System Approach to Ensuring the Safety of Modern Vehicles

Irina Makarova

, Gulnara Yakupova

, Vladimir Shepelev

, Polina Buyvol

Eduard Mukhametdinov

, Aleksandr Barinov

and Albert Abashev

Kazan Federal University, Suymbike Avenue, 10A, Naberezhnye Chelny, 423822, Russia

South Ural State University, Lenin Avenue, 76, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russia

Murmansk State Technical University, str. Sportivnaya, 13, Murmansk, Russia

Kazan State Energy University, Krasnoselskaya st., 51, Kazan, 420066, Russia

abashev1999albert@mail.ru

Keywords: Modified Haddon Matrix, Systems Approach, Traffic Safety, Road Accidents and Violations, Accident

Probability and Severity.

Abstract: Improving road safety is a priority worldwide. A systematic approach can reduce accidents and injuries, since

various resources and methods of solving the problem are involved. The purpose of the article was to establish

a relationship between violations and road accidents. To identify the factors affecting the probability of

accidents and the severity of their consequences, an analysis of real statistics on violations and road accidents

was used. It was found that the city planning decision and its size affect the specifics of traffic control. A

developed events to improve road safety is presented, systematized in a modified Haddon matrix, in which,

in addition to traditional groups of factors (human, vehicle, environmental factors), a new factor is added -

information technology or artificial intelligence. It was noted that feedback was needed to ensure the

effectiveness of the recommended events. That is re-analysis of next period statistics, assessment of changes

and adjustment of Haddon matrix, by eliminating ineffective measures and replacing them with others.

1 INTRODUCTION

The acceleration of urbanization, causing the growth of

megacities and, as a result, the need for mobility and

motorization of the megacities’ population. At the same

time, the level of population’s motorization, as well as the

number of commercial vehicle parks, is increasing,

which, in turn, with insufficient infrastructure

development, leads to an increase in the number of road

accidents, as well as the severity of their consequences.

This reduces the stability and safety of the transport

system as a whole. Events related to COVID-19 have

changed the parameters of the transport system’s

functioning. Due to local bans on travel by private

automobile transport, the level of drivers’ professional

skill, determined, among other things, by the regularity of

driving, has decreased. After the ban on movement for

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6184-9900

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6822-3700

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1143-2031

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5241-215X

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0824-0001

both pedestrians and drivers was lifted, the risk of

accidents increased significantly. To create an effective

traffic control system, it is necessary to have a tool with

which it would be possible to identify the most significant

factors from the actual data, to play various scenarios of

the events’ development, to make corrective decisions,

and subsequently, to analyse their effectiveness.

2 METHOLOGY OF THE

SYSTEM APPROACH IN THE

ROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENT

The effectiveness of a management strategy based on a

systematic approach to the greatest extent affects traffic

safety, since thanks to a combination of technical and

Makarova, I., Yakupova, G., Shepelev, V., Buyvol, P., Mukhametdinov, E., Barinov, A. and Abashev, A.

System Approach to Ensuring the Safety of Modern Vehicles.

DOI: 10.5220/0010538307830790

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems (VEHITS 2021), pages 783-790

ISBN: 978-989-758-513-5

783

organizational measures, it is possible to predict and

prevent most accidents, as well as reduce the severity of

the consequences. The effectiveness of this approach is

confirmed by the example of many European countries

(Zero mortality; Jurecki, 2020; Buehler, 2021; ITF,

2020), which manage to approach zero deaths on the

roads, despite the high level of motorization. Public

policies in many countries are also focused on the

application of a systemic strategy in the issue of road

safety. For example, in the document (Road safety

strategy, 2018) Intelligent Transport System (ITS) is

designated as the basis for improving road safety, which

means “a control system that integrates modern

information and telematic technologies and is designed

for automated search and adoption of the most effective

scenarios for managing the region transport and road

complex, a specific vehicle or vehicles’ group in order

to ensure a given mobility of the population, maximize

the use of the road network, improve the transport

process safety and efficiency, for drivers’ and transport

users’ comfort”. The creation of ITS to improve safety

is accompanied by the introduction of communication,

data collection, processing, management and control,

originally embedded in vehicles and infrastructure

(Shepelev, Nikolskaya, 2020; Khazukov, 2020). Then,

based on the information received in real time

(Makarova, 2016; Shepelev, 2020), effective

management decisions are formed.

2.1 Accident Prevention

To reduce the likelihood of an accident, it is necessary

to develop active safety - a set of measures aimed at

preventing their occurrence. This should include the

structural characteristics of vehicles, roadways and

infrastructure, as well as drivers’ sufficient experience,

driving culture and organizational factors.

The properties of vehicle active safety are

characterized by braking qualities, controllability and

stability in emergency modes; visibility from the

driver's seat, the vehicle’s external information

content - the number, color, location of external

lighting devices, the level of noise in the passenger

compartment. Cruise control systems, blind spot

detection, automatic wipers also help the driver to

avoid a traffic accident (Gimignani, 2013). Active

safety systems should include Advanced driver-

assistance systems, which, among other things, solve the

problems of recognizing and displaying information

about infrastructure objects, road users, weather

conditions, and navigation and routing. At the same

time, there are systems that allow the driver to make

adjustments to the control of the vehicle, depending on

the type of prompts that appear, and those that have

built-in response tools without involving the driver

(Trager, 2021). The researchers in (Makarova, 2017)

decline that the vehicles’ intellectualization will increase

the stability of transport systems.

The problem of the most vulnerable road users’

safety is also relevant. Therefore, in the study

(Makarova, 2018) the authors considered a method of

preventing a collision with a pedestrian by installing

a push-button traffic light. It is proposed to use a

fuzzy logic mechanism to control traffic light phase

switching. Despite a range of technical measures and

efforts to ensure safety in transport systems, the

number of accidents remains high. It is worth noting

that the person in the management system is the most

important and at the same time the least reliable

element, and therefore he cannot perform work

accurately for a long time "- says the author of the

article (Nikolaeva, 2016). That is why research

offering methods and algorithms for the development

of driver fatigue control systems is becoming

especially relevant (Nadai, 2015).

A significant part of road traffic accidents are related

to traffic violations. The study (Martinussen, 2017)

focuses on identifying risk groups of drivers and

indicators of safe and unsafe driving. The use of virtual

reality technologies and mobile applications to improve

the education level of driving vehicles seems to be

effective. So, the authors of (Hsu, 2018) presented a

simulator that expands the trainee's experience in typical

and atypical scenarios when riding a motorcycle.

The authors of (Jin, 2021) investigated the use of

telephones by drivers during a stop at a red traffic light,

as well as while driving. A high correlation was found

between the waiting time and the probability that the

driver will use his phone (with an increase in the waiting

time from 20 to 120-150 seconds, the proportion of

using the phone increases from 27.4% to 46.0%).

It is necessary to reduce traffic intensity, optimize

traffic flows and reduce travel time for certain road

network sites. In (Gorodokin, 2017), the authors propose

a new method for expert calculating the working cycle

of traffic lights with saving the possibility of entering the

intersection of all vehicles arriving from each of the

conflicting directions (including the busiest) in one

cycle. The probability of an accident generally

decreases with a reduce in the traffic flow intensity.

One of the current trends (including due to COVID-

19), contributing to this, is the widespread

introduction of remote workplaces (Crowley, 2020)

and distance learning technologies (Shaytura, 2020).

Finally, in view of the intellectualization both of

vehicles and infrastructure objects of traffic control,

measures are needed to ensure the information security.

Because vulnerabilities in ITS can be exploited for

iMLTrans 2021 - Special Session on Intelligent Mobility, Logistics and Transport

784

terrorist attacks, the research community has begun to

investigate and address potential security issues in

sensing, positioning, recognition and networking

technologies in driverless vehicles (Torre, 2020).

2.2 Reduction of Accident

Consequences Severity

Reduction of injuries received during road accidents

is ensured by measures to increase passive safety.

The elements of the vehicles’ passive safety system

include seat belts and sensors that signal the unfastened

seat belts, ABS, EBS, triplex glass, steering assembly

and dashboards structures that soften the impact on

passengers, doors designed to remain closed in case of

accidents, protected fuel tanks and battery emergency

disconnect switches, vehicle maximum speed limits,

front and rear energy absorbing elements that crumple

on impact. The vehicle interior frame must have

maximum rigidity and strength. Child restraints

reduce the likelihood of child death. However, as

shown in the article (Posuniak, 2018) the improper

use of seat belts can lead to greater danger to the child.

Also, choosing a method for installing the child

restraint system, child weight, and height must be

considered. Wearing good quality protective helmets

can reduce the risk of death in a traffic accident by

42%, and the risk of serious hand injuries by 69%.

Although 167 countries have passed laws on the

mandatory wearing of helmets, only 82 countries

have laws requiring helmets to be fastened and 93

refer to helmet standards in their laws (World Health

Organization, 2018). To reduce pedestrian injuries, an

elastic impact absorbing element is used on the

vehicle front bumper. It allows reaching a certain

deformation zone of the front part of the vehicle body

upon hit. A further development of passive safety

systems for pedestrians is the airbag and hood rising

when hitting. They provide a significant reduction in

injuries when a pedestrian collides with a vehicle.

Passive road safety means measures aimed at

reducing the severity of the accident consequences.

They include such elements as fences with a structure

that ensures the gradual "consumption" of impact

energy, emergency deadlocks on mountain roads,

fences prevented the vehicle from falling off the road

that are installed on dangerous roads sections with

roundings, steep and high slopes. Exceeding the

maximum permissible speed is the cause of at least

30% of deaths. An increase in speed by 1 km/h causes

an increase in the risk of an accident, the participants

of which will receive bodily injuries, by 3% and the

risk of a fatal accident by 5%. The probability of

pedestrian death is eight times higher when in contact

with a vehicle moving at a speed of 50 km/h than 30

km/h. 9 (Goniewicz , 2016). In connection with the

above, it is necessary to install photo-video recording

cameras, to construct artificial road bumps as

preventive measures to ensure that drivers comply

with speed limits. In addition, cameras are used to

monitor violations of safety belts and child restraints.

2.3 Elimination of Accident

Consequences

The efficiency and speed of emergency services

involved in the aftermath of the accident, the

resources availability and the personnel qualification

affect the amount of damage from accidents that have

occurred, as well as the timeliness of providing

medical assistance to victims.

The authors of the work (Lyapin, 2020) propose

to solve this problem on the basis of the developed

conceptual model of the subsystem of response to

accidents, which unites services and organizations

involved in the aftermath of the accident, which, in

order to minimize damage caused by road accidents

to road users, transport infrastructure and the

environment, should unite everything resources and

integrate with an intelligent transport and logistics

system. So, if an accident scene is often cut off from

the nearest peak by a "traffic jam" it is necessary to

solve the problem of laying a route along rough

terrain by correctly choosing a vehicle for driving. It

is proposed to control travel time using methods of

finding the optimal route based on the graph’s theory

with variable weight of ribs, depending on the flow

speed, road and weather conditions on the route,

driver qualification and condition, taking into

account vehicle technical characteristics, quality of

traffic control, random components.

To reduce the incident duration, secondary

accidents and improve the reliability of motorway

traffic, a patrol vehicles’ fleet is often used to detect

traffic accidents and failures, assist stranded

motorists, and provide short-term traffic control. In

(Abrisqueta, 2019), a model is proposed using a

genetic algorithm to optimize the positioning route of

security patrols to minimize the average time they

respond to an incident. To automatically notify

emergency services about a traffic accident and

provide timely medical care to vehicle passengers, in

vehicles emergency call systems, as well as computer

vision technologies are provided. They allow to

recognize a traffic accident and respond accordingly.

Periodic analysis of traffic violations statistics

reveals a group of potentially dangerous drivers, and

accidents analysis systematizes factors affecting their

System Approach to Ensuring the Safety of Modern Vehicles

785

probability and severity. Simulation can be used to

assess possible changes in infrastructure or roadway at

accident concentration sites. The evaluation of the

effectiveness of decisions made and events implemented

should be carried out on the basis of feedback: it is

necessary to analyze how the adoption of certain laws

and other measures affects accident statistics.

3 RESULTS: IDENTIFICATION

OF TYPICAL SITUATIONS

LEADING TO REDUCED ROAD

SEFETY

3.1 In the Russian Federation

Solving the safety problems of transport systems is a

priority area outlined in (Road safety strategy, 2018).

Although, the main accident rates in recent years tend

to decrease, but they are still lagging behind European

ones. If on average in the EU countries the established

indicator - the social risk index - does not exceed 5.5

people per 100 thousand population, then on January

1, 2019 in Russia is 12.4 people per 100 thousand

population (Federal target program, 2018). According

to the Pulitzer Center, the real mortality rate on the

roads of the Russian Federation is 1.28 times higher

than the declared number, since those who died as a

result of an accident after 1 month are not taken into

account (Pulitzer Center, 2021). In 2019, in Russia 164

thousand accidents occurred in which 211 thousand

people were injured and about 17 thousand died

(Information about the indicators, 2021). As can be

seen from the statistics (figure 1 a), the measures

taken are effective, but systemic developments in the

area of improving security are needed. The low level

of road safety is due to reasons such as the low

discipline of road users, due to the insufficient

implementation of the principle of punishment

inevitability, the low efficiency of the driver training

system, the monitoring of the vehicles’ technical and

the road network condition, as well as traffic

organization. In addition, the accidents rate is

negatively affected by the lack of control and

supervisory mechanisms, including for entities

engaged in the transportation of passengers and goods

by road transport, as well as shortcomings in the road

safety management system. It has been established

that more than 85 per cent of road accidents, which

account for more than 80 per cent of fatalities and

more than 90 per cent of injuries, are caused by traffic

violations (Road safety strategy, 2018). That makes it

possible to divide the offences into two categories: (1)

violations that increase the probability of an accident

(driving the vehicle while intoxicated, driving into the

oncoming lane, using a mobile phone while driving,

speeding); (2) violations that increase the severity of

the accident consequences (violation of the rules for

transporting children, ignoring seat belts).

Initial data for analysis were obtained from the official

website of the Russian Federation traffic police

(Information about the indicators, 2021). Figure 1b,

showing the violations’ dynamics over the past three

years, shows an annual increase (by about 20%) in

violations that increase the accidents’ probability, while

the level of violations that increase the severity of their

consequences remains stable. This dynamics is due to the

growing number of automatic photo-video recording of

violations, as well as the expansion of their capabilities:

the ability to notice violations of several types at once.

Analysis of violations’ types for the three-year

period 2017-2019, showed that the most frequent are

speeding, non-compliance with signs and markings,

driving a red traffic light, violation of parking and

overtaking rules, violation of the rules for using seat

belts and motorcycle helmets (Figure 2). According to a

recent traffic police study, almost half of drivers in Russia

(49%) are distracted from the road when driving a car, and

5% do it constantly.

Figure 1: a) Dynamics of motorization and accidents rate, b) Dynamics of violations in the Russian Federation for 2017-2019.

iMLTrans 2021 - Special Session on Intelligent Mobility, Logistics and Transport

786

Figure 2: Common types of traffic violations in the Russian Federation for 2017-2019.

The main part of the attention is taken away by

gadgets, which explains in most cases the passage to

the red traffic light or the driver's late reaction to the

changing traffic light. According to statistics, 19% of

drivers use phone with slow traffic, and during a stop

at a traffic light - almost 42%. According to the traffic

police, 40% of drivers died in road accidents did not

use seat belts in 2017, and although in 2019 this figure

decreased by more than half (to 19%), 1330 people

died without being fastened.

3.2 In Yelabuga Town

The specifics of traffic control depend on city’s

planning solution and size. For example, the Yelabuga

city, located in the Tatarstan Republic, was taken. It has

a population of 73,913 people, which, according to the

classification, gives reason to attribute it to medium-

sized cities, but having a high level of motorization. The

total length of roads is 166.33 km. All roads have a solid

surface: 125.546 km - asphalt, 15.27 km - gravel,

25.514 km - ground. The density of the road network is

3.99 km/km

, which indicates a high branching of road

network, and meets the urban planning standards of the

Tatarstan Republic. The support network of Yelabuga

consists of roads passing through the city and main

streets of citywide and district significance. The support

network includes 10 main streets of regulated traffic of

citywide significance and 7 transport and pedestrian

main streets of district significance. 35% of them are

four-lane, 65% are two-lane. 65% of streets have a lane

width of 3.5 meters, 30% of streets - 3.0-3.25 meters,

5% - 5.0 meters, which indicates the relative uniformity

of support network’s roads. The parameters of some

main streets of Yelabuga do not correspond to the

accepted categories in the number of lanes (less than 4),

the width of the carriageway is less than 3.5 m, there are

no sidewalks, or the width of sidewalks’ pedestrian part

is less than normal. On some streets, the minimum

distance between pedestrian crossings does not meet the

standard. The estimated speed on 65% of the streets is

80 km/h, and on 35% of the streets - 70 km/h. The

specifics of the traffic organization is one-way traffic,

which contributes to increasing throughput, and also

eliminates the conflict of oncoming traffic flows with

insufficient width of the carriageway.

An analysis of the initial information received by

the Road Safety State Inspectorate in the Yelabuga city

for 2017-2019 in terms of accident rate showed that the

number of accidents is growing annually, and, as a

result, the number of victims and deaths is growing

(Figure 3a). The severity of the consequences,

calculated as the share of those died in accidents out of

the total number of victims (dead and wounded), for

2019 year amounted to 8.7%. At the same time, in

almost 100% of cases there was a violation of traffic

rules by traffic accidents participants, in 9% of cases

the vehicle driver was intoxicated, in 23% of cases

unsatisfactory conditions of detention and arrangement

of the road network were recorded. At the same time,

the dynamics of accidents correlates with the averages

in Russia.

System Approach to Ensuring the Safety of Modern Vehicles

787

Figure 3: а) Dynamics of motorization and accident rates in Yelabuga for 2017-2019, b) Dynamics of violations in Yelabuga

for 2017-2019.

Figure 4: Relationship of traffic violations and the number of accidents in Yelabuga for 2017-2019.

Having analyzed the violations increasing the

occurrence probability and severity of the accident

consequences, it was found that the dynamics are

approximately the same as throughout Russia as a

whole (Figure 3b).

To determine the risk of accidents in various types

of traffic violations, the data on the revealed facts of

traffic violations and accidents were compared (Figure

4). In recent years, the decrease in the number of the

most common type of violations (speeding, or non-

compliance with the chosen speed with specific road

conditions) is primarily due to the active introduction

of photo and video recording cameras. At the same

time, a significant number of accidents are associated

with a violation of the rules for the vehicles’ location

on the roadway. This situation is explained by the

peculiarities of the city’s infrastructure, characterized

by a small territory, where with the growth of

motorization there is a shortage of parking spaces, both

for the vehicles’ permanent storage (10342 places), and

for its temporary stop (5474 places). The maximum

load is observed at the intersection of Tugarov and

Moskovskaya streets, which is 58% of the throughput.

There are other lively unregulated and adjustable

intersections. The absence of traffic lights or

suboptimal parameters of their operation lead to the

accumulation of a large number of vehicles that cause

congestion at such intersections, thereby increasing the

accident’s likelihood. In this regard, there is a need to

optimize traffic and the quality of setting the

parameters of traffic lights operation. One can test the

effectiveness of possible solutions to this problem

using simulation of specific situations, as we

demonstrated in article (Buivol, 2020).

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788

Figure 5: Modified Haddon matrix.

The problems identified by the analysis require

specific measures to improve road safety, which can be

consolidated into a Haddon matrix. In particular, at this

stage, transport routes’ and infrastructure parameters’

optimization is appropriate for the initial

implementation (Figure 5). This methodology,

(Haddon, 1980), is an example of a systematic approach

that allows to identify risk factors and develop events to

implement a planned and effective management system

to prevent and reduce the harmful effects of road traffic

injuries. In the studies of William Haddon, factors are

subdivided into human, automobile, environmental

factors. They are considered in the context of three time

phases - before the accident, during the accident and

after the accident. In our opinion, due to the fact that the

processes of intellectualization affected both vehicles

and infrastructure, a new factor has appeared in the

traffic control system, which can be indicated by IT or

artificial intelligence (AI). So, we modified the Haddon

matrix. In any case, after the implementation of the

events, re-gathering of statistics and analysis is

necessary to understand the effectiveness of the

decisions taken. You may then need to adjust the events

in the Haddon matrix.

4 CONCLUSIONS

To reduce the likelihood of accidents it is necessary

measures aimed at improving management and

improving road infrastructure may be implemented.

Since most of the accidents are caused by the incorrect

vehicles’ location on the roadway, it can be concluded

that the installation of photo-video recording cameras

did not have a significant effect. Alternative low-cost

events to expand the parking space should be

recommended.

Since the budgets of small and medium-sized cities

are small, it is necessary, first of all, to envisage

management events, fixed in the Haddon matrix, to

optimize the parameters of existing infrastructure

facilities, for example, the phases of traffic lights. At the

same time, simulation is an effective tool for testing

decisions. It should be noted that the necessary

conditions for the successful application of the

Haddon matrix are the collection and systematization

of information on the events carried out, and

subsequently on the parameters of infrastructure,

traffic flow and environment, road users and road

accidents. Only then is it possible to evaluate the

effectiveness of the tools from the Haddon Matrix and

to provide feedback in transport system management.

In this and previous articles (Makarova, 2020;

Yakupova, 2019) we have provided examples of the

identification of factors affecting the accidents’

probability and the severity of their consequences, as

well as the development of events for their minimizing.

To verify the effectiveness of these events, the re-

collection of accident statistics, analysis and adjustment

of events in the Haddon matrix for the management of

the road safety in the next period are required. The

Haddon Matrix allows to systematize recommended

events and track their effectiveness through feedback.

This will be the subject of subsequent scientific and

practical research by the author's team.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The reported study was funded by RFBR, project

number 19-29-06008\19.

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789

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