Environmental Safety Factors of Territories and Development of

Ecological Tourism

N. Yu. Agaeva

, I. Petr. Shchetilina

, E. N. Kovaleva

and A. B. Sandberg

Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, Russian Federation

Keywords: Ecological Tourism, Economic Development, Ecological Safety, Geoinformation Research Method,

Ecological Audit.

Abstract: The issues of the influence of the development of ecological tourism in the Russian Federation on the

ecological safety of the country's territories are considered. The analysis of the influence of mass types of

tourism on the ecological system is carried out and the possible consequences of possible ones are given. The

main differences between sustainable and unsustainable types of tourism are identified. The following

parameters were used, mass character, types of vehicles, occupancy of the tourist program, language

proficiency and cultural characteristics of the host country. The analysis of the feasibility of the formation

and development of ecological tourism in specially protected natural areas, the importance, preservation of

the biological and natural landscape, changes in the natural environment. The features and development

prospects, as well as the pros and cons of the organization of ecological tourism in these territories and the

ecological consequences are revealed. Measures are proposed to minimize the negative impact on the natural

potential from tourist activities in the recreational area.

1 INTRODUCTION

The federal program for the development of tourism

at the external and internal levels and the concept for

the development of a system of specially protected

areas, including parks, reserves, objects of historical

and cultural heritage, also identified the prospects for

the development of ecological tourism, especially in

protected areas. The maximum popularization of

parks, national reserves and other protected areas,

used to increase the tourist flow of foreign tourists, as

well as contributing to the development of domestic

tourism, leads to an increase in the burden on

ecological systems. This, in turn, has a bad effect on

the ecological state of the territory and has negative

consequences of a socio-economic nature. The

increase in the tourist flow necessitates the

development of a system of measures to reduce the

load on the ecosystem and neutralize the ecological

catastrophe.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8623-265

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2462-1480

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8558-4724

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-7736

Analyzing the world experience of countries, both

with developed market economies and countries in

transition, it can be concluded that there is a direct

relationship between ecological systems with rational

viability and ensuring environmental safety.

Improving the quality of life, maintaining a healthy

environment for people's life and creating tourist

recreation are becoming a strategic task of the state,

along with meeting socio-economic needs.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

In the work, empirical methods (description,

comparison, modelling), general logical methods

(analysis, synthesis, generalization, analogy),

methods of economic analysis (expert assessments)

were used as methods of scientific research. When

studying the differences between the types of tourism

sustainable and unstable, the method of criterion

differences was used. In particular, unstable tourism

246

Agaeva, N., Shchetilina, I., Kovaleva, E. and Sandberg, A.

Environmental Safety Factors of Terr itories and Development of Ecological Tourism.

DOI: 10.5220/0010697900003169

In Proceedings of the International Scientiﬁc-Practical Conference "Ensuring the Stability and Security of Socio-Economic Systems: Overcoming the Threats of the Crisis Space" (SES 2021),

pages 246-252

ISBN: 978-989-758-546-3

is characterized by mass character, fast means of

transportation, an approved program, the main

reference point to attractions, a low level of language

skills and cultural characteristics of the host country,

when unstable tourism is characterized by individual

tours and family tours, measured and not fast means

of transportation, unplanned the program, the

behaviour of tourists according to the lifestyle of the

host country, a preliminary study of the cultural

characteristics of the country and linguistic features,

the main reference point of the impression, the

purchase of souvenirs for memory. The regulatory

documents for regulating relations in the field of

tourism, the formation and development of individual

territories, environmental regulations and statistical

reporting on the issues under study were used

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the initial period, the formation of the policy of

ensuring the safety of man and the environment had a

multidirectional nature. Moreover, the process itself

did not have the structure and basis of scientific

research. It all came down to creating a safe

environment for humans. As a result, an engineering

task was completed, which determined the main

postulate of the environmental policy. As a result of

the development of socio-economic and ecological

systems, it was discovered that ensuring safety only

for humans does not at all guarantee the safety of the

other two components of the flora and fauna. The

result of the interaction between man and the

environment is nature management, which in the

process of economic development has been

transformed in the direction of greening the economy.

Considering the general concept of economic growth,

it is based on three factors: human capital, means of

production (artificially created) and natural resources.

In most cases, serious environmental disasters arise

from the underestimation of the "environmental

services" obtained from natural capital, and, as a

result, huge economic losses. Having passed a huge

number of concepts, which for the most part led to

consumption and environmental degradation, at the

present stage we have come to the most widespread

concept – the concept of sustainable development.

The concept clearly traces relations in the "nature –

society" system and forms the following principles of

interaction between them: optimal correspondence

between society and nature, the integrity of the

biosphere, the factor of compensation to the nature of

what is withdrawn in direct proportional relationship,

human activity in the use of natural resources should

be as environmentally friendly as possible and

justified, the priority of public interest in solving

environmental problems (Zabihi, 2020).

The ecological safety of territories and the quality

of the environment are directly interconnected not

only with the growth of industrial production, the

development of the energy sector, transport structure,

but with the tourism sector, the development of

recreation as a factor of increased interest of tourists.

The intensive development of the tourism sector

contributes to the emergence of contradictions

between the real needs of the industry and the

observance of the environmental safety of

recreational areas; between the ever-increasing

consumption of natural resources by participants in

the tourism sector and serious pressures on the

ecological environment; between the formation of

sustainable development and functioning of

ecological systems and the decline in natural capital;

between the ever-increasing demands on the

environment and its quality and an insufficiently

formed ecological culture as a personal and

independent value (D'Souza. 2019).

In addition to the positive aspects, the

development of mass tourism also has negative ones,

and this is a decrease in the environmental safety of

tourist destinations. When studying the influence of

mass tourism on tourist territories, it was found that

there is a negative impact: on the soil – a decrease in

its fertility and moisture; on the plant world – the

degradation of the species composition and changes

in the characteristics of plants; on the animal world –

the disappearance of species; for the water system –

changes in coastal boundaries, changes in chemical

composition; for the atmosphere – harmful emissions

from industrial production of goods. At the same

time, it should be noted that ecological tourism is one

of the cleanest and safest types of tourism, in terms of

the consumption of natural resources in specially

protected areas.

The main difference between ecological tourism

(sustainable form of tourism) and mass

(unsustainable form) is that part of the proceeds from

ecological tourism goes to the restoration of tourist

recreation used as an object of ecological tourism.

Ecological tourism as a type of tourism was

formed in 1990. Since then, its share has increased

significantly, and it continues to grow. It has a lot of

different names focused on cleanliness,

environmental friendliness, maximum gardening.

Accordingly, there is a tendency indicating an

increase in the individual responsibility of consumers

of territories used for ecological tourism; about the

emergence and eco-tourists of maximum awareness

Environmental Safety Factors of Territories and Development of Ecological Tourism

247

and maintenance of the ecological stability of the

territories, which directly correlates with the

aforementioned concept of sustainable and balanced

development.

The sustainability of ecological tourism is

characterized by the following features: preservation

of recreational potential; increasing the level of socio-

economic sustainability of regions directly related to

the field of ecological tourism; strengthening the

ethnographic potential of recreational areas.

Tellingly, these signs have a very serious

drawback, since the factor of rest of the tourist

himself is not taken into account. There is no

reference to compliance with travel safety measures

and meeting the needs of tourists.

Ecological tourism can be defined as tourism of a

sustainable form, based on the recreational and

educational activities of participants, without

harming it, contributing to the formation of an

ecological culture, having a positive effect on the

psycho-emotional state of tourists and local residents,

and focused mainly on small groups of tourists

(Cheng, 2019).

Several models, one focused on pristine nature

(USA, Canada, Australia) and one that can be

implemented in a local format, can represent

ecotourism. In Russia, the second model is most

applicable, since ecological tourism is an attentive

attitude to natural resources, no matter especially

protected areas or not. Even now, the question

remains open about the possibility or impossibility of

using protected areas as an object of ecological

tourism. The most commonly used are parks and

protected areas. The Russian Federation is a country

with unique natural resources and protected areas.

Today in Russia there are 102 nature reserves and 42

national parks, respectively, the territorial potential

for the development of ecological tourism is

enormous. Territories suitable for the development of

ecological tourism can be oriented towards both

external and internal tourism. Moreover, it should be

noted that territories of such a plan are most

preferable for the development of ecological tourism,

since it is advisable to organize tourist activities

around an ecologically protected zone, taking into

account the load on the ecological system and in

accordance with permissible environmental safety

standards, with the development of a set of measures

in order to further eliminate the consequences from

the activities of the tourism sector.

Despite the significant development of tourist

areas for the organization of ecological tourism, there

are also serious issues, namely: the insignificant

development of infrastructure, a small number of full-

fledged accommodation facilities, and

underdeveloped infrastructure of tourist routes. It is

these negative factors that lead to uncontrolled

pollution of territories, waste disposal, pollution of

water bodies. These factors also lead to a decrease in

the environmental safety of the territories, and,

therefore, have a negative impact on the local

population (Tan, 2018).

Of course, the lack of strategic development,

planning, a clear understanding of the vector of

development, the presence of a regulatory and

methodological base of documents aimed at

organizing the sphere of tourism and its branches

negatively affects the overall development of

ecological tourism. Taking into account the

documentary base at the government level, it is

necessary to develop and implement measures of state

regulation in the field of taxation of enterprises

focused on the provision of tourist services.

Determine the rules for the use of land, the procedure

for organizing tourist routes, trails, as well as the

procedure for licensing and certification of tourist

services.

Despite the fact that at the government level,

programs for the development of external and internal

tourism have been developed, and some have already

been prolonged and continue their work, there are

many difficulties. It is necessary to stimulate the

population to ecological travel around the country. To

achieve this goal, it is necessary to develop and

implement a comprehensive marketing research

program, the main purpose of which will be to

determine the tourist preferences of the country's

residents.

Another important factor in the development of

ecological tourism is its organization in specially

protected natural areas; moreover, this aspect can

positively affect the increase in the welfare of the

local population living in this area. However, it

should be noted that not all residents consider the

development of ecological tourism in specially

protected natural areas to be an acceptable and

positive moment. Of course, one cannot but pay

attention to the negative factors that arise during the

organization of this type of tourism: environmental

pollution, depletion of natural resources in general, an

increase in noise levels, the emergence of

contradictions between local residents and tourists. In

this situation, a low level of environmental culture is

clearly traced: education in this area, complete or

partial lack of understanding of the economic benefits

of organizing tourism, instability of education and

obtaining a profitable part, a possible negative impact

on local culture. Naturally, over time, all factors are

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SOCIO - ECONOMIC SYSTEMS: OVERCOMING THE THREATS OF THE CRISIS SPACE"

248

levelled, giving way to understanding the positive

aspects of the process: obtaining benefits, increasing

the number of jobs, the possibility of organizing

family businesses, the development of small and

medium-sized businesses, the development of related

types of business (trade, communications).

The authors identified the prospects for the

development of ecological tourism in the country in

order to be in demand on the world market. For this,

the SWOT - analysis method (Strengths, Weaknesses,

Opportunities, and Threats) was used, in order to

determine strengths and opportunities and maximize

their use, as well as the possibility of levelling

weaknesses and threats. The strengths of the

organization of ecological tourism include a unique

natural potential, a huge number of monuments of

cultural and historical heritage, the location of the

local population, fairly budget prices. Among the

weaknesses, the following can be distinguished: a

small amount of accumulated experience in receiving

tourists, a lack of necessary knowledge in the field of

foreign languages, the consequences of various

environmental emergencies and disasters with

irreversible consequences, an almost absence of

developed infrastructure, a low degree of

popularization of tours and routes that have an

ecological direction. Considering the possibilities, the

following important points can be highlighted: based

on the analysis of statistical data, there is a huge

external demand for ecological tourism, the

possibility of cooperation with neighbouring states in

terms of the development of tourism infrastructure, as

well as significant support from the state. The threats

are the difficulty of obtaining subsidies from the state

and the competition within the tourism sector.

At the present stage, the economy of the Russian

Federation is at the stage of global reform, and there

is a general vector of development that has a social

orientation. Any reforms, as a rule, create the need to

develop mechanisms for interaction of all participants

in the process. The most significant parameters in

these processes are the improvement of the level and

quality of life of citizens.

Considering the reforms through the prism of

socio-economic development and the formation of

economic relations in the field of tourist services, one

cannot but pay attention to the variety of forms of

ownership, types of activities, forms of

interconnection and subordination, all this is due to a

large number of different directions of tourism

activities and the multivariate implementation of

tourist services.

The Government of the Russian Federation pays

special attention to the development of tourist

infrastructure, tourist recreation, the formation of

special economic zones, which is confirmed by the

development of a huge number of programs of

various levels aimed at the formation of tourist

clusters, and accurately showing the profitability of

this area of socio-economic development. Moreover,

developing its own tourist potential, a large number

of programs for spiritual development, moral, civil-

patriotic, physical development of society are being

formed.

The tourism industry is a multifaceted and

multifactorial system, it contributes to the growth of

the number of jobs, the formation of tourist zones

aimed at the development of new types of recreation,

using various natural areas with unique natural

potential; influences the formation of the economy at

different levels; contributes to an increase in the flow

of foreign tourists.

Self-organization and the formation of a service

market are the main directions that can lead to self-

organization, both in the tourism sector and in the

entire service sector. The development of the tourism

sector is very susceptible to the influence of various

factors of the economic and non-economic format,

which creates the need to study relations in the field

of tourism, the ultimate goal of which is to improve

the mechanism for the development and

implementation of the state's socio-economic policy.

In the early stages of development, there were two

forms of tourism: "hard" – a form of maximum

consumption, like a conveyor; “soft” – differentiation

takes place in this type. The reformation led to the

need to change the work of the sphere, focused on

taking into account the individual needs of the

consumer. The form of transition from hard to soft

form contributes to the shift of priorities from the

seller to taking into account the individual

characteristics of buyers.

It is ecological tourism that can be most easily

transformed. The demand for outdoor recreation and

its massive consumption lead to the use of new

territories used for the development of, in particular,

ecological tourism. The main goal of ecological

tourism is to restore the vitality of the human body,

its spiritual and psychological state. Ecological

tourism contributes to the relaxation of the human

body in the natural environment, relieving stress,

restoring the vitality of the body. Time spent in nature

increases the body's performance. Recreational time

includes time to work, rest and sleep. An extremely

important factor is the type of activity that a person is

engaged in during the rest period, since this affects

his further behaviour at work, in the family, in

society.

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Based on a large number of documents developed

at different levels of government from the

government to the local scale, it should be noted that

the state policy in the field of environmental

development is focused on solving problems of the

socio-economic format. In particular, this is the

preservation of the environment in general, the

variety of natural resources, including the use of

environmentally friendly natural resources, as well as

the formation and implementation of the right to a

favourable ecological environment. From this point

of view, many areas can be identified, the key ones

are the following: creation of a management system

with the maximum ability to protect the environment

and ensure environmental safety; widespread use of

new technologies in environmental safety;

minimization of negative impact on the environment;

exclusion of the possibility of damage to natural

resources and specially protected areas; educating

citizens about the formation of environmental culture;

preservation of natural, ecological territories used for

the formation of zones of ecological tourism.

Of course, this concept is most effective, provided

that huge investments are made in this area, which

will be aimed at developing new innovative

technologies that can gradually eliminate the

consequences of negative impacts on the ecological

system (D'Souza. 2019).

The Russian Federation is one of the main states

that have the strongest impact on maintaining the

sustainability of the biosphere. This happens due to

the huge reserves of drinking water, forestlands,

ecosystems not used by economic activities, huge

biodiversity. At the same time, one cannot fail to note

the enormous damage caused to the environment by

increasing the discharge of wastewater and the

volume of waste, which increases annually,

exceeding the EU standards by 2 times. The

Government of the Russian Federation has set the

task of stabilizing the situation in environmental

safety. This can be achieved through rational nature

management, increasing the efficiency of natural

resources use, legal regulation, including the

development of large recreational projects aimed at

preserving ecologically clean areas, including:

application of the international system of

environmental safety standards; the use of

environmentally friendly and safe industries; creation

of a system of environmental education, culture and

upbringing; creation of a system of specially

protected areas; use of innovative technologies.

Paying close attention to the last three points, the

following should be highlighted. In the Russian

Federation, a document has been developed – a

concept aimed at creating a system of specially

protected areas throughout the country. The main

mission of the concept is the creation and

development of a system of specially protected

natural areas of federal importance by increasing the

efficiency of public administration and the operation

of the system of specially protected areas in order to

ensure environmental safety, preserve the natural

diversity of territories and cultural heritage (Cheng,

2019).

Of course, the current concept provides for a large

number of tasks: creation and development of parks

and reserves with national status; formation of

geographical maps with a list of currently existing

parks and reserves; creation of a system for the

protection and safety of parks, reserves, objects of

cultural and historical value; development of

educational work to popularize reserves and parks;

creation of a system of interconnection and

involvement of these territories in the development of

ecological tourism; ensuring the demand for scientific

products of reserves and national parks and the results

of their environmental monitoring; implementation of

the process of integration of territories with a special

status in the sphere of socio-economic development

of regions (Shchetilina, 2020).

All this, in a single complex, is aimed at creating

a positive image of the Russian Federation at the

international level.

Specially protected areas are areas that are

partially or completely withdrawn from economic

circulation. They are necessary to preserve the

landscape of the biosphere. The main directions of

use of such lands are as follows: creation of

ecological stability of lands previously used in

economic activities; creation of rational conditions

for the reproduction of natural resources; creation and

development of ecotourism recreations in order to

maintain normal human life; creation of programs

with an environmental and educational direction for

the mass awareness of people (Bowles, 2018).

Among a wide range of goals, objectives and

directions in the concept, special attention is paid to

the use of innovative technologies that increase the

efficiency of using territories, obtaining information

about the current state of a particular territory and

promptly responding to possible changes in its

landscape, ecological state, etc. (Loc, 2021). Among

such technologies, one can single out geographic

information systems that are capable of checking

territories for compliance with the environmental

situation, and the results can be made public in a

document as a report on the environmental safety of

the territory. Moreover, using geographic information

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systems, both natural and industrial territories are

assessed, objects and soil are assessed (Andersen,

2018).

Geographic information systems are widely used

at different levels of government. When determining

the strategic directions of socio-economic

development, there is a need for analysis, with the aim

of dividing territories into sub-districts with a certain

content, and further use of the obtained data to build

geographic information systems, and this, in turn, is

possible using cluster analysis methods.

Cluster analysis involves geographic zoning of

territories based on natural and socio-economic

characteristics, in order to conduct research and build

coverage areas.

"Cluster" (or "Bundle") is a territory bounded by

physical obstacles of natural

At its core, "Cluster" is a "territory within a

territory" that conduct life according to their own

rules. Accordingly, if a society living in a cluster has

the ability to satisfy its needs, then it will not go

beyond its limited territory without special need.

An elementary example of a "bundle" is a village

in a mountain valley. Accordingly, if the residents of

such a village have everything for a normal life, they

may not leave it for a long period.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that

geoinformation technologies make it possible to

correctly determine the size of a cluster, its

boundaries and its natural resources. Moreover, the

boundaries of the cluster can change in the context of

changes in the infrastructure around the formed

cluster.

Returning to geographic information systems and

their use for geographic regionalization based on

natural characteristics and characteristics of the

socio-economic plan, cluster analysis is also used.

Accordingly, it is advisable to use these systems to

create clusters of the ecological direction. Moreover,

geographic information systems allow you to set a

model for a clear formation of a territory with given

characteristics. Also, through geoinformation

systems, there is a solution to certain problems,

through environmental audits: monitoring the

environmental situation of natural and man-made

emergencies, assessing man-made impacts on the

environment and their consequences, ensuring the

environmental safety of the area under consideration

(from local to global levels); territorial and sectoral

planning and management of the placement of

industrial facilities, transport, agriculture, energy;

control of living conditions of the population, health

care and recreation; mapping (complex and sectoral):

creation of thematic maps and atlases, updating maps,

operational mapping; integration and interaction of

information resources (Tikhomirov, 2019).

Thus, the geoinformation method of

environmental audit research performs two functions:

informing about objects and the state of the

environment and modelling. As a result of an

environmental audit using geographic information

systems, management decisions are made, the

purpose of which is to stabilize and improve the

environmental situation in the area under

consideration.

The geoinformation method for studying the

ecological situation involves the analysis of the entire

spectrum of available information in relation to a

specific geographic point or object. Spatial

geoinformation includes geographic information

about the study area, objects located on it, and

occurring natural and anthropogenic phenomena.

Time geo-information assumes data for monitoring

these objects and phenomena distributed over time

and is necessary for creating models and predicting

the implementation of one or another scenario of

changing the ecological situation. Non-spatial

geoinformation consists of regulatory documents,

general data typical for the class of objects,

phenomena, etc. (Dedeke, 2017).

Accordingly, the obtained data of the analysis and

the data of the cartographic study can be used in

monitoring and making management decisions on the

part of the places where ecological tourism is

organized, as well as the possible elimination of

negative consequences in the territories exposed to

tourists (Xu, 2017).

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the foregoing, we can say the following that

the Russian Federation has a huge number of

opportunities for the development of ecological

tourism. Many reports on sustainable development of

territories have been published, both at the European

level and at the country level (Osland, 2017).

Studying modern theories of sustainable development

and ecological safety of territories, considering and

adopting, unfortunately, domestic and foreign

experience in organizing ecological tourism using

specially protected natural objects, there is an urgent

need to develop conceptual approaches and develop

directions for increasing the ecological sustainability

and safety of ecological tourism (Agaeva, 2021).

We believe that on the basis of the already

developed concept for the development of domestic

and inbound tourism, it is necessary to develop a

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251

concept aimed at increasing environmental

sustainability and improving the safety of ecological

tourism, which will contribute to the economic

development of specially protected areas, including

taking into account the preservation of natural

resources and environmental protection. Moreover, it

has been statistically proven that sustainable

development leads to increased tourism

competitiveness (Martinis, 2019). Ecological tourism

has a significant socio-economic effect, and Russia

has numerous criteria that contribute to the

development of ecological tourism. Due to its unique

natural potential, the Russian Federation has every

opportunity to become a world leader in the field of

ecological tourism.

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