Study of Parameter Influence of the Basic Cylinder of Rotary Screw

Propulsion Units on Noise Level during Locomotion on Ice

Umar Vahidov

, Dmitriy Mokerov

, Roman Dorofeev

, Vladimir Belyakov

Vladimir Makarov

and Yuri Molev

Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev, Minin Str., 24, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation

Nizhny Novgrod State Pedagogical University n.a. K. Minin, Uyanova str., 1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation

Keywords: Basic Cylinder of Rotary Screw Propulsion Unit, Ice, Noise Level, Area of Deformation.

Abstract: The paper presents deformation calculations of the basic cylinder of the rotary screw propulsion unit under

external load. The influence of such basic parameters of the rotary screw propulsion unit as basic cylinder

diameter, its length and wall thickness on its deformation area, and, as a consequence, the generated noise

level has been demonstrated. The basis for the method development were studies by scientists who were

studying the sound wave generation by the deformation of different structural elements, parts and assemblies.

The contribution of each of the parameters of the basic cylinder to the general level of the generated sound

pressure was analyzed. It was determined that the magnitude of the noise level is mostly dependent on the

length of the basic cylinder, then, to a less extent, on the cylinder wall thickness, and, to the least extent, on

its diameter. A correlation was revealed between the oscillations power of the propulsion unit and their

correlation with their generated noise level. The results and conclusions obtained during the described study

allow for a more solid-based approach to the parameter selection of the rotary-screw propulsion unit for

improved acoustic comfort, also for improved driver's work conditions, including the relief of his/her nervous

system, sharpening of his/her attention during the operation, accident reduction. Beside the design of

structures with the least possible noise, the proposed method allows also for selection of a rational propulsion

unit design achieving a compromise between vehicle's noise specifications and its off-road ability.

1 INTRODUCTION

Currently, the main way to develop all-terrain

vehicles is to ensure their mobility (Belyaeva and

Evseev, 2020, Diakov, 2018, Klubnichkin, 2019,

Manianin, 2019). However, the study of the noise

level generated by all-terrain vehicles was not given

sufficient attention.

One of the factors worsening the work condition

of all-terrain vehicle drivers is the high noise level in

the cabin, which both affects the driver's well-being

and detracts him/her. Numerous researchers have

proven that the increased noise level (more than 55-

65dB) significantly affects human health (Parma

Declaration on Environment and Health, 2010)

(Fritsch, 2011, Lercher, 2007). Exceeding the noise

level by 10-20dB relative to the background leads to

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panic in fish (Effects of Noise on Fish, Fisheries, and

Invertebrates in the U.S. Atlantic and Arctic from

Energy Industry Sound-Generating Activities, 2012).

The same excess of the noise level by 10 relative to

the background leads to a decrease in the bird

population by 90%. (Harbrow, 2010)

The noise generated by off-road vehicles is mainly

generated by the engine, transmission, as well as

vibrations caused by the interaction of the propulsion

unit with the road surface. The most noisy is the rotary

screw propulsion unit. Let us consider in more detail

how noise is generated in this propulsion.

The purpose of this study is to develop the

requirements for the operation of all-terrain vehicles

with a rotary-screw propulsion units and the choice of

their design parameters that ensure the movement of

vehicles with a generated sound level less than 65dB.

714

Vahidov, U., Mokerov, D., Dorofeev, R., Belyakov, V., Makarov, V. and Molev, Y.

Study of Parameter Inﬂuence of the Basic Cylinder of Rotary Screw Propulsion Units on Noise Level during Locomotion on Ice.

DOI: 10.5220/0010526807140719

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems (VEHITS 2021), pages 714-719

ISBN: 978-989-758-513-5

2 THEORETICAL RESEARCH

A most complete description of the influence of the

screw blade on the total noise in a vehicle's cabin can

be found in studies by (Nikitin, 2004, Shashurin,

2010, Pokachalov, 2003) providing evidence that the

acoustic power of any sound source can be obtained

from the following equation:

𝑊



=𝜌𝑐𝑠



𝑣





𝑆



(1)

where  - is the air density, 𝑐 – is the sonic speed, 



is the oscillation velocity of the surface radiating the

acoustic oscillations, 𝑠



– is the power conversion ratio

of the mechanical oscillations to the acoustic ones,

whereas 𝑆



– is the acoustic radiant surface. From this

equation, it is obvious that the design-stipulated

acoustic power 𝑈 is dependent on the acoustic radiant

surface and the surface oscillation velocity:

𝑈 =𝐾𝑊



= 𝐾𝑣





𝑆



(2)

where K – is the generalized conversion ratio of the

mechanical oscillation energy into the acoustic one.

Under recognition that the oscillation velocity is

related to the amplitude and the locomotion velocity

by the following dependency: 



=2𝐴





𝐿 𝑉



⁄

where 𝐴



is the maximum oscillation amplitude,

and 0.5 𝐿 𝑉



is the cycling time of such oscillation

equal to the rotor length divided by the vehicle's

locomotion speed (since the oscillation cycle consists

of the maximum displacement of the point under test

and its return in its initial position, then, during the

rotor travel all-along its length, the surface of the

basic cylinder will be displaced by 𝐴



, first, to the

one side, and then to the other side, that is, the total

displacement is 2𝐴



, stipulating the presence of

the factor 2 in the presented dependency.

In general appearance, the loading diagram of the

rotary screw propulsion unit from the travel surface

in form of ice (Belyakov, 2020, 2021) leading to the

basic cylinder deformation can be presented as shown

in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Basic cylinder loading diagram due to external

loads.

The problem can be solved by means of Autodesk

Simulation Mechanical design software package. The

problem was solved in quasi-static statement with

linear elastic and plastic material properties.

As material, the basic rotor cylinder adopts St3sp

steel grade, see specifications in Table 1.

Table 1: Physical and mechanical properties of St3sp steel

grade.

ρ,

t/m

МPа

0.2

МPа

N/mm

7,858 245 370 23 200*10

0,3

We obtained the sag of the basic cylinder walls as

delta of the load value 𝑅, the basic cylinder length 𝐿,

the basic cylinder diameter 𝐷 and the wall thickness

. The obtained values are unambiguous evidence of

the fact that as the wall thickness , and the diameter

of the basic cylinder grow, whereas its length get

shorter, the deformation magnitude is reduced. In the

graphic appearance, the results of the obtained

calculations are presented in Figures 2 - 4, whereas

the numeric values of the sag are listed in Table 2.

Figure 2: Design case of short basic cylinder loading (1200

mm length) with large diameter (800 mm) and thick wall (5

mm).

Figure 3: Design case of long basic cylinder loading (1800

mm length) with Large diameter (800 mm) and thick wall

(5 mm).

Study of Parameter Inﬂuence of the Basic Cylinder of Rotary Screw Propulsion Units on Noise Level during Locomotion on Ice

715

Figure 4: Design case of short basic cylinder loading (1200

mm length) with Average diameter (600 mm) and thin wall

(2 mm).

Having obtained the deformation values of the

basic cylinder surface, at known speed of locomotion

and geometry of the basic cylinder, based on

equations 1 and 2 we can easily determine the energy

of the mechanical oscillations of the system under

analysis. In order to determine the acoustic radiation

power, it is important to find out the values of factor

К from dependency 2. The simplest method of its

determining is the comparison of the power of the

mechanical oscillations with the actual generated

sound power of the experimental propulsion works.

3 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

To determine this parameter, a test bench was

developed (Figure 6) consisting of two semi-rotors

assembled with a two-shaft counter-rotating gear

reducer, with mutually balanced ice penetration of the

screw blades, and two adjustable height vertical

columns for ice penetration depth adjustment of the

screw blades. The rotation of the rotors was obtained

via belt transmission generating torque from a

vertically traveling weight.

Figure 6 shows: 1 – two balanced semi-rotors; 2

– two-shaft counter-rotation gear reducer; 3 – belt

transmission; 4 – column; 5 – meter weight; 6 – ice

penetration depth adjustment column.

Figure 5: Design case of long basic cylinder loading (1800 mm length) with small diameter (400 mm) and thin wall (2 mm).

Table 2: Test results of sound generated by basic cylinder of rotary screw propulsion unit during its deformation.

Item No. D, mm L, mm l, mm

δ, mm

R, kN ∆, mm*10

-3

Design level of

generated sound, dB

600 1200 1000

100

48 20

2 600 1800 1500 127 30

3 400 1200 1000 125 30

4 400 1800 1500 410 75

5 600 1200 1000

60 20

6 600 1800 1500 180 40

7 400 1200 1000 162 40

8 400 1800 1500 485 75

9 800 1200 1000

18 10

10 800 1800 1500 36 15

the sound level equal to 20 dB marked in test No. 1 is not the design value, but an experimental one obtained in the scope

of the conducted studies.

VEHITS 2021 - 7th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems

716

Figure 6: Test bench for determining of the relationship

between the generated sound level and the deformation

force magnitude of the basic cylinder.

The experimental data demonstrate that the re-

distribution of the mechanical energy of the basic

cylinder oscillations into acoustic oscillations with

1/10 ratio. The obtained data allow for the

modification of equation 2 to a dependency of the

following appearance:

𝑈 =0.4

𝐴





𝑉



𝜋 𝐷.

(3)

4 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

The analysis of the obtained results demonstrates that

the design of the rotary screw propulsion units in

general and that of the basic cylinder, in particular,

will be the less capable of radiating the acoustic

energy, the less the deformation magnitude and the

locomotion speed of the vehicle are. The rotor length

change reduces, on the one side, the oscillation

velocity, on the other side, it leads to sag growth.

Thereby, in spite of the fact that the power of the

generated acoustic radiation (based on dependency 3)

is directly proportional to the rotor diameter and

inversely proportional to its length, the total noise

level will grow with the increase of the length and

with the diameter reduction, since these parameters

influence the sag magnitude stipulating, in equation

3, the noise level growth not in linear, but in

quadratical dependency.

The reduction in the length of the base cylinder is

limited by the need to ensure such a length of contact

of the screw blade with the ice, at which the necessary

reserve of thrust force of the vehicle under study

would be provided. The diameter of the rotor is

limited exclusively by the dimensions of the vehicle.

In papers (Vakhidov, 2020a, Vakhidov, 2020b,

Lipin, 2019, Mokerov, 2019), noises generated by

rotary screw propulsion units were analyzed, the

structure of which is shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7: Components of noise generated by rotary screw

propulsion unit during all-terrain vehicle locomotion on ice

(see paper (Vakhidov, 2020a)). 1 – noise generated by

screw blade penetration into ice; 2 – noise generated by

base cylinder shell deformation; 3 – noise generated by base

cylinder friction over ice surface.

Thereby, in previous works, no difference based

on the basic cylinder sag and shell deformation was

made. The data provided herein allow for finalizing

the contribution of the processes associated exactly

with the basic cylinder shell deformation of the rotary

screw propulsion unit to the total noise level. As a

result, it was found out that it is exactly the

deformation under analysis which is "liable" for 80%

of the generated acoustic radiation, and it is exactly

the basic cylinder wall thickness change and the

reduction of the radiant area (e.g. by means of the

basic cylinder internal surface sound insulation for

single-time radiant area and the radiated noise

reduction by 50%) is the most promising

development direction of low-noise rotary screw

propulsion units.

Figure 8: Finalized components of noise generated by

rotary screw propulsion unit during all-terrain vehicle

locomotion on ice. 1– noise generated by screw blade

penetration into ice; 2 – noise generated by base cylinder

shell deformation; 3 – noise generated by basic cylinder

deflection; 4 – noise generated by basic cylinder friction

over ice surface.

Study of Parameter Inﬂuence of the Basic Cylinder of Rotary Screw Propulsion Units on Noise Level during Locomotion on Ice

717

5 CONCLUSIONS

The obtained data made it possible to develop

requirements to rotary screw propulsion units to

provide for its proper operation on ice with acoustic

radiation level. It was found out that the basic

cylinder should have as large diameter as possible

(restricted only by the overall vehicle dimensions)

and as less length as possible (restricted by the

necessity of the presence of at least two turns of the

screw blade winding). The basic cylinder wall should

feature a wall thickness of at least 5 mm.

The results obtained in this work clearly indicate

that the use of 4 short rotors from the point of view of

acoustic radiation is the most promising way to

develop vehicles of this class.

The difference in the designs of these vehicles is

shown in Figure 9 and 10.

Figure 9: Classic line-up of a special all-terrain vehicle.

Figure 10: The proposed design, which provides noise

reduction when driving a special all-terrain vehicle.

A further direction to reduce the noise of the

machine is to replace the front rotors with skis or

skates. However, this approach significantly reduces

the scope of this technique, including making it

impossible for it to move on water.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was conducted in continuation of the

research conducted in the Nizhny Novgorod scientific

and practical school of transport snow and with

financial support of the grants of the President of the

Russian Federation № MD-226.2020.8.

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