Morning Routines between Calm and Engaging: Designing a Smart

Mirror

Margarita Esau

1 a

, Dennis Lawo

1 b

, Nico Castelli

, Timo Jakobi

and Gunnar Stevens

Information Systems, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany

Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT, Sankt Augustin, Germany

Keywords:

IoT, Smart Home, Interactive Artifacts, Engaging Experience, Well-being, Domestic Technology.

Abstract:

Frequently the main purpose of domestic artifacts equipped with smart sensors is to hide technology, like

previous examples of a Smart Mirror show. However, current Smart Homes often fail to provide meaningful

IoT applications for all residents’ needs. To design beyond efﬁciency and productivity, we propose to realize

the potential of the traditional artifact for calm and engaging experiences. Therefore, we followed a design

case study approach with 22 participants in total. After an initial focus group, we conducted a diary study

to examine home routines and developed a conceptual design. The evaluation of our mid-ﬁdelity prototype

shows, that we need to study carefully the practices of the residents to leverage the physical material of the

artifact to ﬁt the routines. Our Smart Mirror, enhanced by digital qualities, supports meaningful activities and

makes the bathroom more appealing. Thereby, we discuss domestic technology design beyond automation.

1 INTRODUCTION

In recent years smart home systems to save energy,

increase security, and enable (self-)monitoring were

researched and developed (Hargreaves and Wilson,

2017; Jakobi et al., 2018). For most parts, the cur-

rent Internet of Things (IoT) is built to collect data

and automate routines (Tuomela et al., 2019; Castelli

et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2015). By making the

gathered information accessible to households, typ-

ical IoT consumer technology design shall facilitate

behavior change or real-time reactions to unusual

events. Additionally, Intelligent Personal Assistants

(IPA) are increasingly integrated into speakers or am-

bient displays to allow for ’natural’ interaction with

all IoT appliances (Ammari et al., 2019). That falls in

line with Weiser’s vision of calm technology (Weiser

and Brown, 1997) with technology ’disappearing’ and

little to no digital interruption.

However, such design credo ignores user expecta-

tions of engaging and exciting interactions, for exam-

ple, when talking with IPAs (Cho et al., 2019; Clark

et al., 2019). Mostly, building close relationships with

technology fails as users desire true conversational in-

teractions going beyond short and single commands

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5179-7361

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2848-4409

(Cho et al., 2019). Besides IPA control interfaces,

other work even indicates that people fear becom-

ing passive and lazy in fully automated home settings

(Mennicken and Huang, 2012; Ambe et al., 2019).

This lack of practice engagement and missing mean-

ingfulness throughout IoT interaction leads to limited

long-term use of home IPAs and even non-use (Cho

et al., 2019; Luger and Sellen, 2016). Still, the con-

cept work of smart home artifacts is often technology-

driven with the main purpose to conceal ambient dis-

plays by neglecting the variety of domestic needs and

values (Ardito et al., 2015; Athira et al., 2016; Cho

and Saakes, 2017). Instead, meaningful qualities that

traditional artifacts inherit, should be further digitally

extended (Halln

as and Redstr

om, 2006).

To explore the potential of making traditional arti-

facts interactive, we investigate the design space of a

Smart Mirror. Thereby, we followed a design case

study approach as proposed by Wulf et al. (2011).

First, we studied entangled morning and evening rou-

tines in and outside the bathroom by a focus group

of seven and a diary study of ten participants. Based

on the material, we developed a modular concept as a

mid-ﬁdelity prototype. Lastly, we evaluated the mir-

ror design with ﬁve participants in their bathrooms.

Our ﬁndings indicate that the design trend for ”op-

timization” of domestic routines limits the perspective

Esau, M., Lawo, D., Castelli, N., Jakobi, T. and Stevens, G.

Morning Routines between Calm and Engaging: Designing a Smart Mirror.

DOI: 10.5220/0010658700003060

In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer-Human Interaction Research and Applications (CHIRA 2021), pages 58-69

ISBN: 978-989-758-538-8; ISSN: 2184-3244

on valuable smart artifacts. Our prototype offers an

alternative design for pleasant interactions that ﬁt per-

sonal and steady as well as rapidly changing routines

and needs. However, many of them create space for

self-care or conscious moments of reﬂection or cre-

ativity. Engaging applications like embedded in our

Smart Mirror may support those pleasant activities.

2 RELATED WORK

2.1 Smart Artifacts between

Automation and Control

From a traditional perspective, smart home technol-

ogy has been mostly associated with optimized, ef-

ﬁcient routines and autonomous decision-making of

the system (Tuomela et al., 2019; Cedillo et al., 2018;

Hargreaves and Wilson, 2017). This includes in-

stallations of automation infrastructure to save en-

ergy, to increase safety, or to enable (self-)monitoring

(Castelli et al., 2017; Cedillo et al., 2018; Jakobi

et al., 2018; Colantonio et al., 2015; Wang et al.,

2019). According to Mennicken and Huang (2012)

the perceived beneﬁts are ‘small conveniences rather

than substantial support for routines’. Previous work

(Mennicken and Huang, 2012; Ambe et al., 2019)

shows that people fear such technologies to deprive

them of the activities they enjoy and, hence, make

them passive and lazy. Furthermore, frequent notiﬁ-

cations contribute to a constant distraction and reduce

well-being (Woodward and Kanjo, 2018).

Smart Speakers, Displays, and Mirrors are fre-

quently introduced as smart home control interfaces

(Clark et al., 2019; Athira et al., 2016; Ardito et al.,

2015). Following the predominant design paradigm,

their main purpose remains to control lights and mu-

sic, inform about weather conditions, or set reminders

(Ammari et al., 2019). However, Cho et al. (2019)

shows that users expect those devices to interact intel-

ligently. This mismatch disillusions long-term users,

subsequently adapting their language and expecta-

tions (Cho et al., 2019; Ammari et al., 2019). One

reason devices are not becoming substantial is the

lack of engaging interaction and greater support for

daily routines. Pleasure is limited to colorful mood-

setting, light controls, or connected entertainment de-

vices (Strengers et al., 2019; Jensen et al., 2018).

Similarly, most studies investigating the design

and use of smart mirrors focus on ambient informa-

tion access (Ardito et al., 2015; Athira et al., 2016;

Cho and Saakes, 2017; Wang et al., 2019; Fujinami

et al., 2005). They often lack the enhancement and

extension of their physical properties such as the mir-

ror surface, but merely serve to mask built-in technol-

ogy. Persuasive mirrors (Nakajima et al., 2008) tend

to overemphasize behavioral change for long-term in-

teractions and objectives, while meaningful applica-

tions can also arise from sporadic interactions.

2.2 Towards Engaging Artifacts

By recognizing the current downsides of the predom-

inant design paradigm, various researchers proposed

directions for a future beyond automation and control

(Eggen et al., 2014; Rogers et al., 2007; Desjardins

et al., 2019; Strengers et al., 2019). There is a chance

to understand the home as a design space inspired and

shaped by various interactions and activities between

residents and artifacts (Kranz et al., 2010; Cila et al.,

2017; Paay et al., 2018). Here, Gaver (2001) argues,

‘unless we start to respect the full range of values that

make us human, the technologies we build are likely

to be dull and uninteresting at best, and dehumaniz-

ing at worst’. In particular, when we treat domes-

tic practices with the same optimization approaches

as the workplace (Crabtree and Rodden, 2004; Harg-

reaves and Wilson, 2017). Similarly, Desjardins et al.

(2019) propose placing a stronger effort into concep-

tualizing and exploring the look and feel of alterna-

tive visions of co-living with smart IoT. Therefore,

design approaches should leverage the range of activ-

ities performed in the home rather than decrease their

relevance through automation. In this light, Hassen-

zahl et al. (2013) argues to focus on positive activities.

Therefore, the level of interactivity does not necessar-

ily have to be reduced in favor of efﬁciency (Eggen

et al., 2014; Desjardins et al., 2019; Hassenzahl et al.,

2013), but enhanced towards more enjoyable interac-

tions.

Verbeek’s (2005) notion of things that ’act’ allows

following this perspective by recognizing the values

and inherent attributes of the artifacts as actors. These

properties ‘enable and constrain certain ways of inter-

action simultaneously.’(Fuchsberger et al., 2013) and

thus, allow the building of close relationships between

objects and residents through greater engagement and

personal interactions (Jung et al., 2008). A mirror sur-

face, for example, is appropriate to display content but

simultaneously confronts people with self-reﬂection

as they observe themselves (Mols et al., 2016). On-

ward, it may also support workouts (H

ainen,

2004) or even art (Jacobs et al., 2019).

Hence, we need to explore how to create interac-

tive resources for engaging experiences that support

currently performed activities (Rogers et al., 2007)

by understanding the context and already established

Morning Routines between Calm and Engaging: Designing a Smart Mirror

material of the domestic practices. We thus aim at

better understanding what it means to shift between

calm and engaging experience and how to design for

more well-being in Smart Homes.

3 DESIGN APPROACH

Following a user-centered design approach, we con-

ducted a Design Case Study by Wulf et al. (2011)

to align the design of an interactive mirror with the

needs of potential users. At ﬁrst, we conducted a fo-

cus group to discuss the actual use, meaning, and en-

tangled practices around the mirror to determine po-

tentially engaging design opportunities. Due to the

primary use of mirrors in the morning and evening,

we continued with a diary study of according routines

and follow-up interviews. The results of our forma-

tive study led to a conceptual design of four separate

digital applications later embedded in the artifact. Fi-

nally, we evaluated the prototype in a Wizard-of-Oz

study (Yu et al., 2016).

3.1 Focus Group

The focus group aimed to explore the meaning, ac-

tual use, and activities surrounding mirrors in every-

day life. Therefore, four female and three male partic-

ipants, aged between 26 and 29 years, were recruited

by snowball sampling. We decided to foster discus-

sion by inviting three early adopters who can weigh

in their experience and curiosity towards consumer

electronics and four technology critical and hesitant

adopters. The discussion was led by the host asking

guiding questions but otherwise remaining silent. Af-

ter a brief personal introduction, participants shared

their estimated time per day in front of the mirror

and situations when and where actively using the mir-

ror. Thereby, the most commonly reported practices

involved the bathroom. Afterward, mirrors as home

materials and goods were discussed. We intended to

encourage reﬂection of personal experience and in-

teraction with the traditional mirror to explore new

design possibilities for computational properties. Fi-

nally, each participant sketched on paper their per-

sonal vision of an ideal mirror with potential appli-

cations and desired interaction. The discussion was

audio-recorded, transcribed, and thematically coded

by two researchers. Afterward, we discussed the

themes within our research group, likewise all partic-

ipants’ drawings (Braun and Clarke, 2006).

3.2 Diary Study

To gain a thorough understanding of the qualities of

a traditional mirror and associated routines, ten par-

ticipants shared information about their everyday life

for seven days within our diary study (Bolger et al.,

2003). The sample was heterogeneous considering

prior technical knowledge, marital status, occupation,

living situation, and experience with digital assistants.

It was recruited by snowball sampling and aged be-

tween 21 and 33 years. Six participants had a sig-

niﬁcant other, with three of them living in the same

household. The others lived alone or shared an apart-

ment. The type of education or occupation partially

structured their everyday life: Six employees, with

one working frequently from home, one student, one

pupil, one freelancer, and one mother occasionally

working as a freelancer.

We used EthOS

to record everyday events that

participants logged via their mobile phones, and su-

pervisors were allowed to view, sort, and code entries

simultaneously. The ﬁrst question required a photo

response, and the other questions alternated between

descriptive free-choice media and forced/multiple-

choice options. A total of ﬁve questions had to be

answered descriptively in the morning and evening,

and three multiple-choice items in the morning and

two in the evening. Besides automatic notiﬁcation of

any changes, the supervisor sent emails twice a day as

reminders to the participant.

Afterward, in-depth interviews (70 minutes on av-

erage) addressed possible ambiguities and speciﬁc

questions on occurring events. As the recordings were

limited to a one-week diary study and represented just

a fraction of daily life, we aimed to reﬂect with the

participants on their perception of their behavior, such

as the general handling of digital devices, the corre-

sponding applications, and its meaning to them. The

mirror was discussed as an interactive artifact in do-

mestic spaces between relaxation and activity within

evening and morning routines. Thereby, reported

photos and further media enabled us to ask more de-

tailed questions about context-related activities such

as daily planning, bathroom activities, relaxing rou-

tines, morning motivation and priorities. Finally, the

participants were asked to express their ideas and crit-

icism on the applications, interaction, and the use of a

smart mirror. Particularly, we aimed to discover dif-

ferences between people as well as deviations in the

same person (Bolger et al., 2003). Therefore, daily

reported enumerations, descriptions, experiences, and

ﬁnal interviews were coded and analyzed for similar-

ities, differences, ambiguity, and needs.

www.ethosapp.com

CHIRA 2021 - 5th International Conference on Computer-Human Interaction Research and Applications

4 CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

4.1 Expectations of a (Smart) Mirror

The participants estimated their mirror use between

ﬁve and 30 minutes, on average 18 minutes a day.

All participants owned a bathroom mirror which they

referred to as the principal mirror of use. The ac-

tions performed in front of the mirror range from the

last glance before leaving the door to engaging in-

teractions like conscious personal care. The bath-

room itself represents for most of the participants

the most private and intimate space in the home.

Within this context, the mentioned media applica-

tions are strongly entangled with personal morning

and evening routines, as the most frequent hours spent

at home. Most of the participants desire functions re-

lated to infotainment and organizational tools. The

analysis of the drawings implies that all of them

request effortless syncing of their favorite smart-

phone applications with the mirror, besides monitor-

ing home appliances. Some participants see great

beneﬁt to watch make-up tutorials on a Smart Mirror.

Presenting the drawings of their ‘Dream Mirror’ re-

vealed new ideas and thus mutually inﬂuenced the de-

sires and inspirations of all. Hence, alternative scenar-

ios encouraged the evolution of further needs that had

not previously been thought of by all (Rogers et al.,

2007). Although many of the described functionali-

ties would require cameras and microphones for im-

plementation, every participant had privacy concerns

regarding smart home systems.

4.2 Morning and Evening Routines

The documentation of daily digital activities, the in-

teraction with physical objects, and the associated

signiﬁcance for the participants provide information

about the interrelated factors that inﬂuence well-being

at the corresponding time of the day. Both individ-

ual moments and long-term use can provide context-

based personal goals and values.

Spending time in the bathroom ranged daytime-

speciﬁc from ﬁve to 15 minutes for a short stay and

20 to 45 minutes for more time-consuming practices.

The average time for each participant per day turned

out to be quite similar. All participants expressed

that their bathroom design has a considerable effect

on their well-being and thus on their stay. There-

fore, they had hung up personal pictures or photos

and set up decorative elements such as plants. Light-

ing design, music system, bathtub, and photos con-

tributed signiﬁcantly to a pleasant bathroom atmo-

sphere. The weekend resulted in several short visits

to the bathroom as there was no time pressure com-

pared to workdays. The sequence of activities differed

between participants, but brushing teeth or drinking

coffee in the morning were usually among the ﬁrst

after getting up. Longer stays usually involved show-

ering with body and face care. Dental care usually

was done twice a day and took a planned minimum of

two minutes. Meantime, the activities performed con-

sisted of looking in the mirror, doing nothing, seeking

engagement or entertainment in or outside the bath-

room. Some noticed their tired face or checked it for

health in general. In the evening, all female partici-

pants followed their facial skincare routine.

Participants considered a morning atypical as soon

as something unforeseen had to be done, thus increas-

ing the time pressure. The same applies to difﬁcul-

ties getting out of bed or being sick. One partici-

pant structured his morning with a mobile app that

was designed to encourage good habits and included

a checklist to do so. Another participant started to

wake up by interacting with his mobile phone, while

another one often laid down for a few more minutes

to think about the day ahead. Many of the partici-

pants depended on public transport and therefore al-

ways kept track of time. Daily planning was some-

times omitted by those who had structured days and

hardly required any additional preparation for work.

Otherwise, participants intended to do the planning

of work tasks in the ofﬁce before leaving. Depending

on the evening before, ‘morning activities’ could last

the whole day or until leaving home. The use of re-

minders involved only cases of unusual events or for

irregular notes like bringing musical instruments or

sports equipment to work for after-work events. The

morning routine at the weekend could no longer be

recognized as such, as most of the participants started

the day without any time pressure. Shortly before

falling asleep, many of the participants reached for

various media such as videos, books, music, or de-

vices to browse the Internet. Media activities can gen-

erally be categorized as follows: Social media, news

and communication, entertainment, online learning

and tutorials, health and well-being, shopping and

renting, dating, and smart home appliances. For more

complex tasks, participants preferred a bigger screen

size and the appropriate interaction style.

5 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

Previous results show that even if established routines

exist, participants carve out time for (self-)reﬂection,

conscious personal care, or enjoy moments of doing

nothing in speciﬁc. Daily planning was either done

Morning Routines between Calm and Engaging: Designing a Smart Mirror

Figure 1: Evaluation set-up and exemplary prototype screens: Tooth Brush Animal, Instant Idea, MiraFit and FaceYoga.

during the working time or only in case of unusual

events. In contrast to previous research, we wanted to

go beyond the design for optimization and efﬁciency

and focus on conscious and active moments of inter-

action and experience. Thereby, aesthetics, person-

alized design, and well-being strongly inﬂuenced the

stay in the bathroom. We consolidated the gathered

data, needs and actions, and used a scenario-based de-

sign approach to develop our mid-ﬁdelity prototype.

As follows, we will outline our general concept and

the prototype in detail.

The concept entails four main applications and a

home screen with basic functionalities for communi-

cation, connected devices, and reminders (1). A per-

sonal agent enables navigation through several appli-

cations and functions to facilitate seamless interaction

in the whole room. Depending on the application,

the agent changes roles supporting the media style,

e.g., the character of an animated animal. Our hetero-

geneous samples showed clearly that future designs

have to be customizable. Meanwhile, our concept fo-

cuses on engaging support for the activities at hand,

situated well-being, and (self-)reﬂection. The four

proposed applications build a modular foundation for

various engaging features and interactive media ele-

ments adapted to the needs of the residents and the

speciﬁcations of a mirror.

6 MID-FIDELITY PROTOTYPE

As follows, we built a mid-ﬁdelity prototype to il-

lustrate the possible look and feel of a Smart Mirror

in reality (1). Therefore, we examined the applica-

tion ideas to determine their feasibility with respect

to the technical limitations of the hardware elements

and the test environment for evaluation. The central

part of the smart mirror is a light monitor display con-

cealed by a spying mirror glass as an interaction sur-

face. This surface is partly translucent, hence, hiding

everything dark. We tried to provide an experience as

realistic as possible regarding the interactive digital

elements and current hardware options. The interac-

tion comprises voice in- and output as well as visual

support. Icons and text prompts provide an overview

of the application and support menu navigation. The

size and distance of the visual elements are propor-

tional to the size of the display, taking up about half

of the mirror surface. The arrangement of the ele-

ments attempts not to interfere with the person’s mir-

ror reﬂection. By triggering an application, the con-

tent extends across the entire display as needed while

enough mirror surface remains usable as such.

Home Screen. Organization and communication

tools have clear value for domestic life. Hence, for

completeness, we decided to incorporate visual signi-

ﬁers that illustrate further tools. As with conventional

end devices, the screen functions as an overview

of the installed applications that are represented by

icons. Those are accessible by saying the voice com-

mand ’Mira, please start application xyz’.

Face Yoga. This interactive video tutorial is based

on yoga practices to train and relax facial areas and

support mindful recreation. Short audio and video in-

structions provide exercises for different face parts.

They offer personal care for personalized time bud-

gets of two to seven minutes, creating opportunities

to incorporate more active time with and for oneself.

Calm music and wording contribute to a reﬂective at-

mosphere by building on the context of Yoga. The

agent acts as a guide and describes further steps as

well as the ﬂow of the exercise. The user can check

the correctness of movements simultaneously in the

mirror. For demonstration purposes, we have cur-

rently provided offers such as anti-aging and relax-

ation exercises only. Finally, these should be easy to

CHIRA 2021 - 5th International Conference on Computer-Human Interaction Research and Applications

integrate into personal care routines and create mo-

ments of conscious interaction and reﬂection.

Tooth Brush Animals. In this application, the agent

acts as one of three animated animals to motivate and

teach children to brush their teeth properly. There-

fore, the agent transforms from a calm background

assistant to an active coach and has distinct character-

istics to build a trustful and engaging relationship with

the child. Further, the animal tells a story about ’lit-

tle tooth monsters’ that try to attack the teeth and can

be defeated only with the help of proper tooth brush-

ing techniques. An animated dental model shows the

correct brush movements in the oral cavity. The em-

bedded gamiﬁcation approach aims at additional mo-

tivation by offering further animals to unlock. This

approach can be applied and modiﬁed for different

topics relevant to children and to support parents in

child care. However, this is a way to create more well-

being in bathrooms which often seem sterile and not

fun espacially to children.

Instant Idea. Many of the best ideas and creative mo-

ments arise during a moment of relaxation and non-

activity of the brain (Krampen, 2019). Additionally,

people take active time to think of the day ahead. In-

stant Idea shall support users to capture and pursue

spontaneous ideas right in the bathroom, e.g., by do-

ing a voice memo or an image search. Moreover, ev-

ery media format and platform, e.g., videos, screen-

shots, or tweets, can be saved for a future purpose

and processed on other devices. It is possible to in-

sert and compile the content into a personal grid of

inspirational ideas and quotes, allowing users a versa-

tile combination of the collected material to develop

new ideas and concepts. In general, this application

supports thought activities and creative moments by

enabling users to capture and structure their thoughts.

MiraFit. MiraFit imports and visualizes data like cur-

rent activity results and goals collected by the users’

preferred mobile ﬁtness application or tracker. The

aim is to support personal care and self-reﬂection on

physical goals as well as sports habits. The mirror

proactively visualizes information and acts as a coach

with further data-based advice. For example, moti-

vational quotes from successful athletes will appear

or new challenges are proposed. This application is

timed to suit the users’ post-exercise needs while they

are following their care routines. In particular, the

main results should be visible at ﬁrst glance and en-

gaging to users for future habits, exercises, and well-

being.

7 EVALUATION

We conducted a heuristic evaluation to explore the po-

tential value of the concept and discuss future design

implications for smart artifacts. At least two of the

four applications matched the participants’ needs and

goals for personal care and well-being in the bath-

room. We recruited our participants by snowball sam-

pling with an average age of 28.4 years, ranging be-

tween 23 and 32. Two of them lived alone in a one and

two-room ﬂat, and one shared a two-room ﬂat with a

co-inhabitant. The other two participants are married

and live together with two little children, three and

six years old, in a three-room ﬂat. All participants

had some experience using mobile voice assistants.

For an authentic atmosphere and personal expe-

rience, we conducted the evaluation in the bathroom

of the participants. The mirror prototype ’Mira’ was

placed on the washbasin in front of the actual mirror

(1). The test leader and assistant observed the interac-

tion next door on a live video stream. The test leader

acted as ’voice assistant’ within the Wizard-of-Oz (Yu

et al., 2016) scenario set-up. Therefore, we equipped

the bathroom with a microphone and a small speaker.

The participants used their voices to command ac-

tions. The test leader executed them by clicking on

the according elements in the digital prototype trans-

mitted from the laptop to the Smart Mirror display.

Each participant received two scenarios and a corre-

sponding task. Meanwhile, the actions were recorded

on video, and observations were noted. Afterward,

participants had additional time to explore the rest of

the content freely. The participants were asked to

think aloud during the whole session but needed to

say ’Mira’ as an activation word to use voice com-

mands. Otherwise, the test leader would not respond.

General questions that emerged during the test were

not answered until the end unless the participants had

speciﬁcally asked Mira for such information. In total,

one session lasted between 45 and 60 minutes. The

videos were transcribed, coded, and deductively clas-

siﬁed in MAXQDA (Braun and Clarke, 2006).

7.1 Findings

All participants had a positive ﬁrst impression, like

P1 noted: ‘I actually thought it would look more ”Do

It Yourself” and not so professional’. They described

the handling as intuitive and well-structured. All of

them agreed that the applications added value, but

the better they corresponded to personal practice, the

greater the enthusiasm: ‘Fitness or relaxation helps

me to relax in everyday life, it could increase my qual-

ity of life’ (P3). As P5 elaborated: ‘The idea with the

Morning Routines between Calm and Engaging: Designing a Smart Mirror

toothbrush animals is great, Instant Idea is very good,

FaceYoga I don’t know’. Most of the participants suc-

cessfully completed every task and handled the ﬁctive

voice control well. In particular, three participants

completely blanked out the test leader, fully engaged

in the interaction, and explored all applications via

voice command. Both during the test and in follow-

up interviews, the adjectives mentioned, such as ‘pre-

sentable’, ‘innovative’, ‘likable’, ‘pleasant’, and ‘mo-

tivating’ indicate a positive experience.

7.1.1 Home Screen

Participants particularly embraced the displayed

clock and reminders on the home screen, e.g., tak-

ing their sports equipment with them, since they had

no time indicators or note board in their bathrooms.

Offering clothing suggestions in the case of rainy

weather was perceived twofold: ‘I will make my own

decisions for myself, just take a jacket or umbrella is

ﬁne’ (P5). He was deliberately refusing to be patron-

ized by technology. Further, some participants would

have liked more visual indicators for possible voice

interaction because of the unfamiliarity with it.

7.1.2 FaceYoga

The opinions on this application differed. Regarding

design and interaction, the participants described it

as entirely positive, supportive, and pleasant: ‘It was

clear which parts of the face could be selected. I also

found it good that the voice guided me. I also liked

the fact that it asked me if I wanted to do another

exercise.’ (P3). In terms of content, however, only

two of the participants would repeat the exercise and

one would try out different exercises ﬁrst because this

particular session was not effective. Several partic-

ipants emphasized the beneﬁts of demonstration, an

easy way to simultaneously join the actions and cor-

rect oneself by using the mirror: ‘It’s super intuitive

because you can’t go wrong with it.’ (P2). In the

beginning, P4 was irritated by the simultaneous dub-

bing and texting of the instructions because of a mis-

matched timing: ‘I would not have needed the writ-

ten instructions because Mira explained it to me”(P4).

P1 would prefer effortless switching between speech

and text, as he sees an advantage in both. Besides,

he experienced difﬁculty in his hand-eye coordination

between watching the video and checking his move-

ments in the mirror all at once. Therefore, he sug-

gested that the video should overlap with his face in

the mirror. Overall, while there is a value for personal

well-being, more individualization is desired. Text,

sound, and image should be more balanced to ensure

smooth interaction.

7.1.3 Tooth Brush Animals

All participants watched the animation, and two of

them got engaged. The general impression was pos-

itive, and everyone could imagine children enjoying

the application. P5, a father himself, indicated the

mirror ‘anchors learning where learning takes place’.

Gamiﬁcation purposes like unlocking further animals

were well received and created immediate engage-

ment: ‘Mira, which animal suits me”(P1) or ‘Can I

create a new character there?’ (P5). The video is well

suited to develop a sense of time, and the raccoon is,

in any case, a positive factor to increase motivation.

However, most of the participants criticized the fast

movements in the cartoon. P5 mentioned limits to

check his teeth simultaneously in the mirror at this

speed. Besides, he added that the ﬁnal check of the

child’s teeth and responsibility still lies with the par-

ents. Thereby, it would not save time. However, even

if he did not buy the mirror just because of one appli-

cation, he would install it if he already had one. Yet,

some of the participants had parental concerns about

exposing children to further screens. One parent (P5)

was excited ‘to see how they do it with the mirror and

imitate. How much they stick to it’. The other parent

(P4) added that ’If they are more grown-up and are

allowed to brush their teeth themselves at lunchtime

and without supervision, that would be something’.

7.1.4 Instant Idea

Despite initial insecurities about the concept and ap-

plication, all participants agreed that the concept was

valuable and ﬁt their routines: ‘I really believe that

I would use it because I always use notes to write

something down. Just like that, if I think of some-

thing, I would write it down brieﬂy. And you can

hold on to it without searching for my mobile phone

with my wet hands, and I can do other things on the

side’(P5). P4 recognized its practicality, e.g., while

brushing teeth or doing make-up. The visualizations

of the sequences were very authentic in their func-

tionality, whereby the prototyped interaction caused

confusion. However, one reason was the simulation,

where certain options had to be prepared in advance

and some restricted in use. Therefore, one partici-

pant suggested having animated hints, for instance, to

record his voice. Besides, he wished for references to

the sources of the ﬁled media in the future. The social

media links were only noticed on a second look but

tended to be positive. One of the participants wanted

to sort his stored content by link categories like ‘living

room’ (P4). Despite the initial difﬁculties in interac-

tion, this concept has the potential to support reﬂec-

tive moments and creative thinking.

CHIRA 2021 - 5th International Conference on Computer-Human Interaction Research and Applications

7.1.5 MiraFit

All participants liked the well-structured ﬁtness re-

sults and suggestions by Mira. They emphasized the

automated synchronization of data and the mirror ap-

plication to reduce additional effort. Equally, after ex-

ploring the training advice on the mirror, they would

like Mira to send the information to their phones or

ﬁtness tracker. Besides, one participant asked for an

automatic calendar entry for the next run. P1 noted

that he is not familiar with the displayed times on the

mirror, and he is expecting classiﬁcation and interpre-

tation by the agent. All participants emphasized the

importance of context and timely suggestions, for in-

stance, depending on different times for workouts, as

P2 remarked. Besides, recommendations to buy new

running shoes after a speciﬁc number of miles were

well received, with P4 expecting to get this informa-

tion timely and simultaneously some links for direct

purchasing. All participants asked for valuable ad-

vice and information and emphasized the importance

of timing to engage with the data and the agent.

7.1.6 Impact on the Atmosphere and Well-being

Four participants described their bathroom as a very

intimate retreat, where they particularly want to feel

calm and cozy: ‘It’s a very private room, you’re usu-

ally alone there’ (P2). Further, they repeatedly em-

phasized the positive impact of the mirror on the at-

mosphere in the bathroom: ‘I ﬁnd it very user-friendly

and a bit like a girlfriend in the bathroom (...) With

the mirror, the bathroom would no longer be so ster-

ile and cold, but cozier.’ (P3). P4 added the positive

effects of speech: ‘So that makes it more human, of

course, because of the voice.’ However, P5 encoun-

tered: ‘I don’t know if you need a name for the mirror

and if it has to speak, perhaps it would be enough if

only I would speak and then I get the feedback on the

screen” (P5). He did enjoy the interaction, but some-

times visual feedback would be sufﬁcient to engage

with the content and activities. Without considering

additional effort to clean ﬁngerprints off the surface,

he also would like to shorten some interaction paths

by touch. In contrast, P3 explained that speech partic-

ularly fosters engagement and motivation.

Although the participants enjoyed engaging with

the mirror, they all had privacy concerns. Even with-

out an integrated camera in this prototype, they men-

tioned, it would make them feel uncomfortable. Like-

wise, they were concerned that the sounds of the toilet

might be recorded and distributed. Therefore, some

participants suggested mechanical features like a ﬂap

to blind the camera and preferred a self-determined

control. The same goes for switching the microphone

on and off, as a digital marker, e.g., light still leaves

them suspicious. Besides those reservations, the par-

ticipants valued most of the applications and made

design suggestions as taking selﬁes in the bathroom

without considering prior stated privacy concerns.

Some participants speculated on more design

ideas to enhance their well-being. Aesthetics con-

tributes equally to a sense of well-being as the ap-

plications themselves. P2, for instance, imagined an

effective weather display by letting rain run over the

mirror or a sunrise. Similarly, P1 suggested the mir-

ror simulates a real window or a mood light to feel

more comfortable in his small and window-less bath-

room. That may also lead to spending more time in

this particular room, in general. All participants al-

ready listened to music frequently, and some men-

tioned watching music videos as an additional ben-

eﬁt. Although spending most of their time alone in

the bathroom or helping their children, P5 empha-

sized that this artifact might also impress and enter-

tain friends and acquaintances at their visit: ‘It is a

luxury item that is not only beautiful but also has a

beneﬁt. (...) It is also a wow factor for guests.’ (P5).

However, P2 wished for a ‘calmer’ design, which re-

minds her less of technology like the mobile phone.

The clock was a little too big, and she associated the

functions of reading emails or getting messages on the

mirror with her working day ahead. She would prefer

to hide these functions and displaying the watch in an

’analog’ design on the mirror.

7.1.7 Fitting the Routines

The results show that participants expect a personal ﬁt

to their habits and time-critical events. For the latter,

one participant (P5) particularly described a stress-

ful situation storming into the bathroom and handing

over several tasks to the mirror. In this scenario, the

agent has to react quickly and send, for instance, a

voice notiﬁcation to a friend for his 15-minute late

arrival. Besides, participants reﬂected on their daily

routines and possible ﬁt of the applications: ‘In the

morning, the applications that I tested, like FaceYoga.

And in the evening perhaps rather as a little toy and

for entertainment. And something like the news I

would watch at noon. However, actively I would use

the mirror in the morning and evening’ (P4). Like-

wise, P2 added that this mirror might support a re-

laxed and organized start to the day: ‘You feel more

organized, you do things that you would do anyway,

and you get information. I would feel more comfort-

able with it.’ (P2). She also stressed that she would

use beauty advice for skincare and make-up and pre-

ferred motivational content for the day. For building

healthy habits, P3 emphasized the beneﬁts of embed-

Morning Routines between Calm and Engaging: Designing a Smart Mirror

ding the mirror in the bathroom and the immediate

use: ‘I always miss to do the relaxation exercises, but

if it’s right in front of the mirror and you’re right there,

then you do it.’ Usually, the ﬁrst thing she does after

coming home from work is going to the bathroom,

so she imagines starting an application immediately

while drying her hands.

8 DISCUSSION

We want to discuss the main ﬁndings of our design

process in light of the design space for engaging inter-

actions (Rogers et al., 2007) and leveraging properties

of traditional domestic artifacts (Verbeek, 2005).

8.1 Traditional Artifacts Extended

So far, research treated mirrors and ambient displays

as very multi-purpose, public furnishings and artifacts

for all household residents. Hence, they have been

usually assigned the task of communication and co-

ordination work. Ambient displays have traditionally

been developed for public spaces to disseminate in-

formation widely and make it accessible to all. For

the most part, enhancement or intelligence of IoT ar-

tifacts has been understood as the need to hide tech-

nology or visible aspects of domestic technology in

everyday objects. As a result, the original meaning

of the object and its inherent qualities, such as the

mirror surface, and the primary moments of situated

interaction are insufﬁciently considered. Moreover,

when interacting with technology, the technology’s

need to communicate organizational information, for

example, takes a salient role, forcing the residents to

immediate reactions rather than supporting their envi-

ronmental needs associated with the mirror and space.

The spatial design of the bathroom impacts personal

well-being substantially. Strengers et al. (2019) show

that aesthetic and ambient features in the home are

as important as the technology itself and lead to more

pleasure. Therefore, the object and its properties carry

well-being, either as a traditional material or digitally

enhanced by applications. The qualities of the arti-

fact enable and constrain the inherent interaction and

expressiveness (Halln

as and Redstr

om, 2006; Fuchs-

berger et al., 2013). Traditional mirror reﬂections

shift the focus to more self-reﬂection, and with digi-

tal qualities, it is now possible to engage in active and

reﬂective ways. Thereby, a digitally enhanced mirror

might actively offer space and time for calmness and

more engaging experiences in the ‘currently doings’

(Rogers et al., 2007). The same surface might con-

strain the usefulness of some applications like the cal-

endar in the bathroom and simultaneously be a valu-

able feature on a decorative mirror in the living room.

With an iterative design approach, we were able to un-

cover actual use and entangled practices of the tradi-

tional mirror at home and show how to center those in

the further design development considering the con-

straints and opportunities of the material. The exami-

nation of the social practice in which the material en-

counters meaning and the potential for use helps to

re-contextualize the purpose of digitization and visu-

alize the vital qualities of the artifact.

Our approach is not limited to mirrors but empha-

sizes exploring artifacts in their original embedded

use to integrate technology purposefully and open up

new design perspectives. Therefore, the main qual-

ity of everyday artifacts should go beyond concealing

technology and ﬁnd the natural ﬁt by leveraging in-

herent properties and affordances. There is a poten-

tial to carefully extend properties digitally that build

on prior structure, use, and desires and see IoT as ac-

tive and embedded contributors to more well-being in

the home.

8.2 Adaptive Resources for Action

We withdrew to condense the needs of our partici-

pants to an average user to avoid the ‘One-size-ﬁts-

all’ design paradigm. Leveraging the design space

of the bathroom and traditional mirror, we present

four applications that promote and inspire mindful-

ness and well-being in the home, aligned with the call

of Desjardins et al. (2019) for alternative IoT con-

cepts. We based our concept on the engaging inter-

action between inhabitants and their artifacts, offer-

ing resources for action to ﬁnd substantial and joyful

support for their routines (Mennicken et al., 2014).

Concise moments and activities deﬁne the poten-

tial value and support of the technology for every-

day life (SplendidResearch, 2016). Our diary study

shows the frequent media use in the mornings and

evenings. Yet, we can observe participants attempt to

integrate time for (sub)conscious reﬂection, self-care,

and to establish enjoyable or healthy habits in general.

In contrast, prior studies often neglect the variety of

needs that can be projected on one artifact or the en-

tanglement of different practices associated with one

room or artifact. Those systems tried to enhance well-

being by more automation of tedious tasks or pro-

cesses like regulating heating (Jakobi et al., 2018) that

not primary focus to promote joyful interaction but in-

stead passive and peripheral information consumption

(Ammari et al., 2019). With our empirical studies,

we could reveal the entanglement of media use with

the variety of morning and evening practices, pointing

CHIRA 2021 - 5th International Conference on Computer-Human Interaction Research and Applications

to different phases of calmness and engagement that

personalized technology has to consider. This also ex-

tends to the investigation of the personal relationship

between inhabitants and their objects in use. Regular

encounters that involve memories, engagement, and

experience create personal value and strengthen the

relationship with the object, leading to appreciation

and acceptance of the technology-enhanced artifact

as well. However, our prototype shall enable humans

without strongly intervening or patronizing, yet offer

resources for engagement (Taylor et al., 2007). Users

value a variety of unique applications to choose for

their individual purpose and might build close rela-

tionships with the agent if their needs are taken seri-

ously by design (Paay et al., 2018). This will need

long-term investigation of said relationships to under-

stand how more IoT can, for example, live up to the

expectation of being personal.

A thorough investigation of domestic practices

with a central view on the material and respecting the

former object relationship contributes to the creation

of personal value within the adoption of the interac-

tive artifact as a whole. Therefore, we need to ﬁnd a

balance between automation and engagement by of-

fering adaptive resources to a variety of needs and

connecting existing activities and objects.

8.3 Rethinking Productivity

At the beginning of the broad implementation of

technology in homes, practices were investigated by

means introduced to study workplaces, and success

was determined by increased values of efﬁciency and

productivity (Crabtree and Rodden, 2004; Hargreaves

and Wilson, 2017). Yet, we have to rethink the value

of efﬁciency and productivity in smart domestic envi-

ronments (Desjardins et al., 2015; Crabtree and Rod-

den, 2004) and their meaning to the inhabitants.

Time-economic advantages exist and can reduce

stress by proposing an efﬁcient structure or overtak-

ing tedious, previously manual tasks. Yet, inhabi-

tants might not experience this as a value because they

do not mind, e.g., opening windows by themselves

or they want to make own decisions. Consequently,

they still might not perceive a technology dictating

the daily structure and which is concealed by daily

objects as calm. Calmness emerges from the absence

of distraction and ﬁtting interactions between inhab-

itants and artifacts. Ambient access to information

does not increase efﬁciency necessarily when further

activities like self-care or creativity are interrupted.

For example, information retrieval in the morning

might even produce stress by displaying work mes-

sages. Therefore, an alternative approach might be

the active support of moments that often remain in-

visible to technology and unconscious to inhabitants.

Additionally, users fear becoming passive and

lazy in the opposite of being productive, when too

much automation is implemented in their homes. Un-

derstanding that being active equals not always being

productive, we can move towards the design of arti-

facts and interfaces that promote engagement which is

welcomed and desired. Productivity is often linked to

speciﬁc goals and tangible results, whereas being ac-

tive can also be associated with mindful experiences

in the moment, e.g. self-reﬂection or self-care. More-

over, being productive can be understood as being ac-

tive and engaged in favorite activities. Accordingly,

technology should instead foster the reallocation of

resources like time and space to more meaningful en-

gagements. Tools for more self-reﬂection and mind-

fulness help to increase the productivity of the inhab-

itants throughout the day. Finally, our work enables

users to implement more positive activities in their

daily routines and establish desired self-care habits.

Finally, the properties of artifacts are appropri-

ate to resolve the contradiction of calm and engag-

ing by rethinking the values of efﬁciency and produc-

tivity. Therefore, we need to design beyond the au-

tomation of routines and control of smart appliances

(Desjardins et al., 2019; Strengers et al., 2019) and

consider which spaces in the home are appropriate for

coordination and communication work and which are

used for calm and mindful interactions.

9 CONCLUSION

Inspired by the idea of IoT artifacts going beyond ef-

ﬁciency by digitally extending the qualities they al-

ready inherit, this paper presents a design case study

for a Smart Mirror that supports activities and is easy

to integrate in everyday life. Our ﬁndings indicate

that the design trend for ’optimization’ of domestic

routines limits the perspective on valuable smart arti-

facts. Moreover, our ’Mira’ prototype offers an alter-

native design for pleasant interactions that ﬁt personal

and steady as well as rapidly changing routines.

Our research is limited by the small number of

participants in the evaluation and selection of the sam-

ple, which should be broadened in future work. More-

over, we can only speculate about the design of other

artifacts because they are determined by their inherent

properties, still our results clearly show the need to

investigate a variety of IoT artifacts. Further research

should focus on digital enhancement of traditional ar-

tifacts and purposes for well-being beyond automa-

tion.

Morning Routines between Calm and Engaging: Designing a Smart Mirror

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