Post COVID 19 Pandemic Impacts on Socio-economic Development

Himani Kohli

, Manoj Kumar

and Anuj Rani

Department of Computer Science, Amity University, Noida, 201303, India

School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India

Department of Computer Science, G L Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Greater Noida, 201306, India

Keywords: COVID-19, Economy, Growth-rate, GDP.

Abstract: The impact of COVID-19 irrupts the social and economic life of everyone. COVID-19 makes negative

impact on different sectors of economy. In this paper, we analysed the major affected areas like agriculture,

oils, manufacturing industry, education etc because of COVID-19 pandemic. Due to restriction in mobility,

tourism and aviation sector got affected which contributes major in economy growth. The global economic

projection for India in 2019, 2020 and 2021 respectively from the Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook,

and April 2020 is 4.2, 1.9 and 7.4 respectively. COVID-19 also impacted on environment and medical

waste. Several coronavirus cases are directly related to clinical or medical waste deposited in the city.

During this pandemic, all trading sector is going to be off and their jobs is on risk. Government is launching

many schemes to make everyone independent and can do their own business. The present study shows the

overall post impact of COVID-19 on various primary and secondary sectors of economy.

1 INTRODUCTION

In December 2019, the city in china named Wuhan

experienced unusual cases that have impacted

social-economic life across the globe during spring

2020. The COVID-19 crisis has a deleterious effect

on global healthcare systems, which led to

significant losses in the industries. It is caused by

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus2

(SARS-COV-2), further highlighted the cases

reported to World Health Organisation, declaring

global health emergency with urgent need of

effective vaccines in January 2020. It emerged over

63.3 million proved cases and more than 1.47

million deaths globally (WORLDOMETER, 2020).

Subsequently, in January 2020, this mortal

coronavirus was named as COVID-19, where WHO

was censured of delayed response to healthcare

guidelines, which have already destroyed mainland

in china as a greater number of infected people with

COVID-19 symptoms. In countries, the USA and

UK also questioned WHO for delayed information

of COVID-19 outbreak (Sohrabhi, et al., 2020). In

response to 'flatten the curve', the government of

different countries has been compelled to shut down

markets (AB Avi Loeb, Flattening the COVID-19

curves, [Internet]. Scientific American Blog

Network, [cited 2020 Mar 20], 2020), travel

restrictions or mobility restrictions, closure of

borders, self-isolations, wearing masks and gloves,

following social-distancing norms. Health advisories

have been laid by WHO, who smokes a lot at risk of

getting infected by COVID-19. Countries like India,

Pakistan, and Bangladesh have a higher risk due to

lower socio-economic conditions and lack of

healthcare services. Covid-19 can affect animals as

well, where one animal can be a carrier of infection

to another. Bynoe and Tyrell in 1996 were the first

scientists who studied coronavirus which further

classified coronavirus into the beta category.

According to healthcare experts, it originated from

China's animal market, where the definite route to

harm human and because infection is still unknown.

The Announcement of COVID-19 contributed

towards socio-economic changes and environmental

issues, affecting the economy of primary, secondary,

and tertiary sectors. The primary sectors consist of

extraction of raw material, where secondary involves

finishing good quality products and tertiary sector

include service industries. Due to the ripple effect of

the eruption of Covid-19, there has been a global

crash in demand for hotels, restaurants, travel

services, etc. Relatively, we found an increasing

demand for the Pharmaceutical Industry, and

Kohli, H., Kumar, M. and Rani, A.

Post COVID 19 Pandemic Impacts on Socio-economic Development.

DOI: 10.5220/0010789500003167

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Innovation in Computer and Information Science (ICICIS 2021), pages 5-12

ISBN: 978-989-758-577-7

different healthcare centres collaborated plans to

develop a vaccine of coronavirus.

The Covid-19 crisis on individuals impacted the

country's economy and disturbed the mind-set of

people, thus leading to anxiety, loneliness resulting

from self-isolation or quarantine, depression of

losing jobs, salary cuts, financial loss, workload

decline, etc. which triggers mental health

complaints. Subsequently, labour markets are

affected by government-imposed shutdowns from

mid-March onwards. It considered three measures of

economic hardships: a change of workload, loss of

income, loss of job and further considering mental

health problems as feelings of depression, anxiety,

and loneliness. Therefore, Refuge, one of the UK's

domestic abuse charities, has reported an increment

of call reports as an outbreak of a pandemic by 25%

(25% increase in calls to national domestic abuse

helpline since lockdown measures began - refuge

charity - domestic violence help, [Internet]. [cited

2020 Apr 7]., 2020). Thus, there have been a vast

social implication on family dynamics: domestic

rampage and indoor gaming. The outbreak also

disturbed the studies by making it all online, where

not all have technical knowledge. It is difficult for

students to deal with the present

impacts of covid-

19; thus, free meals are no longer provided to

the students. They lack confidence and lack of

exposures under 'stay-at-home' restrictions.

Hence, the education system is affected by

various policies for Covid-19 under

Government rules. The government of China

and Japan took measures with the People's

Bank of China and People's Bank of Japan

providing to maintain bank liquidity, that is,

$240bn and $43bn, respectively. In response to

countries, Europe has pledged a rescue package

of € 1.7tn (Europe's economic rescue packages

worth combined €1.7tn, World news | The

Guardian [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 20].,

2020); in Germany the bank of Development

provided € 500bn in loans, whereas UK

chancellor Rishi

Sunak provided £330bn for the

development (Support for those affected by COVID-

19, [Internet]. GOV.UK. [cited 2020 Mar 19]., 2020)

([Internet], Chancellor Unveils £350bn Lifeline for

Economy, BBC News, 2020 Mar 17 [cited 2020 Mar

20];, 2020). Further support to save UK businesses,

£20bn is provided. Interest rates have been reduced

up to 0.5% in US responses to the outbreak of

Covid-19. A Trump administration has managed a

'virus-aid package'- the CARES Act which was

about $2 trillion (The anatomy of the $2 trillion

COVID-19 stimulus bill - visual capitalist,[Internet].

[cited 2020 Apr 7]., 2020). This bill covers $1200

for every adult with low income that is less than

$75,000, $500 for every child under 17, $500bn to

issue loan and loan guarantees for small business,

$25bn for food assistance, $100bn for healthcare,

$14bn to farmers, $17bn to national security and

others (Who gets what from the $2 trillion US virus

aid package, USA News | Al Jazeera [Internet].

[cited 2020 Apr 6]., 2020). In March 2020, the US

Federal Reserve (the Fed) announced the market aid

of $125bn in bonds.

2 COVID 19 IMPACTS

2.1 Industrial Impacts

In March 2020, focusing upon the raw material

industries, i.e., primary sector, secondary sector

deals in the manufacturing of final finished product

and tertiary sector consisting of all service purveying

industries ( Nicola, et al., 2020). Here, the main

three-sector are discussed:

2.1.1 Primary Sectors

●

Agriculture

The covid-19 outbreak has tested the agriculture

sector. The agricultural commodities prices dropped

by 20% (Prices of agricultural commodities drop

20% post COVID-19 outbreak - rediff Realtime

News, [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 20]., 2020) due to

exigency for food items from hotels and restaurants.

Countries around the globe implied measures in

order to protect from spreading of the virus. This

includes social distancing, wearing of masks and

gloves, restriction for

traveling from one country to

other or states and restrictions on congregations by

not letting anyone to visit the

holy places. Further,

markets got shut down, where trading had smashed

the ability to exchange commodities. With this, the

Chicago Mercantile Exchange ([Internet], CME

Closing Trading Floors Indefinitely amid

Coronavirus Concerns,Crain’s Chicago Business,

2020 [cited 2020 Mar 23]., 2020) is a current

precedent. The dropout of demand was the

implication of the primary sector in the covid-19

outbreak and the 'panic buying' further created

complications in shortage.

●

Petroleum and Oil

Saudi Arabia retaliates with exceptional discounts to

customers after getting triggered by Russia's refusal

ICICIS 2021 - International Conference on Innovations in Computer and Information Science

to oil production (OPEC's pact with Russia falls

apart, sending oil into tailspin. Reuters, [Internet],

[cited 2020 Mar 23];, 2020). The production of oil

increased by 25% compared to February-taking it to

an unparallel level. Furthermore, 'Carbon Dividends'

has been suggested by the Imperial College's Centre

for Climate Finance for economic modelling. A CO2

tax of £50/tonne is stimulated in UK households to

get customer spending while keeping prices at the

same level as February 2020 (The economic impact

of coronavirus: analysis from imperial experts |

imperial news | imperial College London, [Internet].

Imperial News, [cited 2020 Apr 6]., 2020).

Nevertheless, this depends on the turmoil between

Saudi Arabia and Russia.

2.1.2 Secondary Sectors

●

Manufacturing Industry

The pandemic in the manufacturing industry has

been a negative impact. There will a fall of turnover

in the next two quarters, admitting 80% of

respondents, with 98% admitting concern about

pandemic issues on business (Plastics trade body

publishes first study of coronavirus impact on UK

manu-facturing, [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 20].,

2020). The foremost vital concerns on business due

to disruption to supply chains are importation and

staffing deficiencies. Further, the survey is laid by

the British Plastics Federation (BPF), exploring the

impacts of Covid-19. Many roles within the

industries do not find viable such as 'work from

home.' Companies from China, such as BASF

(COVID-19 is coming for the chemical industry in

2020, BASF frets | IndustryWeek, [Internet]. [cited

2020 Mar 20]., 2020), have to delay their activity

and further slow-down predicted growth. Countries

such as the USA, UK are acquiring similar

protection measures against Covid-19, transcending

the borders. Industries such as Chemical Industry

have reduced the production by 1.2% worldwide, the

worst growth ever since 2008 (Knieps, 2020).

2.1.3 Other Sectors

●

Education

Due to covid-19, many schools and colleges shut

down- disturbing all levels of the education system.

Different countries introduced different policies,

thereby imposing a complete closure in Italy and

German (Unterricht an bayerischen Schulen wird

eingestellt, [Internet]. Bayerisches Staatsministerium

für Unterricht und Kultus, [cited 2020 Mar 20].,

2020). Additionally, more than 100 countries have

imposed a nationwide closure for schools, colleges

and corporate sectors ([Internet], Educational

Disruption and Response, UNESCO, 2020 [cited

2020 Mar 20]., 2020). UNESCO estimated that

millions of students or learners would suffer from

the closure of the education system. These closures

intend to halt from getting the virus transfer within

an institution and preventing from getting transfer to

other individuals. There are widespread socio-

economic implications hereby, schools’ staff are not

able to accomplish the policies laid that is ‘Free

School Meals’ for children. It impacted child care

costs to low-income families; also, access to

technology becomes a major drawback. In Dubai,

petition have been signed by parents in order to

decrease 30% of the independent school fees.

([Internet], Expats in Dubai Call for Cut in Their

Children's School Fees, Ft.com,2020 [cited 8 April

2020]., 2020).

The long-term impact of schools, college's closure is yet

to be experience. A study by Brookings Institution

estimated that four-week closure would cost $1.1bn and

nationwide closure for 12 weeks would cost 1% of GDP.

Further estimation from the UK suggested the cost of

3% GDP ( Keogh‐Brown, Wren‐Lewis , Edmunds ,

Beutels, & Smith, 2020). Additionally, regarding the

scientific conferences concerns have been raised by the

authors, scientists and

others, which have been called off

or postponed. Virtual Conferences resulted as a solution

to the problem, but it is not amenable or informal means

of scientific communication. Simultaneously, we have

separated three different forms of economic hardship

such as workload change, income loss, and job loss and

three types of mental health complaints: feelings of

depression, loneliness, health anxiety (Impey, 2020).

Figure 1: Worldwide implications of Coronavirus upon

closures of schools for May. Figure generated by

UNESCO.

Post COVID 19 Pandemic Impacts on Socio-economic Development

Figure 2: Worldwide implications of Coronavirus upon

closures of schools for September. Figure generated by

UNESCO.

In Figure 1 and 2 comprises of nationwide

implications of Coronavirus upon school closures

for two months, i.e., May and September, provided

by UNESCO. In figure 1 over 1,215,881,292 are

affected learners, 69.4% total enrolled and 162

country-wide closure. Figure 2 comprises

875,408,778 affected learners, total learners

involved consist of 50% of the population, and 53

closures in different countries.

●

Finance Industry

The Global economy, business, organisations, and

financial markets have been inadvertently affected

by Covid-19 due to uncoordinated government

responses and lockdowns that have resulted in

disarrangement in the supply chain from various

countries. In China, shut-down resulted in the

reduction of finished goods and items from factories,

government policies, halting from travel such as

quarantine and isolating ourselves resulted in

decrement of demand and usage of items. China has

started to recover faster, strengthening its trade

brokering power against the US. Furthermore, a

stock market index that estimates the stock

performance of 500 large countries on the US stock

exchange secured the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and

Economic Security (CARES) Act, with indexes

rising by 7.3% (SPX | S&P 500 index, MarketWatch

[Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 7]., 2020), 7.73% (DJIA |

Dow Jones industrial average, MarketWatch

[Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 7]., 2020), and 7.33%

(COMP | NASDAQ composite index, MarketWatch

[Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 7]., 2020) respectively.

Gold dropped by 0.65% against the dollar

(XAU/USD (gold/USD dollar), [Internet]. [cited

2020 Apr 7]., 2020).

Table 1: Global Economic Projections of 2019, 2020,

2021.

2019 2020 2021

World Output 2.9 -3.0 5.8

Advanced Economies 1.7 -6.1 4.5

United States 2.3 -5.9 4.7

Euro Area 1.2 -7.5 4.7

Germany 0.6 -7.0 5.2

France 1.3 -7.2 4.5

Italy 0.3 -9.1 4.8

Spain 2.0 -8.0 4.3

Japan 0.7 -5.2 3.0

United Kingdom 1.4 -6.5 4.0

Canada 1.6 -6.2 4.2

Other Advanced

Economies

1.7 -4.6 4.5

Emerging Markets and

Developing Economies

3.7 -1.0 6.6

Emerging and

Develo

Asia

5.5 1.0 8.5

China 6.1 1.2 9.2

India 4.2 1.9 7.4

ASEAN-5 4.8 -0.6 7.8

Emerging and

Develo

Euro

2.1 -5.2 4.2

Russia 1.3 -5.5 3.5

Latin America and the

Caribbean

0.1 -5.2 3.4

Brazil 1.1 -5.3 2.9

Mexico -0.1 -6.6 3.0

Middle East and Central

Asia

1.2 -2.8 4.0

Saudi Arabia 0.3 -2.3 2.9

Sub-Saharan Africa 3.1 -1.6 4.1

Nigeria 2.2 -3.4 2.4

South Africa 0.2 -5.8 4.0

Low-Income Developing

Countries

5.1 0.4 5.6

Table 1 describes the global economic projections

from the Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook,

and April 2020. It contains the data for 2019,

2020 and 2021.

ICICIS 2021 - International Conference on Innovations in Computer and Information Science

●

Healthcare Industry and Chemical or Pharmaceutical

Industry

The coronavirus-19 caused many problems for

health-care industries worldwide. The expensive

health-care costs, low number of ICU beds, doctors

for viral testing, N95 masks, gloves, production of

sanitizers, hence exposed the weaknesses in the

delivery of patients. Workers and staff working in

hospitals are getting infected by the virus, resulting

in an increment of patients and staff members'

decrement. This leads to massive investment in

disease prevention infrastructure. In the US, active

elements of pharmaceutical are largely brought from

India (18%), EU (26%) and China account for 13%.

Due to lockdowns and factories' closure, the

pharmaceutical ingredient station in supply lead to

revenue loss (COVID-19 USA: coronavirus

outbreak measures and effect on the US, [Internet].,

2020).

Hereby, opportunities for companies involved

themselves in the production of vaccines and drugs.

Further, companies such as Johnson & Johnson,

Novavax, NanoViricides, VirBiotechnology have

announced collaborative plans to invent the vaccine

of coronavirus-19. Phase-1 clinical trials have been

going under the age of 18-55 years ([Internet], NIH

Clinical Trial of Investigational Vaccine for

COVID-19 Begins, National Institutes of Health

(NIH), 2020 [cited 2020 Mar 20]., 2020).

●

Tourism, Hospitality and Aviation

The most hard-hit industries, the hospitality and

travel have faced many challenges due to covid-19.

In the United States, generation of revenue per room

fell up to 11.6% on March 7, 2020. China's

occupancy rate fell up to 89% by the end of January

2020 (Airbnb, Hotels seek US government aid as

demand flattens, [Internet]. [cited 2020Mar 20].,

2020). In other countries such as Italy, including

Rome, the occupancy rate fell to 6%, whereas

London remains the most stable country with 47%

(H. Net, Coronavirus hits German hotel industry

hard: more than every-3-guests stay away, [Internet].

Hospitality Net, [cited 2020 Mar 20]., 2020) of the

occupancy rate. Overall, covid-19 land to the

distortion of the hotel market in Europe, China and

other countries. Simultaneously, tourism also

experienced an outbreak of covid-19, where both

supply and demand were impacted. Worldwide

travel and tourism companies are at risk hence

warned 50 million jobs. Internationally, a study of

Vietnam, its tourist sector suffered a $5bn loss due

to pandemic. Like the US, Canada, many countries

adopted the policies of border closure and

suspension of visa services. Travel suspension has

been found in countries of Africa and Asia.

Figure 3: The state of the US Hotel Industry during Covid-19.

In the figure 3 given above, it consists of the

statistical graphical representation of the hotel

industry in the state the US, where in February 2020

it was a high and from beginning of April there is a

huge fall in the graph. Here, trans and spend

represent the transaction and spending in Hotels

●

Food Sector

The panic-buying and stockpiling of food were the

major results of the pandemic. This has led to

increasing attention towards the storage of basic

food items such as pasta, milk, bread, wheat, rice

and all vegetables (MPs in plea to government over

UK's Covid-19 stockpiling, World news | The

Guardian [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 23]., 2020).

Due to panic-buying, there was an increment in

demand of food, worth £1bn. Such a high demand

for food affected online food delivery. Hence,

excessive delivery of food resulted in late deliveries

or not delivering. Furthermore, food storage banks

were also suffering from panic-buying. The

Population who cannot afford stockpile found no

food. In response to the following, the government

followed various policies to distribute free meals to

the poor and distributed parcels to the people or take

them home. The British Retail Consortium (BRC)

and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

([Internet], Commissioner O of the. Coronavirus

Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Frequently Asked

Questions, FDA, 2020 Mar 22 [cited 2020 Mar 23];,

2020), (Jack, 2020) reassured the public where

stores made a drastic change, providing new jobs

about 30,000 in order to meet the high-pressure of

restocking shelves. Therefore, a UK-food chain,

Leon, was forced to revolve its business plans; more

than 65 of its restaurants were made up into shops to

deliver bread and meat.

●

Covid-19 and Environment Impact

Covid-19 also impacted Environment issues, i.e.,

medical waste. In February 2020 Wuhan produced

200 tons of medical waste, four times the city's

Post COVID 19 Pandemic Impacts on Socio-economic Development

waste facility ( Bashir, MA, & Shahzad, 2020).

Thus, several coronavirus cases are directly related

to clinical or medical waste deposited in the city.

There is a need to take the necessary steps to make

the city clean and free from other diseases ( PT &

CTS, 2020). To emerge ourselves stronger than ever,

we need to ensure or take responsibility and follow

health guidelines. People who are in direct contact

with medical waste, such as cleaners, collectors, and

medical staff, should take precautions and follow all

government health guidelines; otherwise, those

people can spread the virus quickly in public places.

Face masks are one of the major medical waste,

which are jettison after using it ones. Contributing to

medical waste, bottles of sanitizer are increasing

environmental pollution, especially in areas near to

coastal. For example, Hong Kong faced Covid-19 in

January 2020, and coastal areas are most affected by

medical waste. Further commented that now a new

wave of waste is getting deposited at the coast.

Figure 4, shows how a person gets infected and

further becomes a carriage o virus and infects other

people. Doctors and medical staff lay their methods

and theory to build the vaccine of coronavirus.

Further, we found a huge lump of medical waste

such as face masks, gloves in coastal areas infecting

cleaners, garbage collectors and making difficulty in

breathing for animals living in the sea.

●

Covid-19 self-isolation, quarantine, various

policies and implications of air quality

Figure 4: Illustration of Medical Waste and how infection

spreads.

Globally, more than millions of cases have been

committed with coronavirus; as an outcome, the

government of different countries introduced

lockdown to ensure citizens' safety. Countries like

China, UK and USA advocated self-isolation, social

distancing and the compulsory wearing of masks

were the new norms to ensure safety from the virus.

In July 2020, Italy introduced travel restrictions on

more than 13 countries and urged its citizen to avoid

international travel (K., M., & SGM, 2020). It also

introduced 14-day quarantine to avoid been a

carriage of the virus from one country to another.

All these are helping the government to halt the

exposure of coronavirus. The closure of shops,

businesses, transportation, organisations, institutions

and industries led to a significant drop in Green

House Gas (GHG) emission. As compared in 2019,

air pollution dropped by 50% in New York; coal

consumption becomes less in China by 40%, 30%

reduction in and 25% reduction in GHG emission.

The Air Quality Index is enhanced by 11.4% in

major cities of China. Further decarbonization is

also sustained to ensuring a clean environment

around the world.

Table 2: Before and after Covid 19 air quality

environment.

Before Covid-19 Air

Quality

After Covid-19 Air

Quality

In table 2 it shows the result of air quality before and

after the Covid-19. It clearly shows the difference in

the air quality index before and after the pandemic.

3 DISCUSSION

The Covid-19 pandemic caused immense socio-

economic turmoil in spring 2020, the result of this

consists of necessary lockdowns and self-isolation. It

not only impacted the health of the person but also

ICICIS 2021 - International Conference on Innovations in Computer and Information Science

affected suspension in business activities. This study

reveals the consequences of the government policies

in different sectors include primary, secondary and

others. Considering the good things, air quality

which the government are trying to achieve from

many years by following different methods, could

not be achieved but during Covid-19 air quality

become far better than before. After the pandemic,

we people will emerge out with stronger abilities.

Different techniques have been laid by the

government to protect from virus. Doctors,

researchers are involved in finding the solutions

hereby, designing vaccines. Pfizer-BioNTech from

US and Oxford Group has passed the Phase-3

Covid-19 trial hence distribution has started among

people in the world.

4 CONCLUSION

An infectious virus, coronavirus which consist in

millions of cases and deaths around the world. At

the positive side, we found better air quality and

clean sky. Somehow, we found negative impacts

with positive impacts. We found noxious impacts

human and economic pain, where industries were

completely shut down, leading to a slowdown in

goods production. With the fear of new recession

and financial collapse, there is a need for strong

direction and guidance in healthcare, business,

government, and society to fight against any such

virus in future. Long term strategies and planning is

needed to overcome the situation of the pandemic. A

broad structure of socio-economic, including

primary, secondary, other sectors and an ecosystem

that encourages entrepreneurship in business models

is required to overcome the implications of Covid-

19.

REFERENCES

Bashir, M. F., MA, B., & Shahzad, L. (2020). A brief

review of socio-economic and environmental impact

of Covid-19. Springer.

Keogh‐Brown, M. R., Wren‐Lewis , S., Edmunds , W.,

Beutels, P., & Smith, R. D. (2020). The possible

macroeconomic impact on the UK of an influenza

pandemic.

Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabird,

A., Iosifidis, C., & Aghae, M. (2020). The socio-

economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic

(COVID-19):. International Journal of Surgery,

Elsevier.

PT, L., & CTS, C. (2020). (2020) A reusable mask for

coronavirus disease.

[Internet], Chancellor Unveils £350bn Lifeline for

Economy, BBC News, 2020 Mar 17 [cited 2020 Mar

20];. (2020, march 17).

[Internet], CME Closing Trading Floors Indefinitely amid

Coronavirus Concerns,Crain’s Chicago Business,

2020 [cited 2020 Mar 23]. (2020, March). Retrieved

from https://www.chicagobusiness.com/finance-

banking/cme-closing-trading-floors-indefinitely-amid-

coronavirus-concerns

[Internet], Commissioner O of the. Coronavirus Disease

2019 (COVID-19) Frequently Asked Questions, FDA,

2020 Mar 22 [cited 2020 Mar 23];. (2020, march 23).

Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/emergency-

preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-

covid-19/covid-19-frequently-asked-questions

[Internet], Educational Disruption and Response,

UNESCO, 2020 [cited 2020 Mar 20]. (2020, March).

Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/covid19/

educationresponse

[Internet], Expats in Dubai Call for Cut in Their

Children's School Fees, Ft.com,2020 [cited 8 April

2020]. (2020, April 8). Retrieved from

https://www.ft.com/content/c9f83ca9-9107-436f-

864b-da1b7e28f56f

[Internet], NIH Clinical Trial of Investigational Vaccine

for COVID-19 Begins, National Institutes of Health

(NIH), 2020 [cited 2020 Mar 20]. (2020, march).

Retrieved from https://www.nih.gov/news-

events/news-releases/nih-clinical-trial-investigational-

vaccine-covid-19-begins

25% increase in calls to national domestic abuse helpline

since lockdown measures began - refuge charity -

domestic violence help, [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 7].

(2020, april 7).

AB Avi Loeb, Flattening the COVID-19 curves, [Internet].

Scientific American Blog Network, [cited 2020 Mar

20]. (2020, march).

Airbnb, Hotels seek US government aid as demand

flattens, [Internet]. [cited 2020Mar 20]. (2020,

march). Retrieved from https://uk.news.yahoo.com/

airbnb-hotels-seek-us-government-172429553.html?

guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9jb25zZ

W50LnlhaG9vLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAA

ACZRvUSdil8yqD6uLCzjwgPt_7XCCtMra5nOk6lAt

xj4SWgWhXMr4rizq7LTkeApX3xbRoQwNY4T2U7

cs1rdUK1DjYjwHYPJ

COMP | NASDAQ composite index, MarketWatch

[Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 7]. (2020, april 7).

Retrieved from https://www.marketwatch.com/

investing/index/comp

COVID-19 is coming for the chemical industry in 2020,

BASF frets | IndustryWeek, [Internet]. [cited 2020

Mar 20]. (2020, March). Retrieved from

https://www.industryweek.com/supply-chain/

planning-forecasting/article/21125045/covid19-is-

coming-for-the-chemical-industry-in-2020-basf-frets

COVID-19 USA: coronavirus outbreak measures and

effect on the US, [Internet]. (2020, march). Retrieved

Post COVID 19 Pandemic Impacts on Socio-economic Development

from https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/

features/coronavirus-affected-countries-usa-covid-19-

measures-impact-pharma-hotel-tourism-medical/

DJIA | Dow Jones industrial average, MarketWatch

[Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 7]. (2020, april 7).

Retrieved from https://www.marketwatch.com/

investing/index/djia

Europe's economic rescue packages worth combined

€1.7tn, World news | The Guardian [Internet]. [cited

2020 Mar 20]. (2020, March 19).

H. Net, Coronavirus hits German hotel industry hard:

more than every-3-guests stay away, [Internet].

Hospitality Net, [cited 2020 Mar 20]. (2020, march).

Retrieved from https://www.hospitalitynet.org/

performance/4097569.html

Impey, C. (2020). C. Impey, Coronavirus: social

distancing is delaying vital scientific research,

[Internet]. The Conversation, [cited 2020 Mar 21].

Jack, S. (2020, march 15). S. Jack, Supermarkets Urge

Shoppers to Stop Stockpiling, [Internet] BBC

News,2020 Mar 15 [cited 2020 Mar 23];. Retrieved

from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51883440

K., S., M., S., & SGM, S. (2020). (2020) The impact of

COVID-19 as a necessary evil on air pollution in India

during the lockdown.Environ pol 266:115080.

Knieps, S. (2020). Will COVID-19 turn Germany's export-

oriented economy into a weak-ness? [Internet], [cited

2020 Mar 23]. Retrieved from

https://www.euractiv.com/

MPs in plea to government over UK's Covid-19

stockpiling, World news | The Guardian [Internet].

[cited 2020 Mar 23]. (2020, march 23). Retrieved

from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/

21/mps-plea-government-uk-covid-19-stockpiling-

coronavirus

OPEC's pact with Russia falls apart, sending oil into

tailspin. Reuters, [Internet], [cited 2020 Mar 23];.

(2020, March 23). Retrieved from

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-opec-meeting-

idUSKBN20T0Y2

Plastics trade body publishes first study of coronavirus

impact on UK manu-facturing, [Internet]. [cited 2020

Mar 20]. (2020, March). Retrieved from

https://www.bpf.co.uk/article/plastics-trade-body-

publishes-first-study-of-coronavirus-impact-1602.aspx

Prices of agricultural commodities drop 20% post

COVID-19 outbreak - rediff Realtime News,

[Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 20]. (2020, march).

Retrieved from https://realtime.rediff.com/news/

india/Prices-of-agricultural-commodities-drop-20-

post-COVID19-outbreak/955078599584b749?

src=interim_alsoreadimage

Sohrabhi, C., Alsafi, Z., O'Niell, N., Khan, M., Kerwan,

A., & Al-JABIR, A. (2020, april). World Health

Organization declares global emergency: A review of

the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19).

SPX | S&P 500 index, MarketWatch [Internet]. [cited

2020 Apr 7]. (2020, april 7). Retrieved from

https://www.marketwatch.com/investing/index/spx

Support for those affected by COVID-19, [Internet].

GOV.UK. [cited 2020 Mar 19]. (2020, march 17).

The anatomy of the $2 trillion COVID-19 stimulus bill -

visual capitalist,[Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 7]. (2020,

april 7).

The economic impact of coronavirus: analysis from

imperial experts | imperial news | imperial College

London, [Internet]. Imperial News, [cited 2020 Apr

6]. (2020, April 6). Retrieved from

https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/196514/the-

economic-impact-coronavirus-analysis-from/

Unterricht an bayerischen Schulen wird eingestellt,

[Internet]. Bayerisches Staatsministerium für

Unterricht und Kultus, [cited 2020 Mar 20]. (2020,

March).

Who gets what from the $2 trillion US virus aid package,

USA News | Al Jazeera [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 6].

(2020, april 6).

WORLDOMETER. (2020, december). Retrieved december

1, 2020, from https://www.worldometers.info/

coronavirus/

XAU/USD (gold/USD dollar), [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr

7]. (2020, april 7). Retrieved from

https://www.fxstreet.com/rates-charts/xauusd

ICICIS 2021 - International Conference on Innovations in Computer and Information Science