Study on Carrying Capacity of Resources in Danjiangkou Reservoir

Area based on GIS Technologies

Ke Liu, Yuhang Gan, Zhengyu Luo and Fanghong Ye

Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center, Ministry of Natural Resources of P. R. China, Beijing, China

Keywords: Carrying Capacity of Relative Resources, Sustainable Development, Mid-Route of the South-North Water

Diversion Project, Danjiangkou Reservoir, GIS.

Abstract: The environmental health and green development of the water source area of Mid-Route of the South-North

Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) is not only essential for ensuring that “The clear water is sent to Beijing”,

but also an important prerequisite for sustainable development of society and economy in the water source

area. Based on national geographic survey data, basic surveying and mapping data and statistical yearbook

data, this paper used the model of relative carrying capacity of resources to estimate and analyze the carrying

capacity of relative natural resources (CCRNR), carrying capacity of relative economic resources (CCRER)

and carrying capacity of relative resources (CCRR) and their spatial-temporal changes in the Danjiangkou

Reservoir area of the water source area of the Mid-Route of SNWDP from 2009 to 2015 by Geographic

Information System (GIS) technologies. The results were shown that: (1) CCRR increased significantly

compared with that in 2009. However, CCRR in the study area was still overloaded in 2015. (2) CCRNR was

rich, but decreased from 2009 to 2015. (3) CCRER was in a overloading state, which increased obviously

from 2009 to 2015. The improvement of CCRER was the main reason for the sustainable growth of carrying

capacity in the study area. Therefore, the countermeasures including making rational use of natural resources,

developing economic resources and controlling population quantity were proposed to promote the sustainable

development of society, economy and ecology in the study area.

1 INTRODUCTION

The “China's National Land Plan Outlines (2016-

2030)” clearly states that China adheres the matching

of the national land development with its carrying

capacity, the coordination of agglomeration

development and balanced development, and the

promotion of development and protection to achieve

the high-efficient and sustainable spatial

development of national land and harmonious

regional development. As a basic essential to support

the system of nature, economy, and society, resources

and environment are playing a significant role to the

sustainable development of a country or a region.

Even since the early 1980s, UNESCO has

proposed the concept of carrying capacity of

resources. The resources carrying capacity of a

country or region is the maximum population size that

the area can sustain utilizing the energy and other

natural resources, as well as the conditions of

intelligence and technology given the grantee of the

material living standards complianced with its socio-

cultural rules. Therefore, the carrying capacity of

resources and environment is an important basis for

evaluating regional sustainable development (Feng,

2017). However, this concept only considers the

carrying capacity of natural resource homogeneously,

ignoring the complementarities between natural

resources and economic resources. At present,

extensive research have conducted by researchers on

CCRR in the provinces and cities such as Xinjiang,

Shandong, Changsha, etc., as well as in Yangtze

River Basin in China (He, et al. 2003; Huang, et al.

2010; Jing, 2006; Liu, 2002; Zhang, 2018; Yang,

2018), and single aspects such as cultivated land area,

crop sowing area and water supply amount are

selected as the key elements to estimate the regional

CCRNR in the research. Due to the differences of

environment, location and development level among

each region, inconsistencies between the results and

the actual situation is possibly existed led by this

evaluation method.

The Middle Route of SNWDP is the key project

related to the national economy and people's

livelihood, which can effectively alleviate the water

shortage in the north and support the sustainable

274

Liu, K., Gan, Y., Luo, Z. and Ye, F.

Study on Carrying Capacity of Resources in Danjiangkou Reservoir Area based on GIS Technologies.

DOI: 10.5220/0010468302740281

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management (GISTAM 2021), pages 274-281

ISBN: 978-989-758-503-6

development of economy and society by supplying

water to Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan and Hubei

provinces for urban domestic and industrial use and

for agricultural and other usages (Wang. et al. 2005).

The Middle Route of the South-to-North Water

Diversion Project is to divert water from the

Danjiangkou Reservoir in the upper and middle

reaches of the Hanjiang River, the largest tributary of

the Yangtze River. The main canal is excavated at the

head of the project in Xichuan County, Henan

Province, on the east bank of the Danjiangkou

Reservoir. Channels are excavated at the edge of the

central and western regions, passing through the

Yellow River through tunnels, going north along the

west side of the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, and

flowing to the water delivery project of Tuancheng

Lake in the Summer Palace in Beijing. The main

water canals span the four provinces and

municipalities of Henan, Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin.

The water-receiving areas are 14 large and medium-

sized cities along the line. This project focuses on

solving the problem of water shortages in Henan,

Hebei, Beijing, and Tianjin, and providing water for

production, living, industry and agriculture for more

than a dozen large and medium-sized cities along the

route. The total area of the water supply is 155,000

, the total length of the main water canal is 1,277

kilometers, and the Tianjin branch line is 155

kilometers long.

After the Danjiangkou Dam was heightened, the

normal water level of the Danjiangkou Reservoir

reaches 170 meters to guarantee the future water

diversion amout. Appropriate compensation projects

have been carried out in the middle and lower reaches

of the Han River to ensure the industrial and

agricultural development, shipping and

environmental water in the transferred area while

transferring water to the northern region.

To guarantee a good natural ecological

environment of Danjiangkou Reservoir area, which is

a water resource area of water diversion, is the basic

premise to ensure the high-quality water supplying

for the regions of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan, etc.

Thus, in order to provide suggestions for the

sustainable development of water source area, this

paper analyzed the resource carrying status in

Danjiangkou Reservoir area, estimating CCRR of the

productive land area considering various aspects

based on GIS technologies.

2 STUDY AREA

The study area located at the Danjiangkou Reservoir

and its surrounding cities and counties in the middle

route project of SNWDP with the range of

109.4°~111.9° E and 32.2°~33.8° N crossing Henan

Province and Hubei Province, with the total area of

17292.22 km

including 7 administrative units which

are Danjiangkou City, the districts of Maojian and

Zhangwan, as well as the counties of Xixia, Xichuan,

Yunxi and Yunyang (Figure 1).

The reservoir area is located in the subtropical

zone, with mild climate and abundant rainfall. The

average annual precipitation is about 1000 mm and

the average temperature is 15.6-16.0℃. The

surrounding mountains are high and steep, with

mountains and hills accounting for 97%. The plant

species are various, and resources are abundant. By

the end of 2015, the inhabitant in the study area was

34477,000, with a gross product of 220.93 billion US

dollars. The eco-environmental status between the

Danjiangkou Reservoir, which is the water source of

the Middle Route of SNWDP, and its surrounding

areas, has a direct impact on the quality of water

transfer and project benefits. However, with the

development of economy and society, the

contradiction of man-land relationship around the

reservoir area has become increasingly prominent.

The correct analysis and evaluation of the

comprehensive carrying capacity of the study area is

of great significance for coordinating and solving the

contradiction between human-land relationship

around the Danjiangkou Reservoir area and

promoting the sustainable economic and social

development of the region near the Middle Route of

SNWDP.

Figure 1: The location of the study area.

Study on Carrying Capacity of Resources in Danjiangkou Reservoir Area based on GIS Technologies

275

3 DATA SOURCE AND

RESEARCH METHODS

3.1 Data Source

3.1.1 Geoinformation Data

The first China Geography Census is an important

survey of national conditions, and it is a basic task for

understanding and grasping national conditions to

formulate national policies. We fully investigated the

current situation and spatial distribution of various

geographical national conditions, and mastered China

geographical national conditions. The first China

geography census has been accomplished in 2015,

while high precision land cover data were achieved.

The objects of this census were the natural and human

geography elements of the land surface of the whole

country (excluding Hong Kong, Macao Special

Administrative Region and Taiwan). Census content

included two parts. The first was the basic

information of natural geographic elements,

including geographic information such as topography

and landforms, vegetation coverage, waters, deserts

and bare land, such as categories, locations, scopes,

and areas, and their spatial distribution. The other part

was the basic elements of human geography Situation,

including geographic information such as railways

and roads, residential areas and facilities, geographic

units, etc., which are closely related to human

activities, and their spatial distribution status. This

census adopted the China Geodetic Coordinate

System 2000 (CGCS2000) and the 1985 national

elevation datum, using remote sensing images with a

resolution better than 1 meter acquired by airborne

and satellites platforms such as Worldview,

Quickbird, Pleiades and Geoeye.

1:50000 Digital Line Graphic (DLG) extracted

water system, road, residential area, vegetation, soil

quality, and other information about land surface

from aerial and satellite Digital Orthophoto Map

(DOM). It adopted the 1980 Xi’an coordinate system

and the 1985 national elevation datum. This research

extracted 5 classes of landcover including cultivated

lands, forests, grass lands (including wetlands),

construction lands and watersheds from the 1:50000

DLG of 2009 and the first national geographic

condition census of China by joining processing. Due

to the different contents and standards of the data

collected from two timelines, this paper consistently

processed the basic geoinformation of 2009 based on

the achievements of the first national geographic

condition census of China in 2015.

3.1.2 Thematic Data

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and permanent

population data used in this paper was from “China

Statistical Yearbook”, “Statistical Year book of

Shiyan City” and “Statistical Year book of Nanyang

City” and “the Statistics Communique on National

Economy and Social Development” in 2010 and 2016

(National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2010;

National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2016; Hubei

Provincial Statistics Bureau, 2010; Hubei Provincial

Statistics Bureau, 2016; Henan Province Bureau of

Statistics, 2010; Henan Province Bureau of Statistics,

2016).

3.2 Research Methods

3.2.1 Indicators

The sustainable development is a comprehensive

ecosystem composed by the subsystems of nature,

economy and society (Hao. et al. 2004), thus this

paper took natural and economical resources as the

main carrying resources. The natural resources were

represented by the productive land resource area of

ecological footprints, such as the areas of cultivated

land, forests, grass lands, construction land and

watersheds, while the economical resources were

represented by Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Moreover, CCRNR, CCRER and CCRR were

calculated taking the livable cities as the referencing

area.

Livable city refers to the comprehensive

evaluation of the city's suitability for living. Its

characteristics are: beautiful environment, social

security, civilization and progress, comfortable life,

economic harmony, and high reputation. The "GN

China Livable City Evaluation Index System"

consists of 7 first-level indicators, including the

ecological environment health index, urban safety

index, convenience index, living comfort index,

economic wealth index, social civilization index, and

city reputation index. It is composed of 48 second-

level indicators and 74 third-level indicators (Zhang,

et al. 2016). The ranking of China's top ten livable

cities in 2015 are Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Yantai, Huizhou,

Xinyang, Xiamen, Jinhua, Liuzhou, Yangzhou,

Jiujiang.

3.2.2 Methods

CCRNR were described as the following,

= I

* Q

(1)

GISTAM 2021 - 7th International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management

276

where, C

is CCRNR, Q

is the area of productive land

resources of the study area, I

is the index of

carrying capacity of natural resources, among which

is the population size of the referencing area, and

is the area of productive land resources of the

referencing area.

CCRER were described as below,

= I

* Q

(2)

where, C

is CCRER, Q

is the gross of the

economical resources of the study area, Ie=Q

为

is the index of carrying capacity of the economical

resources, among which Q

is the gross of the

economical resources of the referencing area.

= w

* C

+ w

* C

(3)

where, C

is CCRR, according to the details of the

research w

=0.5 were defined.

The calculation method of productive land

resources area in formula (1) is proposed by the

Canadian ecological economist named Rees and his

students in 1992 and 1996 (Wackernagel, 1996).

Considering the above the area of productive land in

the study area were calculated using the model as the

following,

𝐴𝛼



𝑟



𝑦







(4)

where, i expressed the mutually-exclusive productive

land including cultivated lands, forests grasslands

(wetlands), construction lands and watersheds; a

was

the area of productive lands of the class i actually

occupied; r

is the equivalence factor, where the

equivalence factor of the productive land of a certain

kind of creature equals the average productivity of the

productive land of this kind of creature in the world

divided by the average productivity of productive

lands of all creatures in the world. Moreover the

equivalence factor of different classes of productive

lands were defined as the followings, cultivated land

and construction land were 2.8, for forests was 1.1,

grasslands was 0.5, and watersheds were 0.2

(Wackernagel, 1996); y

represented the yield factor,

which expressed the Ratio between the average

productivity of a certain productive land in the study

area and the world average productivity of similar

lands, where, the value was determined as 1.66 for the

cultivated land, the value was taken as 0.19 for the

grassland (wetland), 0.91 for forests and 1.0 for the

watersheds (Wackernagel, 1996).

3.2.3 Estimated Criteria

By comparing the calculated CCRR with the actual

resource-carrying population of the study area, the

carrying status of the area relative to the reference

area at different time periods can be obtained,

including the following three states:

Overload status: population size of the actual

carrying capacity of resources (P) was greater than

the CCRR (C

), or P-C

>0;

Surplus status: population size of the actual

carrying capacity of resources (P) was smaller than

CCRR (C

), or P-C

<0;

Critical status: population size of the actual

carrying capacity of resources (P) was equal to CCRR

), or P-C

=0.

4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Spatial-temporal Changing

Characteristics of the Carrying

Capacity

Based on the method in section 3.2, considering the

livable city as the referencing area, CCRNR, CCRER

and CCRR were achieved by the calculation taking

the 2009 and 2015 as the referencing year (Figure 3

to Figure 8).

The features of the comprehensive carrying

capacity of relative resources of the study area could

be concluded. Firstly the entire CCRR were at the

overload status in the year of 2009 and 2015.

Thereinto only in Yunxi and Xixia Counties, CCRR

were greater than the actual population size carried in

2009, which indicated the population of two counties

were under the surplus status (Figure 7 and Figure 8).

On the contrary, the rest regions were under the

overload status. Secondly comparing to the year of

2009, Danjiangkou City, Yunyang District and Xixia

County were under surplus status relatively during

2015. All the regions showed stable changing trend

comparing the year of 2015 with 2009, except

Danjiangkou City, Yunxi County and Yunyang

County. Thirdly, judging from overload/ surplus

population size, the carrying capacity of all the rest of

the regions had been enhanced comparing to the

population size except the counties of Yuanxi,

Xichuan and Xixia.

CCRNR of the regions appeared under the surplus

status with a declining trend in 2009 and 2015, except

the districts of Zhangwan and Maojian (Figure 3 and

Figure 4). CCRER of all the seven regions were under

the overload status in 2009, while 6 regions

maintained the same status except Zhangwan District

in 2015 (Figure 5 and Figure 6). In general, CCRER

in 2015 was greater than it was in 2009, which indica-

Study on Carrying Capacity of Resources in Danjiangkou Reservoir Area based on GIS Technologies

277

igure 2: Calculation flow of comprehensive CCRR.

ted a rising trend. CCRNR were all above CCRER in

the study area in the two time periods, which also

showed a much big exceeding with regards to their

contribution to CCRR (Table 2 and Table 3).

Figure 3: Spatial pattern of C

in 2009.

Figure 4: Spatial pattern of C

in 2015.

Figure 5: Spatial pattern of C

in 2009.

Figure 6: Spatial pattern of C

in 2015.

Figure 7: Spatial pattern of comprehensive CCRR in 2009.

Figure 8: Spatial pattern of comprehensive CCRR in 2015.

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278

4.2 Driven Forces Analysis

In general, CCRR and CCRER gradually increased in

Danjiangkou Reservoir area and in the surrounding

cities of Middle Route of SNWDP, while CCRNR

presented a declining trend. The reasons were the

water storage of the first and second phases of the

Danjiangkou Reservoir and the conversion of

farmland to forests project, which reduced the

cultivated land area of the study area from 3454.73

in 2009 to 2300.33 km

in 2015, with a total

reduction of 33.42%. Besides, the productive land,

such as construction land, water area, woodland and

grassland increased by 180.79 km

, 204.07 km

113.43 km

and 565.33 km

respectively. Although

the cultivated land and construction land have the

greatest impacts on productive land, due to the

significantly shrinking of the cultivated land area in

the study area, CCRNR reduced. In 2015, the GDP of

the study area achieved 141.394 billion Yuan, with an

increase of 190% compared with 48.08 billion Yuan

in 2009. This was closely related to the optimization

of industrial structure, economic restructuring, and

stimulation of potential productivity and expansion of

domestic demands brought by the start service of the

Middle Route of SNWDP.

Danjiangkou City is the water diversion source for

the four Northern provinces and the water input

source for the downstream of the Hanjiang River. Its

relative comprehensive carrying capacity has

changed from the overload in 2009 to the surplus in

2015, which was benefited from implementation of

the local immigration policy and the ecological

compensation in water source areas, as well as the

establishment of tertiary industry such as the

business, catering and transportation industries driven

by the tourism industry led by the scenic spot of

Danjiangkou Reservoir. Besides, Yunxi County is

located in the northwest border of Hubei Province,

which borders Shaanxi Province. Its carrying status

has changed from surplus in 2009 to overload in 2015

which was related to the decrease of CCRNR caused

by the reduction of cultivated land area due to the

implementation of conversion of farm land into forest

and grass land.

Table 2: Carrying capacity of resources in 2009.

District

(10

people)

(10

people)

(10

people)

Status

(10

people)

Danjiangkou 88.32 10.24 49.28 0.39

Yunxi 103.99 3.59 53.79 -2.34

Yunyang 119.61 4.93 62.27 3.55

District

(10

people)

(10

people)

(10

people)

Status

(10

people)

Zhangwan 15.67 7.55 11.61 20.39

Maojian 13.02 7.28 10.15 16.24

Xichuan 115.42 14.99 65.20 1.27

Xixia 99.03 17.45 58.24 -15.92

Study area 555.07 66.01 310.54 17.97

Table 3: Carrying capacity of resources in 2015.

District

(10

people)

(10

people)

(10

people)

Status

(10

people)

Danjiangkou 76.25 21.22 48.74 -2.48

Yunxi 90.00 7.35 48.67 1.75

Yunyang 114.87 9.68 62.27 -4.27

Zhangwan 17.61 47.36 32.48 7.42

Maojian 14.71 30.69 22.70 12.53

Xichuan 105.16 22.74 63.95 4.05

Xixia 90.71 25.83 58.27 -11.31

Study area 477.96 191.24 334.60 10.17

CCRR in Yunyang District maintained the same

in 2015 and 2009, but because 78.2 million of the

population was decreased from 2009 to 2015, the

carrying status of Yunyang District has become from

overload to surplus. As of 2015, Zhangwan District

and Maojian District had been carried 22% of the

population with 5% of the land area of Shiyan City,

which accounted for 51.5% of the regional GDP of

Shiyan City. The headquarters of Dongfeng

Commercial Vehicle Company locates in Zhangwan

District, and the largest economy body in Shiyan

City. Maojian District is closely followed, which is

the political, economic, commercial, cultural and

sports education center of Shiyan City, as well is the

largest processing and sales base of auto parts. As

new urban areas headed by automobile industry, the

comprehensive carrying capacities of relative

resources of Zhangwan District and Maojian District

were still under overloaded status by 2015, due to

their continuous consumption of large population size

and resources. Compared with the year of 2009, its

natural and economical carrying capacity have been

evidently enhanced, benefited the insistence of the

local government focusing on the ecological areas

construction of the whole region, and accelerating the

construction of ecological civilization and the

transformation of industrial economy in accordance

with the thoughts of building the entire region to be

an ecological area, a water source area, and a scenic

area.

Study on Carrying Capacity of Resources in Danjiangkou Reservoir Area based on GIS Technologies

279

Xichuan and Xixia are the subordinate counties of

Nanyang City in Henan Province, which are the

important pilot cities of ecological civilization for

Nanyang. The ecological agriculture in Xixia County,

including industry of kiwifruit and mushroom,

together with the ecological industry cluster area

construction of ecological industry and tea industry,

etc. in Xichuan County, have played an significant

role on supporting the construction of water source

ecological economic zone across administrative units.

In addition, CCRR in Xixia County was surplus in

2015, which was benefited from the development of

eco-agriculture and eco-industry, as well as the

continuous enhancement of the industrial

restructuring and optimization. In spite of the

preferable natural resources, CCRR of Xichuan

County were overloaded, which were related to the

low CCRER caused by the small total economic

volume, unreasonable industrial structure,

unbalanced development between urban and rural

areas, and the low level of economic openness, not to

mention the population of Xichuan County has

already reached 680,000 in 2015, which are much

more than the population of other regions in the study

area.

5 CONCLUSIONS

This paper estimated and analyzed CCRR in

Danjiangkou Reservoir in the Middle Route of

SNWDP in 2009 and 2015 based on the data of

national geographical situation census, basic

surveying and mapping data and thematic data. The

evolution patterns were outputted as follows.

Firstly, the overall CCRR of the study area was

under the overload status in 2015, but compared with

2009, it has been significantly increased. Secondly,

CCRNR in the study area is under surplus status, but

in general a decline trend appeared. CCRNR

contributes much more to the relative carrying

capacity of comprehensive resources than to CCRER.

The contribution to the comprehensive carrying

capacity of relative resources from CCRNR was

much more than it was from CCRER. Thirdly,

CCRNR of the study area was under the overload

status with an obvious rise. Moreover, the main

reason of the rise of the carrying capacities was the

continuous increasing of CCRER.

Based on the above, suggestions for development

of the reservoir area were proposed as the followings:

It was suggested to ensure the rational development

and utilization of resources and to provide resources

for the sustainable development of society and

economy in Danjiangkou Reservoir area and its

surrounding cities and counties of the Middle Route

Project of SNWDP. Meanwhile the scope of national

ecological compensation need to be continuously

expanded and its scale need to be gradually enlarged.

More Attention shall be paid to the construction of

ecological engineering in water source areas, and

more financial support should be provided to

formulate improved and long-term governance

planning and management measures of water source

areas.

It was suggested to control the populations size

reasonably while enhance the population quality

continuously. In regard to Xixia County, its

population size was under surplus status which

illustrated a large space for the expanding of the

carrying capacity of population size. To hold the

opportunity of development, accelerate the social-

economic development of Xixia County, and to solve

the problem of the talent shortages, the actions shall

be taken to bring in and cultivate various talents.

It was suggested to constantly promote the

contribution to the comprehensive carrying capacity

from the economical resource and to facilitate the

progress of industrial restructuring. That is to

optimize the structure of agricultural industry,

develop organic ecological agriculture rapidly, adjust

the industrial structure and build environmental

protection industrial bases. Moreover, the tertiary

industry such as trade logistics and service industry

shall be positively developed, with a green tourism

development plan to be formulated for Danjiangkou

Reservoir area to promote the prosperity and

development of the tourism industry.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to the support of National Key Research and

Development Program of China (NO.

2016YFB0501403).

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