(1) There is a positive and significant correlation

between big five personality dimension of

extraversion with body image (r = 0.238; p =

0.002), meaning the higher extraversion

dimension, then body image become more

positive.

(2) There is a positive and significant correlation

between big five personality dimension of

agreeableness with body image (r = 0.284; p =

0.000), meaning the higher agreeableness

dimension, then body image become more

positive.

(3) There is a positive and significant correlation

between big five personality

conscientiousness dimension with body image

(r = 0.335; p = 0.000), meaning the higher the

conscientiousness dimension, then body

image become more positive.

(4) There is a negative and significant correlation

between the big five personality dimension of

neuroticism with body image (r = -0.339; p =

0.000), meaning the higher the neuroticism,

then body image become negative.

(5) There is a positive and significant correlation

between big five personality intellect

dimension with body image (r = 0.166; p =

0.029), meaning the higher the intellect

dimension, then body image become more

positive.

To find out the measure of the effective

contribution of big five personality to body image in

late adolescence, the data was analyzed using

multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS. The

result of multiple linear regression test analysis is

presented in table 6.

Table 6: Model Summary Correlation.

Type R R Square

Adjusted R

Square

Std. Error

of the

Estimate

.500

.250 .228 18.314

Table 7: ANOVA Result.

Model

Sum of

Squares

Mean

Square

F Sig.

1 Reg 18605.099 5 3721.020 11.094 .000

Res 55679.616 166 335.419

Total 74284.715 171

a. Dependent Variable: Body Image

b. Predictors: (Constant), Intellect, Neuroticism,

Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Extraversion

Based on the results of the analysis of summary

correlation model data, shows that the dimensions of

big five personality are extraversion dimension,

agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and

intellect with body image obtained F= 11.094, p

0,000, R = 0.500, R

= 0,228. This means that the big

five personality can contribute 22.8% to body image,

while the remaining 77.2% is explained by other

variables that are the forming factors of body image.

ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies

4 DISCUSSION

The results showed that there is a significant

correlation between big five personality and body

image. This indicates that four big five personality

dimensions has a positive relationship with body

image i.e, extraversion, agreeableness,

conscientiousness, and intellect, while neuroticism

has a negative relationship with body image. The

results prove that there is a positive relationship

between the dimensions of extraversion,

agreeableness, conscientiousness, and intellect in big

five personality with body image.

Extraversion personality is a personality trait

derived from Carl Jung and is the core of the Eysenck

model. Extraversion loves to having fun, friendly, and

affectionate (Cordón, 2005). Individu with

extraversion personality having more positive

evaluation in appearance and more appearance-

oriented than introversion (Kvalem, Soest, Roald, &

Skolleborg, 2006).

Agreeableness is characterized by individual who

are helpful and soft hearted (Cordón, 2005). Low

agreeableness is characterized by individual who

have selfishness, hostility, and distrust. These

negative emotions can arise due to improper coping

strategies. Research conducted by Koff and Sangani

(1997) gave the results that individuals who perform

coping strategies with emotional focus have a more

negative body image.

High conscientiousness personality has

conscientious, organized, careful, disciplined and

reliable traits. High conscientiousness personality

will also establish for discipline in living a healthy

lifestyle, such as exercising, getting enough sleep,

and eating various types of fruits and vegetables

(Schultz & Schultz, 2017). Positive body image will

form good health behaviors (Becker, Verzijl, Kilpela,

Wilfred, & Stewart, 2017) and negative body image

associated with low personality conscientiousness

(Allen & Walter, 2016).

Intellect personality or commonly referred to as

openness to experience is characterized by

independent and imaginative people. low openness to

experience (intellect) is characterized by ignorance

(Goldberg, 1993). Ignorance to the body can lead to a

negative evaluation of the body. Impulsive attitudes

that make indivdual difficult to control their desire

will arise due to the individual's ignorance of their

body image.

Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness,

and intellect have a positive relationship with self-

esteem. This means that the higher the personalities,

the higher the self-esteem (Amirazodi & Amirazodi,

2011). High self-esteem is closely related to self-

acceptance. Individuals who are able to accept,

respect, and protect their body can be considered to

have good appreciation through their body. This

indicates that the individual has a positive body image

due to the high ability of self-acceptance (Maryam &

Ifdil, 2019)

Neuroticism has a negative relationship with body

image. These results are supported by Narula &

Varma (2018), which revealed that there is a

significant negative influence of personality

neurotism on body image in adolescent girls in

Thailand. Body appreciation in men in the UK also

correlated negatively with neuroticism personality

and BMI figures (Benford & Swami, 2014). High

neuroticism personality is associated with negative

appearance evaluation and high appearance

orientation (Kvalem, Soest, Roald, & Skolleborg,

2006).

5 CONCLUSION

The results showed that most of the late adolescents

have a high dimension of big five personality, while

body image in late adolescents is quite enough. There

is a relationship between the dimensions of big five

personality and body image. The dimensions of big

five personality, which is extraversion,

agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and

intellect contribute effectively 22,8% to body image

in late adolescence.

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ICPsyche 2021 - International Conference on Psychological Studies