Flexible Power Distribution Networks: New Opportunities and

Applications

Konstantin Suslov

, Ilia Shushpanov

, Nadezhda Buryanina

and Pavel Ilyushin

Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Irkutsk, Russia

Chukotka branch of North-Eastern Federal University, Anadyr, Russia

Petersburg Power Engineering Institute of Professional Development, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

Keywords: Power Distribution Network, Reliability, Survivability, Relay Protection and Automated Systems, Adaptive

Setting, Overhead Power Line, Microprocessor Measuring Device, Information Communication Network,

Flexibility.

Abstract: Today, electricity companies worldwide use digital devices. Their use is commonplace in the grid, whether it

is electricity generation, transmission or distribution. Power distribution networks are the most widespread

but are the least digitalized because they have to deal with the problems related to the collection of necessary

information, the adaptation methods, failures to identify some emergencies and their effect, and the

insufficient number of reliability assessment methods. These networks were not important for energy

companies and they did not pay attention to them. Nowadays, however, there is a need to pay special attention

to these networks. Insufficient attention to them has led to delay in their digitalization and today there are

some issues to work on. For example, improper placement of devices leads to a lack of complete and reliable

information, which is the reason why relay protection and automatic systems in distribution electrical

networks do not provide selectivity. An algorithm is proposed to site measuring devices so that information

is collected most effectively. The proper installation of the devices will allow adjusting the operating

parameters of the relay protection and automatic systems depending on changes in external weather conditions

and fluctuations in power consumption in the network. It will also help to determine the best network topology.

The paper proposes a technique for distribution network control, which takes into account the type of failure

in case of emergency in real time, and a method to locate measuring devices and establish an information and

communication network.

1 INTRODUCTION

Recently, it has been possible to use high-tech

intelligent devices that are capable of implementing

the most modern and effective algorithms for the

operation of relay protection and determining the

fault location of power lines. The use of

microprocessor devices allows controlling energy

systems, as well as electrical energy distribution

systems. By adopting standard IEC 61850 relay

protection and emergency control (RPEC) receiving

more information not only on measuring instruments

and sensors, but also on other RPEC devices. Such

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0484-2857

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7121-7651

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8806-1817

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5183-3040

devices are able to work with a wide information

base, and therefore the problem of developing new

relay protection algorithms is becoming increasingly

more relevant. At present, relay microprocessor-

based protection systems must be intelligent and able

to adapt and learn. Sometimes, the operation of the

RPEC devices may function incorrectly if their

settings do not reflect the real state of the monitored

overhead power line (OPL). It is important to specify

the OPL parameters to accurately determine the

settings of relay protection using simulation models.

Therefore, the development of a relay protection

system with adaptive response setting depending on

Suslov, K., Shushpanov, I., Buryanina, N. and Ilyushin, P.

Flexible Power Distribution Networks: New Opportunities and Applications.

DOI: 10.5220/0009393300570064

In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems (SMARTGREENS 2020), pages 57-64

ISBN: 978-989-758-418-3

changes in external conditions in distribution

overhead power transmission lines a relevant task.

This is extremely important for the distribution

network survivability.

2 CURRENT STATE OF THE

PROBLEM

Analysis of the operating modes of power distribution

networks is one of those tasks that are important in

the design and operation of electrical systems. In this

case, the analysis of the steady state of the electrical

system has a significant role.

The radial configuration is typically used for

medium and low voltage power distribution

networks. For example, urban networks can be either

loopback or ring. But under normal conditions, due to

technological features, they work as radial.

A feature of the classical radial electric network is

the assumption that it receives power from only one

point, which is called the source node. And under

these conditions, there is a unidirectional flow in any

state of the network.

Analysis of the operation modes of radial electric

networks is much simpler. If you give the activity of

the power distribution network, then the radial

structure can both be preserved and broken. In such a

scenario, when power distribution networks operate

as non-radial, it is very difficult to analyze operating

modes and requires special attention.

The notion of active power distribution network is

considered in (Voropai (a), 2013, Mokryani, 2017,

Xie, 2018, Ghadi, 2019, etc.) on the basis of existing

concepts (McDonald, 2008, Celli, 2012). It is

necessary to clarify and detail it as follows. The

activity of the power supply system implies the use of

automatic devices to control configuration and

parameters of the system with the view to rationally

(optimally) meet the requirements for economic

effectiveness of normal, maintenance, post-

emergency and other, reliability of power supply to

consumers. The control actions can be implemented

by disconnectors (Begovic, 2013).

In our opinion, the activity of power supply

systems is understood to mean their ability to

automatically self-recover the circuit and maintain

the required values of the mode parameters by the

action of the corresponding control systems for

distributed generation units and reconfiguration of

power distribution network (Suslov, 2015,

Shushpanov, 2019).

The model of the power distribution network

control is based on the reliability model (Voropai (b),

2013). Formalization of the problem of choosing a

rational configuration of power supply system is

presented in (Svezhentseva, 2012). Mathematical

models and methods of the complex optimization of

the power supply system structure and parameters,

considering, in particular, the distributed generation,

are mainly addressed in the publications by

researchers (Khator, 1997, Georgilakis, 2015, Conte,

2019, Ehsan, 2019, Ilyushin, 2019, etc.).

It is very important to consider the security of the

power supply system. The security of the power

supply system as well as the security of the entire

electric power system is understood as an ability of

the system to maintain an acceptable state in case of

changes in operating conditions, component failures,

and sudden disturbances (Reliability Concepts,

1985).

Methods for estimating the security of the power

supply system are presented in a great number of

publications (Balu, 1992, Marceau, 1997, Endrenyi,

1978, Jiyan, 2009, Billinton, 1996,etc.). Earlier the

object of these methods was a passive power

distribution network, which electricity was supplied

to the power supply system from power supply points

in the main network of the electric power system. Use

of modern multifunction switching devices,

development of protection and automatic systems,

and the necessity to coordinate their operation have

significantly altered the response of the distribution

electric network to the changes in operating

conditions, failures of components, and sudden

disturbances owing to the automatic measures

(reconfiguration of the network) and thus have made

the flexible network. In a sense, the power

distribution network becomes capable of self-

healing, i.e., capable of automatically restoring power

supply to consumers to the maximum in minimum

time (Nepomnyashchy, 2011).

The considered feature of activity of the power

distribution network should be taken into account in

the security model of the flexible distribution

network.

3 MODEL OF THE FLEXIBLE

POWER DISTRIBUTION

NETWORK CONTROL

The basis is taken the traditional model of the power

distribution network reliability. This model has the

following basic principles. (Shushpanov, 2019 ):

SMARTGREENS 2020 - 9th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems

• As initial reliability indicators for each main

component of power systems (lines, transformers,

etc.), the parameters of the failure flow rate and the

restoration rate of the component . are used.

• Based on them, on the assumption that the failure

(restoration) flow has the Markov property, that is =

const and  = const, the well-known formulas are

used to determine the probability of failure, the failure

rate and the component restoration time.

• Based on the indicated indices of network

components, the average failure rate, average failure

duration and average system availability ratio are

calculated.

• Failures of protection devices and circuit

breakers, are taken into account indirectly in the

values of the failure flow parameters and the

restoration rates of the main components.

In the study of flexible active distribution systems,

we propose to use the following methodology for

research. The flow chart of the algorithm for

analyzing the reliability of flexible power distribution

networks is represented in Fig. 1.

As an example, let consider the power distribution

network. Based on this scheme, it is possible to

demonstrate how reliability factors in relation to an

active distribution network are taken into account in

the model.

Figure 1: Flow chart of the algorithm for analysing the

reliability of flexible distribution networks.

Fig. 2 represents initial scheme of the power

distribution network. Distribution network voltage is

10 kV This network powered by two different

sources - C1 and C2. Voltage of tis sources is 110 kV.

The distribution network supplies power to 15 busses

N12

N13

N15

Tr3

Tr1

Tr2

N14

N11

N10

Figure 2: Initial scheme of the power distribution network.

indicated as N1-N15 in the Figure. Transformers,

transmission lines, and load feeders are connected to

the scheme by circuit breakers.

The goal of this concept is to reconstruct the

network with its transfer to “active power distribution

network” from “passive power distribution network”

using additional switching devices (in the figure,

these lines are marked with an X). In this case, new

nodes appear in the power distribution network.

The reconstructed scheme of power distribution

network with operating areas is shown in Fig. 3. It

should be noted that this distribution network in

normal mode operate as a radial one. Under normal

mode, redundant lines are disconnected.

In this research we use the concept of an

“Operating area” (Voropai (a), 2013, Shushpanov,

2019). Using this concept makes the power

distribution network controllable and flexible. When

we using this concept, all relay protection devices

installed directly on the circuit breakers are combined

into one common system and exchange data with

each other. This position corresponds to standard IEC

61850.

The need to introduce operating zones is caused by

the logics of the switching devices operation. The

operating zones are formed on the basis of network

structure and represent a set of components that are

grouped according to the functions determined by the

principles of switching devices operation. It should

also be noted that operating areas are formed on the

basis of the structure and topology of the power

distribution network.

Flexible Power Distribution Networks: New Opportunities and Applications

Figure 3: Reconfigured distribution network with operating

areas.

Consider the principles of operation and the

principles of switching in the presented operating

areas of the distribution network. This principlies

based on papers (Voropai (a), 2013Shushpanov,

2019).

Operating Area No.1. (Fig.3) In that case, if the

transformer Tr1 fails, the backup line L3-4

(component No.9) is switched on in this operating

area. In this case, a change in the power point and

reconfiguration of the power distribution network

occurs. For example, another case is possible. A short

circuit occurs on line L1-2 (component No.5) ,. In

this case, it is disabled by overcurrent protection.

Then the redundant line L3-4 is automatically

switched and this provides power to consumers

connected to the buses N2 (component No.6) and N3

(component No.8). In the same way, if a short circuit

occurs in the line L2-3 and it is disabled by the

overcurrent protection, the automatic connection of

the redundant L3-4 line provides power to consumers

connected to the bus N3. In an emergency event and

loss of power on the bus N3, an additional redundant

line L3-4 is not connected. In this case, when the L2-

3 line is disconnected, power to consumers connected

to the N1 and N2 buses can be provided from source

C1 using the line L 3-4.

Operating Area No. 2. In this area, reconfiguration is

performed in the same way: in case of an accident,

line L3-8 is automatically turned on, in which power

is supplied to consumers connected to busses N8

(component No.12)., N9 (component No.25)., N10

(component No.23)., and N11(component No.21). In

the case that bus N8 fails, the backup line L3-8

(component No.11). is not switched on but power

supply to the other consumers is provided by the main

source C1.

Operating Area No. 3. In this area, the power

distribution network is not reconfigurable, since there

is no technical possibility due to the radial structure

of the network.

Operating Area No. 4. In this work area, automatic

switching occurs similarly to control in operating

areas No. 1 and No. 2. In case of failures in this zone,

the redundant line L4-11 (component No.20) is used.

Operating Area No. 5. In this area, the power

distribution network is reconfigured similarly to the

previous zones considered. In this case, automatic

switching on of the line L6-7 (component No.19) is

used.

This methodology allows for the control of the

overcurrent protection in the lines and the

undervoltage protection at the power buses in active

power distribution networks. Thus, the presented

methodology makes it possible to make the power

distribution network flexible, as well as increase the

reliability.

4 A MODEL OF PLACEMENT OF

SENSORS IN THE POWER

DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

Traditionally, power distribution networks have a

rather low level of automation. This networks are

often equipped with switching devices that can only

be controlled manually. If one adds control drives to

the disconnectors, it will be possible to control them

remotely, the price of disconnectors increases. For

these disconnectors the need to create a control

system. In the above text, a method of the power

distribution network control based on flexibility was

proposed. This method can also be applied to the

network with disconnectors. However, then the

question arises for the relay protection devices, how

to determine certain failures and emergency

situations. Installation of sophisticated

microprocessor-based protection devices will cost too

much, however a solution to this problem is the

option of creating an information communication

network with sensors (Shushpanov, 2019).

Traditionally, sensors are used for power

distribution networks to obtain information about the

current state of the network. There are many studies

SMARTGREENS 2020 - 9th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems

on this issue (Krajnak, 2000, Grilo, 2010, Suslov,

2011, Gavrilov, 2019, Bulatov, 2017, etc.). In this

case, the sensors are used to give flexibility to the

power distribution network in post-emergency

situations. As such devices we used IKI-Overhead

fault indicators intended for detection of faults on

overhead power distributions lines. These indicators

transmit information using GSM and easily fit into

the IEC 60870 standard. Indicators are installed

directly on the wires without additional mounting

devices. According to the control model of the power

distribution network, all switching devices are

integrated into one information-switching network

with a common control center. Information from IKI

indicators is transmitted to this center. Figure 4 shows

the network, in which the sites for installation of these

indicators are shown by circles (Shushpanov, 2019).

These devices can determine the following

parameters: short circuit, single-phase fault to

ground, overhead line break, and maximum load of

the overhead line.

Figure 4: Power distribution network with places for

installation of current and voltage sensors.

Thus, superimposing the control model of the

power distribution network over the model of

installation of the state monitoring sensors, we can

say that the power distribution network is made

flexible because monitoring of the network

parameters makes it possible to redistribute the load,

isolate the faulty section, and maintain power supply

to the consumer (Shushpanov, 2019).

These sensors can transmit information to the

control center. In the case of a massive outage due to

strong winds, however, it is also necessary to check

the information network for the ability to transmit all

information over the information network.

Currently, various indicators are used that

characterize different aspects of the reliability of

electric power systems and power supply to

consumers (Billinton, 1996): System average

Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI), customer

average interruption frequency index (CAIFI),

system average interruption duration index (SAIDI),

customer average interruption duration index

(CAIDI), average system availability index (ASAI),

etc.

A widespread index of power supply system

security is risk. The risk is defined as the sum of the

probabilities of the sequence of events on the value of

effects resulting from each event, usually in the form

of power shortage or undersupply of power

(McСalley, 1999, Li, 2005). At the same time, the risk

is also assessed the implementation of various

measures to improve the operational reliability of the

power supply system (Schwan, 2012, McDonald,

2006). In paper (Hua, 2008), a formula is given for an

integral risk assessment taking into account all the

factors considered.

If in the final post-emergency state as a result of

the considered cascading failure the steady-state

conditions are admissible, we estimate power

shortage in the system and its probability. Based on

the obtained information, we calculate the risks for

the analyzed state of the power supply system.

In this case, the probabilities of the system states

as a result of complex failures are determined using

the known equation (Billinton, 1996):























,

,

(1)

where 







 probability of power shortage equal to





in the considered state k of the power supply

system; 



is the probability of failure-free operation

of component j or its protection; 



is the failure

probability of component i or its protection; i, j are

the numbers of power supply components.

The paper (Voropai (a), 2013) presents a

methodology for risk assessment.

The conventional approach to the risk termination

during the estimation of the power supply system

security is represented by the equation (Billinton,

1996) :













∙



(2)

Flexible Power Distribution Networks: New Opportunities and Applications

However, the equation (2) does not consider the

severity of power shortage consequences for different

categories of consumer loads. Taking into account the

fact that security is estimated for a certain time point,

at which a sudden power shortage may occur, we can

determine the severity of consequences on the basis

of specific losses caused by sudden power shortage





. Modern estimates of 



for different types of

consumer loads can be assumed in accordance with

paper (McDonald, 2006). Thus, the modified

equation for risk determination during security

estimation will have the following form:



















.











(3)

where n is the number of nodes in the scheme of the

power supply system, K is number of states of the

power supply system.

Obviously, the number of states K of the power

supply system is determined by the total number of

primary failures of the scheme components, i.e. lines,

transformers, distributed generation sources. By

correlating the risk assessments with specific

components of the scheme, one can identify the

network weaknesses in terms of security and based on

this information make recommendations on the

measures to increase it.

Figure 5 presents the calculation results of

security risk indices for the initial scheme using the

formula for risk determination when assessing the

power supply system security taking into account

specific damages caused by sudden power shortage of

consumers and probabilities of the power shortage in

the considered state of the power supply system.

In this case the failure probabilities of the primary

components (transmission lines, transformers, buses),

as well as circuit breakers and protection devices are

assumed in accordance with (Voropai (a), 2013). The

values of specific damages caused by power supply

interruption as a function of the structure of

consumers in the considered power supply system are

applied according to (Voropai (b), 2013).

The diagram in Fig. 5 shows that the failures of

buses 8, 10, 12, 14, transformers 34 and particularly

15 are dangerous from the security standpoint. The

highest risk value at the failure of transformer 15 is

conditioned by the fact that source C2 supplies power

to more essential consumers than source C1, with the

high values of specific damages. The zero risk values

for components 7, 16, 17, 21 are explained by the

absence of these backup transmission lines in the

initial power supply system.

Figure 5: The diagram of risk indices for the initial scheme.

Figure 6 presents the estimates of security risk

indices for the reconfigured power supply system

scheme (Fig. 3) for the same initial data.

It is assumed that the disconnector operations on

connection of the backup transmission lines are

performed effectively and that their accuracy is high,

though there is no concrete data as yet. It should be

noted that the transmission line failure at its

connection is practically improbable, the

disconnectors failures due to connection of backup

transmission lines will lead to the results identical for

the initial scheme.

Figure 6: The diagram of risk indices for the power

reconfigured network.

The diagram of the risk indices in Fig. 6 shows a

high efficiency of the active (in the considered sense)

power distribution network for the power supply

system security improvement.

Further, system reliability indicators for the entire

distribution network were calculated. The

calculations were carried out taking into account the

network operation mode and protection.

System average Interruption Frequency Index

(SAIFI):



∑







∈



(4)

SMARTGREENS 2020 - 9th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems

where I - the number of nodes with loads in the

system,

- failure rate in the i-th node, 1,



System average interruption duration index

(SAIDI):







∑







∈



, (5)

where t

– power recovery time in the i-th node.

Average system availability index (ASAI):







∑







∈



, (6)

where p

– probability of failure in the i-th node.

Calculations using sensors for the power

distribution network and without using sensors were

performed. The results are presented in Figure 7.

Figure 7: The diagram of system reliability indicators for

the entire power distribution network

Calculation results shows a high efficiency of the

use of sensors to give activity and flexibility to the

power distribution network.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The correct location of the sensors is very important

to give the network activity and its flexibility. It is

also very important from the point of view of

economic feasibility.

The use of new principles of operation in power

distribution networks; the use of advanced

multifunctional switching devices; the development

of protection and automated control systems as well

as the need to coordinate their work have led to a

change in the principles of emergency control

measures towards their automation for reconfiguring

the power distribution network and making it flexible

when responding to equipment failures and

emergencies.

The paper presents distribution network control

models that provide the flexibility of such networks

and increase the reliability of energy supply.

To ensure maximum efficiency of the power

distribution network, the authors proposed a

technique for placing network status sensors in such

a network.

A technique is developed to create an electrical

complex of relay protection for power distribution

system. The technique is based on the information

communication technology of data transfer and

exchange based on IEC 61850.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The study was carried out with the financial support

of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the

Subject of the Russian Federation - the Republic of

Sakha (Yakutia) № 18-48-140 010.

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