Personality of a Life Convict as a Condition of Effective

Operative-search Prevention

Svetlana G. Kryazheva

, Maria M. Moskvitina

and Dmitriy E. Dikopol’tsev

Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation

Keywords: Operational-search activity, psychology of operational-search activity, life imprisonment, personality of the

convict, personality spheres.

Abstract: The article reveals the psychological characteristics of various spheres of the personality of those sentenced

to life imprisonment, identified by the results of an empirical study conducted by the Research Institute of the

Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in 2020 in institutions where this category of persons is kept. The

purpose of the study was to identify the personal characteristics of prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment,

which can be used in the implementation of operational-search activities. As the tasks assigned to the authors,

we can single out: the development of a questionnaire, research, processing and analysis of its results. The

methodological basis of the work was based on sociological research methods. In particular, the questionnaire

method was used. The study was carried out in all institutions where prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment

are kept. Based on the results of the study, the main features of various spheres of the personality of those

sentenced to life imprisonment were revealed, the knowledge of which will increase the efficiency of

operational-search and preventive work with them.

1 INTRODUCTION

The most important task of the operational divisions

of institutions and bodies of the penal system

(hereinafter – PS) is the identification, prevention,

suppression and disclosure of crimes and violations

of the established order of serving a sentence (Article

84 of the Criminal Executive Code of the Russian

Federation). So, one of the main tasks facing

operational officers is not only strengthening law and

order and preventing the growth of crime in the

penitentiary system, ensuring the personal safety of

convicts, personnel of these institutions and other

persons, but also increasing the efficiency of

operational search activities (hereinafter – OSA) in

general, where one of the most important elements is

operational-search prevention. Specialists such as

S.S. Galakhov (2016), K.K. Goryainov (2018), Z.V.

Znikin (2014), A.A. Krymov (2013), V.N. Omelin

(2020), G.S. Shkabin (2020) and others were engaged

in the issues of operational and investigative activities

in the penal system.

https://оrcid.org/0000-0002-2246-3255

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7679-4869

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1225-7490

Operative-search prevention in correctional

institutions is a control and preventive influence on

persons and the situation in order to prevent criminal

activity, identify and neutralize the causes and

conditions conducive to its commission, using overt

and covert operative-search forces, means and

methods. At the same time, prevention is a holistic

and complex system. At the same time, effective

operational-search prevention is impossible without

taking into account the personality of the convict

himself. Studying only the materials of the criminal

case, the circumstances and nature of the committed

criminal offense is insufficient to create a complete

picture of the personality of the convicted person. The

personality of the criminal is one of the main links in

the mechanism of criminal behavior, due to which its

characteristics, which determine such behavior,

should be the direct object of preventive action

(Antonyan Yu.M., 1997).

Delving into the personality of the criminal, there

is a great importance of his life path, hobbies, needs,

motives, needs, fate and the specifics of his

Kryazheva, S., Moskvitina, M. and Dikopoltsev, D.

Personality of a Life Convict as a Condition of Effective Operative-search Prevention.

DOI: 10.5220/0010632600003152

In Proceedings of the VII International Scientiﬁc-Practical Conference “Criminal Law and Operative Search Activities: Problems of Legislation, Science and Practice” (CLOSA 2021), pages

145-151

ISBN: 978-989-758-532-6; ISSN: 2184-9854

145

psychological characteristics (Chufarovsky Yu.V.,

2020). As V.E. Yuzhanin notes, the danger of the

criminal's personality comes from the characteristic

features, as well as his behavior habits (V.E.

Yuzhanin, 2016).

In recent years, interest in the psychological

aspects of crime and criminality has become more

and more stable. This circumstance is connected, first

of all, with the humanization of the penal system and

the following requirement related to the

differentiation and individualization of criminal

punishment, the process of correcting convicts and

carrying out preventive work.

Knowledge of the psychological characteristics of

the personality of convicts, the use of this knowledge

in the process of operational-search prevention

facilitates the employee's professional activities,

helps him in the most constructive way to build

relationships with convicts and other employees of

the institution, correctly assess its results, predict the

consequences, and timely influence the operational

situation.

The activities of employees of the operational

department is work with people, which includes the

study and assessment of people's behavior, the

establishment of psychological contact with them and

etc. The presence of psychological knowledge among

operational employees now becomes not a

recommendation, but a necessity that affects the

effectiveness of professional activities, reducing the

risk of professional mistakes.

At present, the training of operational employees

is continuous and is not limited only to their

professional training in a higher educational

institution of the Federal Penitentiary Service of

Russia.

Order of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian

Federation of August 27, 2012 No. 169 «On Approval

of the Manual on the Organization of Professional

Training of Employees of the Penitentiary System»

regulates the organization of professional training of

employees of the penitentiary system. Professional

training includes the following types: training of

cadets and students during the period of study in

educational institutions of higher professional

education of the Federal Penitentiary Service of

Russia; special initial training; professional

retraining, advanced training; on-the-job training.

At the same time, the training of both future and

current employees must be carried out taking into

account the conditions and the regime in which the

service is supposed to be. Undoubtedly, the content

of the operation-search activities conducted in a

colony-settlement or in correctional colonies of

general and strict regimes is qualitatively different

from that which exists in correctional colonies of a

special regime, where convicts are kept, representing

an increased social danger to modern society. In

particular, we will talk about convicts serving life

imprisonment for especially grave crimes, which is

the main difference between this category of convicts

from others. Many researchers, both in Russia and in

other countries, have been and continue to deal with

life imprisonment problems (Liu L., O'Donnell P.,

Sullivan R., Katalinic A., Moser EC, de Boer A.,

Meunier F., 2016) These include A.R. Bardou (2004),

A.N. Balamut (Balamut A.N., Pozdnyakov V.M.,

2018; Balamut A.N., Starikova A.E., 2018), B.G.

Bovin (Bovin B.G., Slavinskaya Yu.V., 2011, 2014),

S.A. Borovikov (Borovikov S.A., Shishigina S.N.,

Amandykova S.K., Dolzhnikov P.K., 2019), D.A.

Dobryakov (Dobryakov D.A., Minyazeva T.F.,

Pozdnyakov V.M., 2020), F. Zimbardo (Zimbardo F.,

Boyd J., 2010), A.V. Kokurin (Ekimova V.I.,

Kokurina I.V., Kokurin A.V., 2014), A.S. Knyazkov

(2015), L. Labardini (2005), V.A Plaksina (2020),

V.M. Pozdnyakov (2019), Yu.V. Slavinskaya

(Slavinskaya Yu.V. Bovin B.G., 2011; Slavinskaya

Yu.V., 2018), D. Van Zyl Smit (D., & Ashworth, A.,

2004, Van Zyl Smit, D. 1992, 2005, 2006), E.F.

Stefan (2018).

In a number of countries the life imprisonment is

appointed without the possibility of parole. In the

Russian Federation a convicted person is deprived of

such an opportunity only if he has committed a crime

while serving his sentence.

As of September 1, 2020, a total of 1983 people

are serving life sentences in the Russian Federation.

This category of convicts is serving sentences in 6

correctional facilities and in 1 isolated section of a

special regime correctional colony for keeping

convicts to life imprisonment. Also, this category of

convicts can serve part of the sentence in prison, in

isolation from other categories of convicts, in cases

where the court appointed a life imprisonment with

serving part of the sentence in prison, or if the

convicted person committed violations of the

established order of serving the sentence during the

period of serving the sentence and was transferred to

prison or committed crime while serving a sentence.

In this article we will consider in detail the various

spheres of the personality of sentenced to life

imprisonment and reveal the role of this knowledge

in increasing the efficiency of operational work with

this category of persons.

The purpose of our study was to identify the

psychological characteristics of sentenced to life

imprisonment, which can be used in the

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implementation of operational-search activities in

relation to them.

To achieve this goal, we solved the following

tasks: we developed a questionnaire for employees of

institutions, conducted a survey and processed its

results. We assumed that knowledge of the

psychological characteristics of life-sentenced

prisoners would improve the efficiency of operational

work with them.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

An empirical study was carried out by the Research

Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia

in 2020 in all institutions where life-sentenced

prisoners are held using the questionnaire survey

method. To conduct the study, we developed a

questionnaire, which was filled out by employees of

the institutions participating in the study.

Information about the psychological state of the

inmates was filled out according to the materials of

psychodiagnostics carried out by the staff on a regular

basis.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

An analysis of the results of an empirical study

carried out by the Research Institute of the Federal

Penitentiary Service of Russia made it possible to

compile a generalized description of those convicted

to the life imprisonment. Thus, a life-sentenced

person is an productive man of 40-49 years old with

a secondary complete general education, who, before

conviction, lived in an urban area, has work

experience, is not married, is Orthodox. At the time

of the study, he had served from 15 to 20 years. He

does not work in the correctional facility due to lack

of work, if he does work, he treats his work in bad

faith, including refusing to work, and has several

disciplinary sanctions.

Most of the convicts in this category are convicted

of crimes against the person, have a first conviction.

This type of punishment is the main type of

punishment; as an additional punishment can be

assigned compensation for the caused damage

(presence of a claim).

In addition, other features were identified

regarding the relationship with the administration.

Thus, a typical convict to life imprisonment is

characterized negatively by the administration of the

institution, is kept in strict conditions, is on the

preventive record as prone to attacking

representatives of the administration and other law

enforcement officers, and may be on the preventive

record as prone to suicide and self-harm.

Many authors recognize the fact that this category

of convicts is the most difficult in the context of

providing them with psychological and pedagogical

influence, and this, in turn, can affect the

effectiveness of operational-search prevention.

As Deacon Kirill Markovsky who has been

working for many years with prisoners sentenced to

life imprisonment writes in his book, that they have

no past, no present and no future, there was no happy

childhood or youth. Their life in the present is more

like existence. Society despises them. In terms of

their future, those sentenced to life imprisonment

mostly do not harbor illusions (Markovskiy K.,

2017).

Prolonged stay in conditions of isolation from

society, strict regime requirements, lack of life

prospects – all this has a negative impact on the

convicts. In addition, the unlikely prospect of their

parole, which deprives them of the incentive for

correction, has a negative impact on the law-abiding

behavior of prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment

(Kapustin K.V., 2014).

V.M. Pozdnyakov draws attention to the fact that

while serving a sentence, life-sentenced prisoners

become more withdrawn, uncommunicative, they

develop a feeling of alienation and increase over time,

self-esteem decreases, self-doubt and anxiety appear,

and frequent being in a frustrated state can lead to

more frequent manifestation of discontent,

aggression, anger, impulsive, thoughtless actions

(Pozdnyakov V.M., 2019).

K. Markovsky believes that a life-sentenced

person inevitably begins to fade away mentally and

physically. Over time, he can completely escape from

reality and lock himself in an illusory inner world,

ceasing to communicate, take care of himself,

completely losing interest in the environment. This

may be preceded by a state of extreme anger – the

convicted person can behave aggressively, constantly

use foul language, curse everything and everyone

(Markovsky K., 2017).

In addition, against the background of the

dominance of regime restrictions and the inadequacy

of conditions for convicts to manifest prosocial

subjectivity for life, they may develop a syndrome of

«personal helplessness» (Pozdnyakov V.M., 2019),

«prison autism» (Mukhina V.S., 2015).

An analysis of the results of an empirical study

conducted by the Research Institute of the Federal

Penitentiary Service of Russia made it possible to

Personality of a Life Convict as a Condition of Effective Operative-search Prevention

147

compile a generalized psychological characteristics

of persons sentenced to life imprisonment (Bovin

B.G., Buntina V.Yu., Grigoriev V.N., Dikopoltsev

D.E., Kryazheva S.G., Lebedev M.V., Moskvitina

M.M., Pimenova O.P., Sorokin V.P., Vasiliev M.G.,

2020), including a description of emotional-strong-

willed, moral, intellectual, communicative spheres

and personality traits.

3.1 Emotional-Volitional Sphere of

Convicts to Life Imprisonment

Most of sentenced to life imprisonment are

characterized by a lack of self-control, will, the ability

to restrain anxiety and internal conflicts in their ideas

about themselves. In this regard they may experience

uncontrollable emotional outbursts. In a provocative

situation a decrease in self-control is possible. In a

stressful situation, impulsive reactions are possible.

Impulsive behavior is due to a decrease in the ability

of the individual to plan and judge. Convicts may feel

insufficiently fit. Extremely sensitive, easily upset,

succumb to feelings and occasional mood swings.

They often react painfully to «small», minor

problems. The direct realization of the arising

impulses and the underdevelopment of reflection lead

to the absence of anxiety and fear of potential

punishment. The combination of these factors can

lead to suicide.

K. Markovsky also notes that the word «suicide»

among those convicted to the life imprisonment is

from a number of everyday life. Every prisoner has

thought about suicide at least once. It can be said

about some convicts that they live with a noose

around their necks, constantly thinking about leaving

life. Some have made more than one attempt to

commit suicide. Some of them could not be saved

(Markovsky K., 2017). So, for example, in 2020, 3

facts of suicides were recorded among life-sentenced

prisoners, in 2019 there were no such facts, and in

2018 – 4. Let the actual number 3 seem

insignificantly small, while in 2020 in the institutions

of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia there

were In total, 287 suicides were committed by

suspects, accused and convicted persons, but in the

context of calculating per 1000 people, the suicide

rate among those sentenced to life imprisonment is

1.5. It is worth noting that in the pre-trial detention

center it is 1.1, in the correctional facilities – 0.4, in

hospitals – 0.6. Only in prisons is the level the same

high – 1.5 (Bovin B.G., Kozin M.N., Buntina V.Yu.,

Kryazheva S.G., Moskvitina M.M., Matveeva I.A.,

2021. In this case, the factor of single-cell content can

also be considered a factor of suicidal risk.

3.2 Moral and Moral Qualities of

Convicts to Life Imprisonment

Life-sentenced prisoners are characterized by:

insufficient acceptance of moral standards,

independence, disregard for rules. They demonstrate

complete freedom from the influence of the group, an

insufficiently serious attitude to morality can lead to

socially disapproving actions, but sometimes it can

manifest itself positively as innovation in solving

certain issues. However, an extremely low level of

moral consciousness can be a worrying symptom,

since such people will not be bothered to help others

resolve the dispute; may thrive in disarray and filth

and generally have little interest in social standards.

There is a serious lack of internal standards and

therefore a tendency towards sociopathy. Low scores

are positively correlated with delinquency and

antisocial behavior.

3.3 Intellectual Sphere of Convicts to

Life Imprisonment

For convicted to life imprisonment are characteristic

concreteness of thinking, low intelligence, low

general thinking abilities, poor ability to solve

abstract problems, a tendency to be disorganized,

poor judgment, reduced efficiency of thinking,

insufficient level of general verbal culture.

3.4 Communicative Sphere of Convicts

to Life Imprisonment

Most of sentenced to life imprisonment maintain a

psychological distance, avoid close interpersonal

interaction. Such convicts are distrustful, suspicious,

care little for other people, and do not always work

well in a group. In interpersonal relationships, they

are distinguished by a superficial attitude towards

other people. Such convicts rarely develop a sense of

deep attachment and identification with the

environment. They build their interaction with the

people around them on manipulation for the sake of

satisfying their own desires.

Some convicts tend to demonstrate strict

adherence to any, even the most insignificant and of

no significant value, social norms and rules, to

emphasize the «correctness» of their behavior.

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3.5 Personal Characteristics of

Prisoners Sentenced to Life

Imprisonment

The activities of prisoners sentenced to life

imprisonment are often not well-ordered: they often

get lost, act unevenly, do not know how to organize

their time and the order of doing things. In this regard,

they often leave things unfinished and without

completing what they have begun to the end they take

up another task.

Self-esteem is adequate with a tendency to

overestimate. Insulting personal interests and dignity,

as a rule, is not forgotten for a long time and is not

forgiven. They are sensitive to true or perceived

injustice, and have a negative attitude to criticism

addressed to them. In this regard, others often

characterize them as vindictive and revengeful

people.

The convictions are notable for sufficient

firmness and are comparable to the convictions of the

«fighter for the idea». Strong logical arguments are

needed to change their point of view. They are driven

not so much by the motivation of strength and

authority as by the desire «not to be weak» to avoid

possible infringements on the part of the stronger and

more influential. Hence – the envy of the success of

others. At the same time, there is a negative concept

of one's own personality. There is a great desire to

draw the attention of others to their misfortunes, to

achieve sympathy and understanding, sometimes

assessed from an external position as «blackmail»,

«hysterical protrusion of difficulties». The

impossibility of constructive planning for the future.

Knowledge about the personality traits of

convicts to the life imprisonment makes it possible to

effectively plan and implement operational-search

preventive work, which includes:

1) Identification and registration of persons prone

to committing unlawful acts, as well as leaders of the

criminal environment, members and active members

of negative groups, registering them as preventive

measures, distributing them to cells, planning and

developing effective tactics for applying preventive

measures to them.

2) Studying the characteristics of the personality

of convicts, their way of life before conviction, social

environment, nature, motives and goals of the crime

committed, attitude to the deed, admission of guilt

etc. Studying the personality of the convict is a

purposeful process of collecting, accumulating,

systematizing and analyzing information about

significant from the point of view of the tactics of

using the methods of the independent reconnaissance

patrol, the peculiarities of the convicts.

3) Predicting the behavior of convicts, planning,

developing tactics and carrying out complex

individual preventive measures.

Operative-search prophylaxis is a constant

process, starting from the first day of a convict's stay

in a correctional facility and continuing at all stages

of his stay in an institution.

Often, difficulties in operational-search

prevention can be caused by communication barriers

between the operational officer and the convict,

which are social, psychological, political, religious

and other differences that can give rise to

misunderstanding, different interpretations of the

same events.

An integral feature that influences the efficiency

of an operative in this activity is his charisma. Not

possessing this quality in due measure, the operative

employee will not be able to fully establish

productive psychological contact.

In addition, other conditions also affect the

process of interaction between the operational officer

and the convict, for example, the very specific nature

of the detention of convicts to the life imprisonment,

which provides for their long-term stay in a confined

space, as well as in their constant communication

with a narrow circle of persons (both convicts and

employees). This circumstance allows, on the one

hand, to study as much as possible the characteristics

of the convict, his inclinations, habits, strengths and

weaknesses, values and needs, to determine his

informal status in the criminal environment, to reveal

the degree of his criminal infection (Yakovets E.N.,

2009), but, on the other hand, the low turnover of

convicts and the long stay of the same convicts in a

correctional facilities can lead to the opposite effect,

the effect of a «blurred eye», when, due to routine and

constantly repetitive actions, operational officers stop

looking at things critically, look for alternatives.

There is a firm belief in unconditional control over

the situation in the institution, in the thorough

knowledge of everyone who is serving a sentence in

the institution.

This circumstance can lead to the following

consequences:

– formalism in the performance of their

professional activities;

– inattention to incoming information;

– weakening of attention to the elements of the

operational environment;

– excessive self-confidence in the correctness of

their actions;

– non-criticality to new information;

Personality of a Life Convict as a Condition of Effective Operative-search Prevention

149

– the appearance of signs of professional

burnout and professional deformation;

– failure to comply with safety requirements;

– entering into off-duty communications, etc.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Thus, the foregoing necessitates special training of

officials carrying out operational-investigative

activities, serving in correctional colonies where

convicts to life imprisonment are kept. The

characteristics of the crimes committed by them, the

personality traits of the convicts themselves require

that employees have special education and

psychological stability, they regularly attend

advanced training courses.

At the same time, knowing the psychological

characteristics of those sentenced to life

imprisonment, operational (and other) employees will

be able to work more effectively with this category of

persons.

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