Road User Attitude and Road Safety

Rusda Irawati

, Zulkifli Khair

Azman Hashim International Business School, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru

School of Human Resource Development and Psychology, Faculty of Social

Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru

email: zulkiflih@utm.my

Keywords: Road user attitude, accident rate, road safety

Abstract: The report from WHO states that, deaths caused by traffic accidents have increased from year to year to reach

1.35 million people. The report also noted that close to 3,700 people die on the world's roads every day and

tens of millions more are injured or disabled. Under these conditions, the United Nations then launched the

Decade for Road Safety Action 2011-2020. The main objective of this action is to stabilize and reduce the

rate of increase in road deaths around the world. Five main pillars of action are recorded in the Global Plan

for the Decade of Action, namely, road safety management, safer infrastructure, safer vehicles, safer road user

behavior and better post-accident response. The number of accident victims in Indonesia has also increased

every year. In 2019, the National Police Traffic Corps stated 32,403 traffic accidents with 6,941 deaths in the

first six months of 2019. This paper aims to conduct a literature review on the attitudes of road users and

traffic safety in Indonesia and several countries in the world. This paper discusses a review of reports and

articles of academic journals and these reports based on database found in Science direct, Research gate,

Academia Edu, Google Scholar, newspapers, and related regulations. Finally, this paper will summarize the

components of attitudes related to traffic safety, research methods used in papers and theories and models that

are widely used as references to determine the causes for certain behavior, especially those related to traffic

safety.

1 INTRODUCTION

Traffic accidents take their toll every day on roads

around the world. Accident victims can occur to

drivers, motorcyclists, or pedestrians. In Asian cities,

many accidents happen to motorcyclists, due to the

high number of motorcyclists in these countries,

especially Southeast Asia such as the Philippines,

Vietnam, and Indonesia.

The death rate from traffic accidents ranks eighth

out of the top ten causes of death in the world,

reaching 2.5% of the total number of deaths. Nearly

1.35 million people die on the roads each year from

traffic accidents. From the WHO report, it is stated

that this death rate is 3x higher in countries with low

income levels compared to countries with high

income levels. The numbers published in the Global

status report on road safety: The Southeast Asia Story

certainly have a big impact on countries in Southeast

Asia, especially Indonesia. It takes great and serious

attention to reduce the mortality rate.

A report from the Ministry of Transportation

states that in 2014, 28,000 victims died due to

accidents on Indonesian roads (Jusuf, 2017). It was

also stated that the death toll from traffic accidents

reached 12 people out of 100,000 people. The death

rate due to traffic accidents in Indonesia is higher than

Singapore (4.8) and Australia (5.2). Jusuf also noted

that several assumptions state that the number of

deaths due to traffic accidents is not reported. The

data presented was also inconsistent and difficult to

verify. By looking at the current conditions, Jusuf

(2017) estimates that in 2020 death due to accidents

could reach 40,000 people per year and by 2035 it

could reach 65,000 per year. To reduce the mortality

rate, the Indonesian Police have set a high target by

2020, namely reducing the mortality rate by 50%.

And set a target to reduce the mortality rate by 2035

to 80%. Furthermore, it is hoped that Indonesia will

be the best in terms of handling traffic safety in Asean

countries.

This paper aims to conduct a literature review on

the attitudes of road users and traffic safety in

Irawati, R. and Khair, Z.

Road User Attitude and Road Safety.

DOI: 10.5220/0010356800990106

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Applied Economics and Social Science (ICAESS 2020) - Shaping a Better Future Through Sustainable Technology, pages 99-106

ISBN: 978-989-758-517-3

Indonesia and several countries in the world. The

literature review method used in this study is the

traditional review method. The author selects articles

to be evaluated according to the topics discussed. The

articles evaluated are sourced from the Science Direct

database, Google scholar, Academia Edu, Research

Gate, WHO reports, reports from The International

Traffic Safety Data and Analysis Group (IRTAD),

Police reports, newspapers, and related regulations.

The selected paper is reviewed by looking at the

purpose of writing or research questions, the model /

theory used, research methods, data analysis used,

findings, limitations, and then the author makes

critical thoughts related to the paper.

2 LITERATUR REVIEW

It is estimated that on the world's roads 1.3 million

people die each year and between 20 million and 50

million suffer minor injuries. The WHO report on the

global status of road safety is the first to have an

overly broad scope. The report assesses the road

safety situation in 178 countries using data drawn

from standard surveys. The results of this report show

that road accidents remain the most important public

health problem, especially for low- and middle-

income countries (WHO, 2019).

Why does traffic safety need to be a concern? in

Indonesia? The National General Safety Plan

(RUNK) shows that traffic accidents result in

economic losses of around 3.1 percent of Gross

National Income; around Rp.220 trillion. According

to Police data in Indonesia, an average of 3 people

died every hour due to road accidents. The data also

states that the large number of accidents is caused by

several things, namely: 61% of accidents are caused

by human factors that are related to the ability and

character of the driver, 9% is due to vehicle factors

(related to meeting roadworthiness technical

requirements) and 30% caused by infrastructure and

environmental factors (figure 1). Human factors that

are related to the ability and character of the driver

turned out to be an influential factor in road safety

(https://kominfo.go.id).

Figure 1. The Biggest Factor Causing Traffic Accidents.

Source: Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia, Korlantas

Polri at https://kominfo.go.id/

2.1 Road User Attitude

The definition of attitude in the Cambridge dictionary

(https://dictionary.cambridge.org/) is feelings or

judgments about something or someone or how to

behave. The Big Indonesian Dictionary (Language

Development and Agency, 2019) defines attitudes:

actions based on conviction or belief. From these two

understandings, it can be concluded that attitudes are

related to feelings, opinions, or beliefs about

something.

Attitude is an important component in human life

that plays a role in helping humans interact

effectively with their environment. Attitudes allow

humans to make judgments about events, people,

social groups, and other things. Social psychology

uses the term attitude to relate to human evaluations

when defending against something, that something is

called the object of attitude. The object of attitude can

be a person, product, or certain social group

(Albarracín, Johnson, & Zanna, 2005; Wood, 2000 in

Principle of Psychology, Univ Minnesota). From this

understanding it can be concluded that attitude is an

important component that helps us interact with the

environment and enables us to make judgments about

other people, social groups, events, and other

attitudinal objects. Social psychology states attitude

as an evaluation of long-lasting attitude objects.

Nordfjærn et al (2011) cites Iversen and Rundmo

(2004) who examined attitudes towards traffic safety

using instruments that have been tested for validity.

This instrument consists of 13 statements related to

attitudes towards road traffic. Responses requested

from respondents use a Likert scale from 1-5 points

(strongly disagree-strongly agree). There are six

factors measuring the attitude of the driver, namely:

talking to unsafe drivers, drinking, and driving,

speeding, violating rules and sanctions, attitudes

toward pedestrians and knowledge of traffic rules.

The items in this factor relate to the respondents'

ICAESS 2020 - The International Conference on Applied Economics and Social Science

100

general awareness and knowledge of road traffic

regulations. McLeod, (2018), Attitudes and behaviors

quoted again in

(https://www.simplypsychology.org/) provide a

definition of attitude as a psychological tendency

shown by evaluating an entity in the form of likes or

dislikes. McLeod divides attitudes into three

components known as the ABC attitude model,

namely: affective components that involve feelings or

emotions about attitudes towards objects, behavioral

or conative components that will affect how a person

acts and cognitive components that involve belief or

knowledge about an object.

Maharani (2017) quotes from Davey, Wallace,

Stenson, et al. (2008) which states that one of the

causes of road accidents in most cases is the attitude

of the driver. This attitude is related to the individual's

desire to behave well or badly in relation to safety.

Studies on traffic safety have been widely published,

although in some countries it is difficult to find

literature on these studies. The following studies will

discuss traffic safety and attitudes in Indonesia and

several countries.

Adolescent Compliance in Traffic by Rakhmani

(2013), focuses on adolescent attitudes and

compliance in traffic with the aim of revealing traffic

police efforts to improve adolescent compliance in

traffic with a qualitative approach. The results of his

research indicate that the factors that influence

adolescent compliance in traffic include

understanding of traffic regulations, adolescent

attitudes about adherence to traffic order, and the

existence of an effective ticketing program. The

weakness of this paper is in terms of method, it only

uses interview techniques to four traffic police officer

who often face traffic violation situations by

teenagers. The traffic violation attitude shown by the

teenagers in this study was considered as a normal

attitude in traffic. This is because they are used to

seeing traffic violations committed by their parents

from an early age. These points need to be an

important note from the results of this study.

The paper entitled Community Behavior Towards

Operation Evidence of Violations in Traffic by Junef

(2014), highlights several important points related to

attitudes towards traffic compliance. Although this

study only uses a literature approach in the fields of

law, psychology and culture, some notes from this

study are that traffic violations can be caused by

various factors, such as; (1) law enforcement, (2) the

condition of traffic facilities and infrastructure, (3)

individual qualities include: knowledge, skills,

mental attitude, obedience, (4) socio-cultural

conditions such as: uncertainty between right and

wrong, economic factors, social factors, difficulty

finding role models. He also concluded that traffic

offense behavior can be identified with the concept of

attitude in social psychology. Furthermore, the paper

also stated that traffic rule violation behavior is driven

by attitudes towards the violation itself, attitudes

towards traffic laws / regulations, attitudes towards

traffic police, which have implications at three levels,

namely individual, interpersonal, and social. This

paper also cites the important points from Reason,

Manstead, Stradling, Baxter, & Campbell (1990) that

deviant driving behavior can be divided into three

types: (1) deviation; represents attention and memory,

for example those commonly experienced by parents

and women, (2) mistakes; it means failure to observe

and assess, such as not seeing signs / other vehicles,

failing to turn, this behavior is more dangerous, on

average, all drivers experience it, (3) violations; is

deliberate risky driving behavior, such as speeding

and running red lights, in which young people and

men are more likely to behave in this way. Although

the analysis is only based on a literature approach,

this paper can provide interesting information for a

more in-depth study using a different approach.

The paper Current Practice, Attitude, and

Behavior towards Road Safety Behavior among the

Drivers in Jakarta, Indonesia, written by Maharani

(2017) aims to determine current practices, attitudes,

and perceptions of road safety behavior for drivers in

Jakarta, Indonesia. Mixed methods qualitative with

semi-structured and quantitative interviews using a

questionnaire Findings from semi-structured

interviews show that drivers have a common

viewpoint of road safety behavior. They see road

safety behavior as an attitude in following safety

signs. the driver also agreed that the biggest obstacle

to acting safely is the road conditions in Jakarta which

are potholed. The results of the questionnaire showed

that 71.03 percent of the 128 drivers agreed that road

conditions in Jakarta were unsafe. This paper

conclude that the Police Department should consider

providing training safety behavior on the road before

issuing a driver's license. Some points that need to be

considered in this paper, among others, a study found

that the majority of people who die in road accidents

in Indonesia are drivers, which is about 64 percent

and most of them occur in two- wheeled vehicles with

the least protection. It is thought that the basic

problem of road accidents in Indonesia is the

imbalance between the rapid growth of vehicles on

the road and low road construction rates, and this

phenomenon is exacerbated by the popularity of

motorbikes. Maharani (2017) also found that one of

the main causes of road accidents is the attitude of the

Road User Attitude and Road Safety

101

driver. The term 'attitude' itself means the individual's

desire to behave well or badly in relation to salvation.

The attitude of the driver in this paper is exemplified

in the use of seat belts while driving. On average, the

likelihood of wearing a seat belt reduces the

consequences of dying in a road accident by 40–50

percent for the driver and front seat passenger. The

results of this study also indicate that there is a gap

between drivers' perceptions of road safety behavior

and real practice, especially in the use of cell phones

while driving. Weaknesses that can be noted in this

paper include: (1) The quantitative analysis carried

out by the researcher is not explained in detail, (2)

The form of questions and question items used in the

questionnaire are not presented and (3) This paper

does not explain the statistical analysis techniques

used to process data.

Some of the research results discussed earlier are

the results of research conducted in Indonesia. These

studies have not provided a complete picture of

attitudes towards traffic safety in Indonesia. In

general, it can be concluded from these studies: (1)

Some studies only use descriptive techniques and

interviews with less representative numbers of

respondents, (2) One study uses a mixture of

qualitative and quantitative methods and (3) attitudes

of road users towards safety traffic includes

knowledge of traffic regulations on adolescents,

individual quality, law enforcement, socio-culture,

traffic facilities and infrastructure and other factors.

Driver Attitude Towards Road Safety by Jusoh

(2013) dissertation in the field of Transportation

Planning states that, most drivers tend to overestimate

their ability and the ability of their vehicles to react in

sufficient time to avoid collisions. Dangerous driving

behaviors such as speeding, fatigue, using cell phones

and driving aggressively are recognized as the main

factors causing road accidents in Malaysia. The

findings of this study reveal that in general most

drivers are very careful in managing their time

because most of them have already set targets to reach

their destination but then they do not comply with

road regulations. Likewise, using a cell phone while

driving and overtaking, drivers will not like being

bound by rules and regulations. The results also

showed that male drivers were more aggressive than

female drivers, especially in the 21-30year age group.

Therefore, an integrated road safety program with a

good plan needs to be implemented to reduce road

accidents. Some of the limitations included in this

study are the lack of references. Not much research

has been done on road accidents caused by driver

attitudes, especially in developing countries.

Attitudes towards Road Safety and Aberrant

Behavior of Drivers in Pakistan by Batool (2012)

found that deviant behavior from drivers is

considered the main cause of accidents in Pakistan.

The author based his study on the assumption that

personal attitude is a major determinant of driving

behavior and aims to identify the socio-cognitive

determinants of driving disorders in response to the

lack of road safety research in Pakistan. It should be

noted that this study uses multiple methods taken

from the three studies that have been conducted.

Study 1, a qualitative study, uses interviews and

the results provide a general understanding of road

safety issues in Pakistan. Study 2, a quantitative

study, used the results of Study 1 to produce a

modified Attitudinal Questionnaire (AQ) inspired by

The Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB:

Ajzen 1991), and a modified Driver Behavior

Questionnaire (DBQ: Lawton et al. 1997). This stage

focuses on deliberate traffic violations. Study 3, real-

world driving behavior from a sample of drivers taken

from four observed clusters using the Wiener

Fahrprobe technique (WF: Risser 1985). The results

of the research collectively indicate that the driver's

behavior is interpreted based on the attitudes and

characteristics of the sociodemographic and driving

environment. In particular, the strongest determinants

of driver behavior in Pakistan are attitudes towards

law enforcement and compliance with regulations. In

particular, the results of the study also show that there

is a negative effect of increasing the welfare of

women and students on driving behavior. The

limitation of this study relates to taking the ideal

number of samples. This is due to political instability

and safety risks from the author during the data

collection process. This research also needs more

support from empirical facts to provide conclusive

policy recommendations.

Paper by McIlroy et al (2019) explores the

relationship between pedestrian behavior and traffic

safety attitudes in six countries. The main objectives

of the research presented here are twofold; first,

assessing differences in attitudes towards rule

breaking or risky on-road behavior in several

countries. Research was carried out in Bangladesh,

China, Kenya, Thailand, England, and Vietnam.

Second, to investigate the relationship between self-

reported pedestrian attitudes and behavior, and to find

out whether there are differences in the relationship

between pedestrian attitudes and behavior across the

countries investigated. This study shows that attitudes

towards traffic rule violations and traffic behavior are

significantly at risk with pedestrian behavior in

Bangladesh, China, Kenya, Thailand, UK, and

Vietnam. The results also show that this relationship

ICAESS 2020 - The International Conference on Applied Economics and Social Science

102

is stronger in some countries than in others; in Kenya

in particular, traffic safety attitudes explain variance

in behavior to a much lower degree, while in China

the relationship is significantly stronger than in other

countries. These results apply to all three behavioral

factors analyzed, namely intentional rule violation,

aggressive behavior, and memory or attention lapses.

These results were found by controlling for variables

for age, sex, and exposure to the road system. These

factors were also shown to have different effects on

behavior in the six countries studied. In particular, the

results suggest that age and gender are stronger

predictors of pedestrian behavior in Kenya and the

UK than in other countries. The most significant

limitation for this study was found in the sample.

First, bias towards younger, more educated, and

apparently more affluent populations, particularly in

the Bangladesh, China, and Kenya samples. Another

limitation in this study is that it does not consider the

choice of transportation mode of respondents in these

six countries.

Nordfjærn et al (2011) investigated cross-cultural

differences in road traffic risk perception, risk

sensitivity and willingness to risk in Norway, Russia,

India, Ghana, Tanzania, and Uganda. This study also

examined differences in driver attitudes and behavior.

An additional objective is to test whether risk

constructs and driver attitudes explain the variation in

risky driver behavior in these countries. This study

used a survey method (questionnaire) with random

sampling in Norway and used stratified random

sampling in five other countries. Norwegians report

safer attitudes about drinking and driving and

speeding in road traffic. These respondents also

reported lower seat belt use and frequency of drinking

and driving than the remaining subsample.

Respondents from Sub- Saharan Africa reported

higher perceptions of road traffic risk and risk

sensitivity than respondents from Norway, Russia,

and India. Respondents from Tanzania reported the

highest willingness to take risks both in traffic and in

general. Respondents from Sub-Saharan Africa and

India reported safer attitudes related to speaking to

unsafe drivers, violating rules and sanctions, attitudes

toward pedestrians, and knowledge of traffic

regulations. Respondents from Sub-Saharan Africa

also reported more cautious behavior and reduced

speeding. The driver behavior prediction model

explains the satisfactory number of variants in

Norway, Russia, and India, but is not suitable in

African countries. The limitation in this study is the

process of collecting data using a random sample. For

countries with large populations, namely Russia and

India, this is difficult. This difficulty is also found in

countries with poor economic conditions because

many of the population are illiterate, so that

questionnaires must be distributed using interview

techniques.

2.2 Road Safety

Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 22 of 2009

concerning Road Traffic and Transportation defines

Safety of Traffic and Road Transportation as a

condition to protect everyone from the risk of

accidents during traffic that can be caused by humans,

vehicles, roads and / or the environment. (Law No 22,

2009). The direct target of Traffic Safety according to

Siregar (2014) is to reduce the number of traffic

accidents involving either cars or motorbikes or other

types of vehicles and all road users including drivers,

public vehicle passengers, and pedestrians and reduce

the severity caused by accidents to victims of traffic

accident Based on Law Number 22 of 2009, the

Traffic Police has responsibility for road traffic and

transportation safety. This law aims to develop and

regulate a land transportation system that is safe,

comfortable, orderly and smooth through: the flow of

vehicles, people and / or goods on the road, use of

traffic, road transportation infrastructure and

facilities, activities related to registration and

identification. motor vehicles and drivers, traffic

education, traffic management and engineering,

traffic law enforcement and road transport (Law No.

22, 2009).

Eusofe, Evdorides, (2017): study the existing

organizational arrangements for regulating road

safety in Malaysia systematically. This study focuses

on road safety financing to provide an insight into

whether financing factors can affect the level of

effectiveness and efficiency of road safety

regulations. This study uses an exploratory approach

in the form of semi-structured interviews.

Respondents who are the source of the data are key

positions in road safety management, for example

policy makers from various government

organizations, representatives from the private sector

and representatives from universities. The study

concludes that all interested parties agreeing to the

road safety plan for 2006-2010 cannot achieve its

objectives.

Attitudes Towards Traffic Safety Worldwide

(2016) by Sucha, Viktorova and Risser aim to

contribute to traffic safety by gaining an

understanding of the differences in traffic cultures in

countries around the world, to explore and understand

the needs regarding traffic safety in various countries

around the world and their implications for the safety

Road User Attitude and Road Safety

103

situation objective traffic. This study uses a simple

three-question questionnaire that focuses on beliefs

and opinions about traffic safety and is analyzed

quantitatively and qualitatively. The results show

major differences in the traffic safety cultures adopted

by different countries. People from countries with

poorer traffic safety records tended to underline the

importance of traffic safety, then found no evidence

of a link between the country's economic

performance, traffic safety culture standards and the

Traffic Safety Index.

Wegman (2017): The future of road safety: A

worldwide perspective provides a review for the

future of road safety in the world. With the

descriptive analysis he conducted on various data and

reports he found that The future of road safety is

uncertain, and definitely not the same for all regions

of the world, countries with a mature road safety

approach-and an ambition to make further progress-

are expected to move in the direction of a Safe System

approach.

As a formula for road safety, it can be concluded

that the purpose of traffic activities and driving on the

highway is to protect everyone from the risk of

accidents caused by humans, vehicles, roads and / or

the environment. Traffic safety and the occurrence of

traffic accidents on the highway will involve human

factors, motorized vehicles both motorbikes and cars

as well as environmental conditions or the road used.

The human factor that is discussed in this case is the

attitude towards traffic safety. Attitudes towards

traffic safety include understanding and paying

attention to traffic regulations, attitudes in driving

which include the use of safety belts, speed control,

avoiding the use of cell phones and motion sickness

while driving and attitudes towards other road users.

To formulate policies related to traffic safety, various

interested parties can be involved in achieving road

safety objectives.

2.3 Related Model and Theory

2.3.1 Theory of Planned Behaviour

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) intends to explain

all behaviors in which people can control themselves.

The main component of this theory is behavioral

intention; Behavioral intention is influenced by

attitudes about the likelihood that the behavior will

have the desired results and benefit from those results.

TPB consists of six constructs that simultaneously

control a person over the behavior. These constructs

include attitudes, behavioral intentions, subjective

norms, social norms, perceptions of power, and

perceived behavioral control (LaMorte, 2019).

Nordfjærn et al (2011) have suggested that the theory

of planned behavior (Ajzen and Fishbein 1980) is a

theory that is more widely tested in psychology

related to road traffic (Iversen and Rundmo 2004;

Nabi et al. 2007; Nordfjærn, Jørgensen, and Rundmo

2010; Poulter et al. 2008). The studies cited

consistently show that a person's attitude towards

road traffic safety predicts how far they will behave

cautiously or neglect in traffic. Sheeran, Norman, and

Orbell (1999) according to Nordfjærn et al (2011),

suggest that attitude can be a stronger predictor of

behavior than other predictor variables in the theory

of planned behavior

2.3.2 The Health Believe Model

The Health Belief Model (HBM) was developed in

the early 1950's by social experts at a health care

center in the US. There are six constructs of this

model consisting of: perceived sensitivity, perceived

difficulties, perceived benefits, perceived constraints,

cues to act and the ability to heal (LaMorte, 2019).

Health belief models were developed with the aim of

explaining and predicting health-related behaviors,

particularly those related to the uptake of health

services. HBM has been used to develop actions that

can effectively change behavior. Actions taken

relating to individuals related to various behaviors to

reduce the risk of certain diseases.

Nordfjærn et al (2011) used this model in a study

aimed to examine intercultural differences in road

traffic risk perceptions, sensitivity to risk and risk

appetite in Norway, Russia, India, Ghana, Tanzania

and Uganda to differences in driver attitudes and

driver behavior, and to test whether risk constructs

and driver attitudes can explain the types of risky

driver behavior in the countries studied. Nordfjærn et

al noted that, the health behavior model explains that

perceptions of risk have an impact on risky behavior

(Weinstein 1988; Wilde 1982). The results of this

study highlight that a model that uses risk perception,

demographic characteristics, and road traffic attitudes

to predict driver behavior has a satisfactory fit in

Norway. The results suggest that precautions should

be taken in low-income countries to reduce the risk of

road traffic in these countries.

Ram and Chand (2016) also used this model in

their paper: The effect of driver risk perception and

driving duty perception on road safety attitudes. Their

study aims to explore the influence of driver risk

perception and driving duty perception on road safety

attitudes. This paper discusses two theories that

ICAESS 2020 - The International Conference on Applied Economics and Social Science

104

explain how risk perceptions influence

attitudes/behavior. By understanding health risks

such as in the case of smoking, HIV-AIDS disease or

others, one can adopt positive behaviors in the form

of prevention (Health Belief Model and prevention

adoption process). This study resulted in a positive

and significant relationship between perceptions of

driver risk and perceptions of driving duty and found

that these two perceptions significantly influence

driver attitudes towards road safety.

2.3.3 Personality–Attitudes–Risky Driving

Behavior’ Model of Ulleberg and

Rundmo

Ulleberg and Rundmo (Pa˚ l Ulleberg, 2003),

conducted a study aimed at examining the importance

of social cognitive variables and traits in relation to

risky driving behavior. This study found that attitudes

towards traffic safety were the only variable that was

causally related to risky driving behavior. Based on

these findings, it can be concluded that a person's

personality indirectly affects risky driving behavior.

This model explains that attitudes are influenced by

altruism, anxiety, violation of norms, seeking

sensation and assault. Meanwhile, attitudes in traffic

in this model include traffic flow, obeying rules,

speed and driving pleasure.

From the discussion of theories and models in the

previous section, namely Planned Behavior theory,

Health Belief Model and Personality Model -

Attitudes - Risk-Driving Behavior provides an

explanation that can be used as a basis for analyzing

the attitudes of road users and their relationship with

traffic safety. Studies that use this theory and model

conclude that there are constructs behind certain

behaviors, especially those related to one's attitude

towards road safety. These theories and models were

previously used in the fields of health and social

psychology, but later evolved into various other fields

of science.

3 CONCLUSIONS

From the studies discussed above, it can be concluded

that humans are the main factor in traffic safety.

Particularly in Indonesia, 61% of the causes of

traffic accidents are caused by human factors, the rest

is due to facilities and environmental factors related

to road safety. Research on the attitudes of road users

and their relation to traffic safety is not widely found

in Indonesia. There are several papers producued

from the final project and research conducted

descriptively and literature review. Previous research

referred to in this paper on traffic safety and attitudes

was carried out in Malaysia, Pakistan and in several

European and Asian countries. For example, research

related to attitudes and traffic safety was conducted to

compare conditions in high-income countries with

low- income countries. From the literature discussed,

it can be seen about the understanding of attitudes and

approaches or instruments used to measure attitudes.

The research results that have been discussed

previously also show that traffic safety is a concern of

every country in the world, this is due to the high

number of accidents that take victims of all ages. In

Indonesia, written rules regarding traffic safety are

contained in Law Number 22 of 2009. In general, it

has also been stated that traffic safety is realized not

only through regulations but also by developing and

regulating a land transportation system that is safe,

comfortable, orderly, and smooth. The most widely

used research methods to measure road safety are

simulation models, interviews, and surveys. An

aspect that is heavily highlighted is the ability of road

users to understand the rules and policies set for road

users. The results found in this study highlight many

aspects of road safety management. Theory of

Planned Behavior is a reference theory in evaluating

attitudes regarding road user behavior. The Ulleberg

and Rundmo Models of Health Behavior and

Personality - Attitudes - Risky Driving Behaviors are

also used as a reference for observing and measuring

attitudes related to road safety.

REFERENCES

Annisa Jusuf, Ignatius Pulung Nurprasetio & Arya

Prihutama, Macro Data Analysis of Traffic Accidents

in Indonesia, J. Eng. Technol. Sci., Vol. 49, No. 1,

2017, 132-143, ITB Journal Publisher, 2017

Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kamus

Besar Bahasa Indonesia, https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/

Cambridge Dictionary,

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ Cynthia Febrina

Maharani, 2018, “Current Practice, Attitude, and

Behaviour towards Road Safety Behaviour among the

Drivers in Jakarta, Indonesia” in International

Conference of Occupational Health and Safety

(ICOHS-2017), KnE Life Sciences, pages 88–97. DOI

10.18502/kls.4i5.2542

Evelyn Murphy. 2019, Global status report on road safety:

The Southeast Asia Story, ITF/UNESCAP Supporting

Traffic Safety Information System of Countries in

Southeast Asia, WHO

Feti Rakhmani, 2013, Kepatuhan Remaja Dalam Berlalu

Lintas, Sociodev, Jurnal S-1 Ilmu Sosiatri Volume

Nomor 1, April

Road User Attitude and Road Safety

105

2013,http://jurnalmahasiswa.fisip.untan.ac.id;http://jur

nalm hsfisipuntan.co.nr

Fred Wegman, The future of road safety: A worldwide

perspective, IATSS Research 40 (2017) 66–71 Global

status report on road safety 2019. Geneva: World

Health Organization; 2019. Licence: CC BYNC-SA 3.0

IGO

http://indonesiabaik.id/; Siap Bangun Negara, Oktanti Putri

Hapsari, Tekan Korban Jiwa Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas di

Indonesia: Perlukah Berkeselamatan di Jalan Masuk

Pendidikan, Desember 2019

https://www.suaramerdeka.com/; Sabtu, 31 Agustus 2019

|00:00 WIB Penulis: SuaraMerdeka.com

International Traffic Safety Data and Analysis Group, Road

Safety Annual Report 2019, Paris, France, 2019

Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia, Korlantas Polri,

Jakarta, 2019 at https://kominfo.go.id/

Laws of The Republic Indonesia Number 22 Of 2009,

About Traffic and Road Transport

Matus Sucha, Lucie Viktorova and Ralf Risser. 2016,

Attitudes Towards Traffic Safety Worldwide, The

Open Psychology Journal, 2016, 9, 35-49, DOI:

10.2174/1874350101609010035

Muhar Junef, 2014, Perilaku Masyarakat Terhadap Operasi

Bukti Pelanggaran (Tilang) Dalam Berlalu Lintas, E-

Journal WIDYA Yustisia, Volume 1 Nomor 1 Juni

2014, ISSN 2338-7785

Norzaliha Binti Jusoh. 2013, Driver Attitude Towards Road

Safety, thesis in Faculty of Built Environment

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Pa˚ l Ulleberg*, Torbjørn Rundmo, 2003. Personality,

attitudes, and risk perception as predictors of risky

driving behaviour among young drivers, Safety Science

41 (2003) 427–443

Rich C. McIlroy et al. 2019, Exploring the relationships

between pedestrian behaviours and traffic safety

attitudes in six countries, Transportation Research Part

F, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.11.006

Rusda Irawati and Zulkifli Khair. 2019, Road Users

Awareness and Traffic Safety, Kolokium UTM-

Universitas Purwokerto, Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia 17 Feb 2020

Tika Ram, Khem Chand, 2016. Effect of drivers’ risk

perception and perception of driving tasks on road

safety attitude, Transportation Research Part F (2016),

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.07.012

Trond Nordfjærn, Stig Jørgensen and Torbjorn Rundmo.

2011, A cross-cultural comparison of road traffic risk

perceptions, attitudes towards traffic safety and driver

behaviour, Journal of Risk Research Vol. 14, No. 6,

June 2011, 657–684. DOI:

10.1080/13669877.2010.547259

University of Minnesota. 2010, Principles of Social

Psychology, is licensed under a Creative Commons

Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike

Wayne W. LaMorte, MD, PhD, MPH, Boston University

School of Public Health,

http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-

Modules/SB/BehavioralChangeTheories/. September

9, 2019

Romi S. Wahono. 2016. Literatur Review: Pengantar dan

Metode, https://romisatriawahono.net/

Zahara Batool. 2012, Attitudes towards Road Safety and

Aberrant Behaviour of Drivers in Pakistan, PhD

dissertation in The University of Leeds Institute for

Transport Studies

Zarulazam Eusofe, H. Evdorides. 2017, Assessment of road

safety management at institutional level Malaysia: A

case study, IATSS Research 41 page 172 -181

ICAESS 2020 - The International Conference on Applied Economics and Social Science

106