Factors of Innovative Development of Investment and Construction

Complex in the Processes of Industry - 4.0

I. A. Bachurinskaya

, N. V. Vasileva

, M. N. Yudenko

, I. V. Fedoseev

and S. N.

Maksimov

Saint-Petersburg State University of Economics (SPbSUE), Sadovaya st., 21, SaintPetersburg, Russia

St Petesburg University (SPbU), Universitetskya Emb., 7-9, SaintPetersburg, Russia

Keywords: Investment and construction complex, Industry – 4.0, innovation potential, sustainability, economic and social

systems.

Abstract: The study goal which consists in the need to analyze the factors of innovative development of investment and

construction complex in the processes of Industry -4 is defined; the result on formation of digitalization

models for investment and construction company based on the experience of spreading Industry-4 trends in

Russia and foreign countries is achieved. The factors that contribute to sustainable development of the

investment and construction complex as a socio-economic system are identified. It is concluded that the

economic growth basis of the investment and construction complex are the processes of Industry-4, which

absolutely ensure its sustainability through implementation of processes of investment and construction

complex digitalization, ecology, innovation and location.

1 INTRODUCTION

The investment and construction complex

(hereinafter – the ICC) forms the basis for economy

and society development, creating the necessary

material objects for development of industry and

other economic activities, determining the

population's quality of life. The ICC's significant role

in the economy is confirmed by a number of statistical

indicators: scope оf work performed in 2020 by type

of activity “construction” amounted to 9.5 trillion

rubles, the average annual number of people

employed in construction – 6.4 million people or 9%

of the total number of people employed in the

country's economy. 439 thousand enterprises and

organizations are involved in the construction field,

which is 11.5% of their total number in the Russian

Federation.

At the beginning of 2021, the business confidence

index, which characterizes the business climate in

construction, had a negative value (-15), indicating a

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low business climate state in this type of economic

activity. The improvement of the business climate in

construction will be facilitated by enhancing

innovation in the investment and construction

complex.

The goal of this study is to analyze the factors of

ICC innovative development in the processes

Industry-4.0.

Within this analysis, an attempt is carried out to

confirm the hypothesis that the basis for progressive

economic growth of participants in the investment

and construction complex and its sustainability is the

increase their competitiveness in increasing the share

of the occupied construction market through the

introduction of Industry-4 processes.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

A significant number of scientific papers by

researchers and practitioners in this field are devoted

Bachurinskaya, I., Vasileva, N., Yudenko, M., Fedoseev, I. and Maksimov, S.

Factors of Innovative Development of Investment and Construction Complex in the Processes of Industry - 4.0.

DOI: 10.5220/0010683400003169

In Proceedings of the International Scientiﬁc-Practical Conference "Ensuring the Stability and Security of Socio-Economic Systems: Overcoming the Threats of the Crisis Space" (SES 2021),

pages 74-81

ISBN: 978-989-758-546-3

to the problems of development of the investment-

construction complex and innovations in

construction. The works presents general issues of

sustainable development of the investment and

construction complex as a complex economic and

social system and individual issues of analyzing the

possibilities of digitalization in the investment and

construction complex based on Industry-4.0.

The following articles prove the multidimensional

nature of the studied problem, the credibility and

correctness of the authors' attempts to prove the

inevitability of innovative development in

construction.

Ivanova and Zagidullina (2016) analyze the main

activation directions of innovation activity in the

investment and construction field, highlighting the

topical areas of innovation activity, which include:

modularity in manufacture and design, manufacture

robotization, increasing the manufacture flexibility,

development of modern monitoring systems, shows a

growing tendency to increase the innovative factors

role in the development of ICC and region's economy.

Khrustalev and Artamonova (2016) consider the

main aspects of ICC enterprises' development and

management, as well as the formation of an

innovative approach in the activities of enterprises of

investment and construction complex.

Separate issues are devoted to the concept of

Industry-4.0. Götz, Jankowska (2020) in the concept

of Industry - 4.0 describe specific Industry-4.0 tools

that are possible for ICC construction companies to

apply, such as an intelligent manufacturing network

in which physical manufacturing operations are

integrated with digital technology, machine learning

and big data, forming a holistic digital ecosystem.

Vertakova and Plotnikov (2019) note that

sustainable development is a priority in the modern

world and one of its effective tools is the development

of a green economy. Scientists propose priorities and

directions for green economy development in order to

achieve the main goal – sustainable development in

Russia.

The social and economic benefits of green

technologies in the construction field are known and

given in articles by domestic and foreign scientists

Bachurinskaya, Vasileva, Yudenko, and Nikolikhina

(2020), Acemoglu, Aghion, Bursztyn, and Hemous

(2012), Zhineng Tong (2020).

Gizem Erdoğan (2019) in article presents a study

aimed at the assumption of significant influence of

location factors of industrial enterprises, including the

ICC objects on the development of territories within

Industry 4.0, the hypothesis is put forward that the

existing manufacturing sites will be moved from

urban centers in the process of Industry 4.0, and urban

settlements will be changed by transforming the land

selection criteria, taking into account new

requirements.

The analysis of scientific works allowed to

conclude that scientists and practitioners share one

view about the fact that the ICC innovative

development is an important element in solving

socio-economic problems, is closely connected with

the problems of sustainable development and green

economy and has a significant impact on

competitiveness and economic growth of the country

as a whole, as well as on the prospects of innovative

development of ICC as a functioning mechanism and

industry development.

The article's research method is based on a

qualitative analysis of the observable innovative

development factors of the investment and

construction complex, realities and facts of their

interaction. Collecting data on the investment and

construction complex development is a complex

process, the implementation of which is helped by

usual terminology (investment and construction

complex as a socio-economic system,

redevelopment); tendency, trends and integrated

concepts (for example, Industry - 4 and trends in its

development in construction); abstractions in the

form of simplified models (for example, digitalization

models in construction).

The authors of this study consider Industry-4 as an

innovative factor in construction, without denying

that the path to Industry-4.0 will be an evolutionary

process. Existing basic technologies and experience

should be adapted to the specific requirements for the

investment and construction complex, and innovative

solutions for new territories and new markets in this

type of economic activity should be studied.

2.1 Tendency in the Impact of

Industry - 4 Processes on the

Sustainability of the Investment

and Construction Complex as a

Socio-economic System

How do the processes of Industry-4 in construction

affect the stability of the investment and construction

complex as a socio-economic system? According to

the authors, the development of Industry - 4 processes

should be aimed at increasing productivity (as a result

of functional connection between man and machine),

the utilization efficiency of fixed assets (the ability of

system to make autonomous decisions) and efficiency

as a whole (integration of manufacture and IT

systems). And we consider it important to refer to the

Factors of Innovative Development of Investment and Construction Complex in the Processes of Industry - 4.0

concept of entropy as a qualitative measure of

disorder. The proposed digitalization model in the

investment and construction complex, as the socio-

economic system, will contribute to the system

ordering and self-organization, i.e., the growth of its

stability. Entropy characterizes the event and process

tendencies, and if the probability of implementing

such models increases, then activities within such

models begin to occur more often and entropy

decreases.

ICC as the socio-economic system refers to

dissipative systems that have both stable and unstable

states. The sequence of these states is determined by

the control parameters by which the external world

determines its relationship with the system. By

controlling through ICC external influence and

choosing certain control parameters, we can manage

the development tendency of ICC as a system, in our

case, the development tendency of the investment and

construction complex. Such control parameters

include models of digitalization of investment and

construction complex organizations within Industry-

The evolutionary process of Industry-4 uses all

the resources of increasing entropy. One can speak of

evolution towards entropy as a progressive evolution

(Prangishvili, 2015). The evolutionary growth of

entropy of ICC organizations in the Industry-4

processes means an increase in the probability of

emergence of more and more progressive

development directions of such organizations and an

increase in the prevalence of digitalization models

(Table 1), and the high prevalence means the

adaptability of such models in construction. And in

this case, the investment and construction complex

stability as the socio-economic system increases.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The success of various approaches to stimulating the

innovative ICC development largely depends on the

study of factors that affect this process. The concept

“factor” is disclosed in literature as the cause, the

driving force of a process, a phenomenon,

determining its nature or its individual features, an

essential circumstance in any process. The study of

these driving forces and significant circumstances is

the key to making effective and innovative decisions

for the ICC development and the growth of its

sustainability.

Innovation activity in ICC has its own specifics,

which is manifested in the fact that at each stage of

the investment and construction project innovation

may have different objectives, volumes and sources.

This fact distinguishes them from most industrial

innovations and requires a systematic approach to the

organization of innovation throughout the life cycle

of the investment and construction project.

The global tendency in the field of innovative

development of the construction industry includes

scientific research aimed at reducing energy

consumption and withdrawal of natural resources for

the production of building materials, reducing the

construction period of buildings and other objects,

providing recycling of construction waste, efficient

use of investment and construction activities.

Let's highlight the most relevant and significant

factors of ICC innovative development. These factors

include:

- technological modernization of building

materials manufacture, construction and

installation work performance;

- ICC greening;

- introduction of innovative approaches to the

ICC management and the financing of

investment and construction projects;

- providing the investment and construction

complex with highly qualified personnel;

- ICC digitalization and introduction of Industry-

4.0 technologies.

Technological modernization of manufacture

processes in construction as a factor of innovative

development provides for the introduction of new

technologies and equipment at construction

enterprises, the production of innovative building

materials. Enterprises will be able to create a more

technologically sophisticated final product that

replaces imports on the domestic market or is able to

compete on the foreign market. The need for

technological modernization not only in relation to a

separate field of activity, but also to the economy as

a whole, is considered as a factor of innovative

development and other researchers (Boyko I.V.,

2018).

ICC greening is the most relevant trend that

encourages innovative solutions, the use of

innovative materials for building structures, the

introduction of energy-saving technologies (energy-

efficient house, energy-efficient city, etc.), the

creation of “smart networks” and energy-information

systems. Of particular importance in this direction is

the widespread use of secondary material resources in

ICC - waste production and consumption, which not

only reduces CO2 emissions and saves natural

resources, but also reduces the construction cost.

The defining factor of innovative development, in

our view, is the introduction of innovative approaches

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to the ICC management. It is about the introduction

of multidimensional project management systems

that use extensive information bases and digital twins

of ICC objects, which will allow to make

management decisions reasonably and within a short

time, and that will contribute to the capacity building

of ICC innovative development. ICC innovative

development requires more complex management

models for both the state and business, associated

with investing in projects for the development of high

technologies and human capital development projects

with payback time that go far beyond the long-term

limits established in the market.

Among the main factors of the ICC innovative

development is the availability of highly qualified

personnel. In the last decade, the availability of

personnel has significantly decreased, according to

the Ministry of Construction of the Russian

Federation by almost 1.5 times. Innovative

development involves the formation of innovative

competencies and the effective use of potential of

highly skilled workers. In this direction, it is

necessary that the competencies formed in the process

of education meet the objectives of innovative

development of construction and installation

materials industry, which can be achieved by

strengthening the interaction between higher

education institutions and construction companies. It

is especially important to create an effective system

for the formation of innovative competencies in the

field of system engineering, organization and

construction management.

A powerful factor of innovative development is

the use of modern digital technologies, primarily

Building Information Modeling (BIM) technologies,

which allow to automate labour intensive processes,

simplify the project adjustment, to make decisions

based on cost estimates not only for construction but

also for the facility operation. Such technologies are

aimed at creating a unified scientific, technical and

technological, regulatory and information

environment for intelligent management of the life

cycle of construction projects.

3.1 Industry-4.0 Processes in the

Investment and Construction

Complex

In the fourth industrial revolution, various economic

activities of manufacture are undergoing a series of

transformations: robots are working in factories, the

internet of things is regulating the use of resources,

and new technologies are changing the labor process.

Unfortunately, construction has been very slow to

transform in this direction, and many construction

sites differ little from those of the early 20th century.

But there is still some progress.

Construction is a type of economic activity,

which is characterized by limitations associated with

rising prices of construction materials, high rate of

credit, high level of debt between participants in the

investment and construction process, which forces

builders to optimize their production, accelerate

production processes. The answer to solving the

objectives can be Industry-4.

The article's authors, having studied and

summarized the progressive experience of Industry-

4.0 in construction, proposed a list of models within

Industry-4 (Table 1).

Table 1: Digitalization models of ICC organizations within Industry-4.

Model name Content Participants of the investment and

construction market

Construction

information

classifier (CIC).

Translation of various construction documents into

machine-readable format, i.e. document capture

Etalon Group, Platforma

stroitelnykh servisov LLC, YUIT

Sankt-Peterburg JSC, SiSOFT

Develo

ment JSC

Ecological

safety of

buildings as a

megatrend in

construction,

green

construction

Reducing CO

emissions from their own activities and their

own investment projects. Striving for carbon-neutral

operation. Availability of licensed software product.

Secondary use of water, purification of meltwater and

rainwater, automatic control of signals through control

room, lighting control in common areas and street lighting.

YIT House, MirLand Development,

Millhouse company

Artificial

intelligence and

machine

learning

Machine learning helps teams identify the most critical

safety and quality risks on a construction site that require

immediate attention.

Banks, financial organizations,

energy companies, retail,

telecommunications.

Construction companies have a low

start-u

base.

Factors of Innovative Development of Investment and Construction Complex in the Processes of Industry - 4.0

Table 1: Digitalization models of ICC organizations within Industry-4.

Programmed

(automatic)

devices for

operating

machines and

mechanisms

For example, sensors attached to working equipment will

transmit real-time data about its use and possible problems

to the supplier. So it will be possible to prevent breakdowns

and repairs. Real-time data will also provide the ability to

download automatic adds.

Construction companies have a low

start-up base.

“Live” materials

in construction

Examples include: self-healing biocement, self-replicating

concrete substitute, and mycelium-based composites for

construction and packaging

Experimental tests

3D printing in

construction

Process of creating a three-dimensional model of buildings

and structures

Single projects.

Pilot construction Apis Cor

Company (the city of Stupino,

Moscow region). Spetsavia

company (residential building).

Robots at

construction site

Application in emergency rescue, renovation, construction

and dismantling works in harsh environments.

The first group consists of manipulators, robots for

installation work performance. The second group consists of

construction manipulators and robots for concrete work. A

large group of construction manipulators and robots are the

means of finishing works robotization, etc. (Shagina, 2014)

Mostly – foreign experience.

In Russia – Victoria GC

Construction information classifier (CSI). On

December 1, 2020, the provisions of Article 57.6 of

the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation

entered into force, which defined the scope of the

construction information products. This is an

information resource formed as a result of a large

scientific research. At the moment, all housing

projects of YIT (the largest Finnish and one of the

largest Northern European construction companies)

use information modeling technologies, which allows

to automate the processes of creating standard

construction documentation and reduce labor costs

for manual information processing. Without a doubt,

the CIC implementation is a factor that determines the

system's ability to maintain its current state under the

effect of external influences.

Ecological safety of buildings and green

construction.

At the Summit of Leaders on Climate Issues, the

President of the Russian Federation noted that Russia

intends to increase the volume of associated gas

utilization; implement a large-scale program of

environmental modernization and energy efficiency

in all economy sectors; ensure the capture, storage

and use of carbon dioxide from all sources.

Programmed (automatic) devices for operating

machines and mechanisms. Professor and British

engineer Paul Newman believed that increasing

automation

is met with excitement and fear in equal measure.

But the benefits of autonomy for humanity are

enormous. At Volvo Construction Equipment, a

survey of 205 workers at the construction site yielded

the following results – nearly half of all construction

workers fear that the reliability and safety of their

jobsites could be compromised by the artificial

intelligence introduction and machines and

equipment automation.

Artificial intelligence and machine learning. The

technologies exist and are used by innovative

companies to mark visual data and analyze it for

potential threats, as well as to reduce all possible

risks.

According to McKinsey Global Energy &

Materials Practice research, artificial intelligence

techniques are used very little in the construction

industry. And in heavy industry, many companies

have spent years creating and storing big data, but still

have not revealed its full value. In fact, the authors'

research shows that more than 75% have tried some

form of artificial intelligence, but less than 15 % have

implemented a meaningful scalable impact (Agarwal,

Buckley, Samek, Somers, Hoey, Niel, and Wells,

2021).

What are the limiting factors that make it difficult

to use artificial intelligence in construction? These

factors include:

– that, if violated, can lead to substantial fines,

and the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

has issued a notice that it may hold

organizations accountable for spreading bias or

inequality through artificial intelligence;

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– shortage of process specialists, in part due to

the retirement of full-time employees and a

lack of young candidates for employment;

– lack of funds for R&D.

“Live” materials in construction. The choice of

building materials for construction purposes is based

on profitability and quality in the implementation of

investment and construction projects. “Materials for

life” is a sustainable system that includes materials

and structures that constantly monitor, regulate and

repair themselves without external interference.

Davies, Kanellopoulos, Pilegis, and Trupti (2015)

note in their study that their team is developing a

multi-scale system that uses a number of

interdisciplinary technologies to promote and enable

self-healing in cement materials. The individual

healing methods under consideration are designed to

eliminate damage at various scopes of duration and

time and are encapsulated heal over agents, bacterial

heal over, crack close up using shape memory

polymer tendons.

In Russia, one of the main building materials is

concrete, which is affected by humidity, and therefore

scientists Yudenko, Chepachenko, Polovnikova and

Nikolikhina (2019) concluded that it is necessary to

adapt concrete to a wet environment. In such an

environment, self-produced concrete can be used to

fill cracks in roads, walls, and sidewalks.

3D printing in construction. If from January 1,

2022 the use of BIM technologies is mandatory for all

objects of state order from January 1, 2022, then the

use of 3D printing in the Russian market is a

promising direction of digitalization, but has a limited

application field. This technology is mainly applied

for low-rise house building, the creation of small

architectural forms, children's playgrounds and sport

venues. The advantage of 3D printing is not only

reduced expenses and time required for project

construction, but also reduced dependence on

humans. So far, most printers are adapted to the

manufacture of small parts.

Robots at a construction site. At the end of 2020,

an experiment began in Moscow to introduce the

technology of digital duplication of workers'

activities at the construction site. This is a joint

project of the Department of Urban Planning Policy

and the Department of Information Technology. As

an experiment, a special suit and a software and

hardware complex were developed that can

significantly increase working efficiency.

Another promising field is robot masons. The

robot of the Australian company Fastbrick Robotics

is capable of laying out up to 225 bricks per hour

without human intervention, that is, 4 times faster

than an ordinary builder. And the updated model of

the device is able to lay out up to 1000 bricks per

hour. Swiss engineers, together with architects,

materials scientists and robotics specialists, are

developing a mobile robot builder to carry out

construction work directly on the site. The device can

build objects with various tools with an accuracy of

up to 5 mm, reach high walls and work in semi-

autonomous mode. The architect remotely manages

the system, adjusting the construction plan.

3.2 Redevelopment Role in the

Industry-4.0 Processes

When forming the Industry-4.0 concept within ICC

management, it is necessary to pay special attention

to the location selection of investment and

construction complex enterprises. This statement is

confirmed by the research carried out by Gizem

Erdoğan (2019). The study suggests that existing

production sites will be moved from urban centers in

the Industry 4.0 process, and urban settlements will

be changed by transforming the criteria for land

selection to meet new requirements. At the same time,

special attention should be paid to the redevelopment

processes of urban areas with the choice of sites for

the transfer of industrial enterprises from central part

of city's territories.

The issues immediacy of urban areas

redevelopment in the ICC management processes is

due to such reasons as the physical and moral

obsolescence of the urban real estate fund (residential

and industrial buildings), changes in the structure of

urban land use due to structural changes in the urban

economy (reduction in the share of industrial

manufacture and increase in the share of service

industry, including trade), low efficiency of the use of

urban areas, relatively low density of development in

areas of cities built up with houses of the first

industrial series, the so-called houses of the

Khrushchev and Brezhnev era. For example, in St.

Petersburg, according to estimates of the Urbanika

Institute, the building density in areas built up in the

1950s-1960s was about 6000-10000 sq. m per

hectare, while in the central areas it is more than 20

000 sq. m of buildings per hectare.

The general tendency of changes in the structure

of urban land use, for example, in St. Petersburg is a

gradual reduction of industrial land. Thus, according

to the Committee on Land Resources and Land

Management of St. Petersburg, as of 2011, industrial

land accounted for 19 thousand hectares or 13.6% of

the city's territory. In 2016, their share was already

13% or 13.3 thousand hectares. At the same time, it

Factors of Innovative Development of Investment and Construction Complex in the Processes of Industry - 4.0

should be kept in mind that the practice of urban

planning develops faster than changes are made to the

documentation on territorial zoning. Former

industrial areas are increasingly becoming the object

of redevelopment with their transformation into

public and business or, even more often, residential

development. In general, this process should affect

about 6 thousand hectares belonging to the so-called

“gray zone” of St. Petersburg.

The implementation of redevelopment projects of

industrial territories has been carried out up to the

present time, mainly on the basis of the acquisition

(or equity participation) of industrial land by

investors interested in using it for the development of

commercial or residential facilities without direct

government participation in the implementation of

such projects. And in cases where the case touched on

territories with a single owner, such decisions are

quite possible. But where the territory has a complex

structure of use and ownership (many small plots of

land with different functional uses, many owners and

holders of other rights to land, buildings, premises,

etc.), the decision to redevelop is taken at big

expenses, and often hangs in mid-air.

Bachurinskaya I A, Vasileva N V, Maksimov S

N, and Yudenko M N (2020) proposed a unified

methodological foundation for the formation and

implementation of territorial development programs

from the perspective of their integrated development

in a major city. As a methodological basis for the

formation of a system of criteria and performance

indicators, it is proposed to use the concept of the best

and most efficient use of land, which is well-known

in the field of economics and real estate valuation,

which will allow, when choosing a location for ICC

enterprises within Industry-0, to comply with the

principles of energy efficiency and environmental

standards, as well as ensure the social, urban planning

and economic efficiency of using the territories.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The article considers the main factors of ICC

innovative development in the Industry-4.0

processes. The following characteristics of the most

significant factors are given: technological

modernization of building materials manufacture,

construction and installation work performance; ICC

greening; introduction of innovative approaches to

the management of ICC and financing of investment

and construction projects; provision of ICC with

highly qualified personnel; ICC digitalization and the

introduction of industry 4.0 technologies.

The development features of Industry-4.0

technologies are revealed, such as the growth of labor

productivity (as a result of functional connection of

man and machine), the efficiency of use of fixed

assets (system ability to make decisions

independently) and efficiency in general (integration

of production and IT systems) in application to the

formation of models of ICC organization

digitalization within Industry-4.0.

It is noted that the proposed digitalization models

in the investment and construction complex, as the

socio-economic system, will contribute to the system

ordering and self-organization, i.e., the growth of its

stability. From the point of ICC management view,

the necessity of implementing multidimensional

project management systems that use extensive

information bases and digital twins of ICC objects is

justified, which will allow to make management

decisions reasonably and within a short time, and that

will contribute to the capacity building of ICC

innovative development.

Attention is drawn to the fact that when forming

the concept of Industry-4.0 within ICC management,

it is necessary to pay special attention to the choice of

location for enterprises of investment and

construction complex and as a methodological basis

for this choice of location concept of the most

effective use is proposed. Thus, within the framework

of the conducted research, the hypothesis that the

Industry -4.0 processes are the stability and

development basis of the investment and construction

complex is confirmed.

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