Influence of Isometric Contraction during Archery Training and

Detraining on the Muscles and Hand Grip Strength in Sedentary

Youth: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Mohd Azrul Anuar Zolkafi

1,2

, Norsham Juliana

, Sahar Azmani

, Abd Rahman Hayati

Noor Aien Monsarip

and Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi Teng

Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Kejurulatihan, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia

Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Puncak Alam, Malaysia

nurislami@uitm.edu.my

Keywords: Arrow, Bow, Dynamometer, Extensors, Flexors.

Abstract: Team sports activities had been found to improve non-athletes physical performance. However, lack of studies

reported on individual games. This present study aimed to determine whether isometric contraction of arm

during archery intervention respond better to upper and lower body muscles strength and grip strength. Total

thirty-four sedentary men had involved; seventeen performed 12 weeks (3x week

-1

) of archery intervention

(AG) and seventeen maintain as sedentary behaviour (SG). Upper and lower body muscles strength were

determine at pre and post training, and detraining by isometric contraction test using hand-held dynamometer.

Meanwhile, hand grip strength was assessed using JAMAR hand grip dynamometer. The data were analysed

using ANOVA repeated measures. Pre intervention muscles and grip strength were similar between groups

and increase significantly in archery group (p < 0.05). There was a significant group x time and group x

intervention interaction in strength especially upper body and grip strength. Pairwise imposed that archery

group improved strength between 17% and 46% compared to baseline, whilst control group varies between -

4% and 6% of changes. After detraining of 12 weeks, the muscle strength of intervention group regressed.

The present study offers novel but provisional data that lower body strength adaptation is lesser despite

comparable adaptation to upper body strength.

1 INTRODUCTION

The sedentary behaviour is associated with increase

central fat deposition, pericardial fat (Larsen et al.

2014) and reduce muscle activity amplitude (Pesola

et al. 2016). In many cases, sedentary behaviour

positively related to the prevalence of overweight and

obesity (Nicholas et al. 2015). Moreover, growing of

screen time (Lepp et al. 2013), prolong sitting (Larsen

et al. 2014) and stationary activities are steadily

increasing and limiting the physical activity (PA) to

150 minutes per week (Piercy et al. 2018). In fact,

convenience to advance technology further reduces

physical mobility and increase the probabilities of

dramatic muscle strength deterioration (Hamer and

Stamatakis 2013).

Changing lifestyle is granted to improve health

and minimize sedentary behaviour duration in daily

living (Barwais and Cuddihy 2015). Considering

these facts, few studies explored sport interventions

to promote PA and muscle function in sedentary

population. Fenton et al (2016) found sport activities

responsible to lessen the engagement time to

sedentary behaviour and improve general health

(Zolkafi et al. 2019). Furthermore, by improving the

exercise intensity and duration, the muscle quality,

postural balance and activity adaptation are also

obtained benefits (Sundstrup et al. 2010; Zolkafi et al.

2018).

Those with sedentary lifestyle often reported to

have high body weight and high adiposity. They were

reported to have lower self-esteem (Nihill, Lubans,

and Plotnikoff 2013), thus unmotivated to perform

any PA. Therefore, selection of suitable sport nature

is important in order to encourage sedentary people to

sustain their new routine. Archery is one of the

stationary game which requires physical strength,

body stability and focus. The isometric contraction of

Zolkaﬁ, M., Juliana, N., Azmani, S., Hayati, A., Monsarip, N. and Teng, N.

Inﬂuence of Isometric Contraction during Archery Training and Detraining on the Muscles and Hand Grip Strength in Sedentary Youth: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

DOI: 10.5220/0010022601190125

In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support (icSPORTS 2020), pages 119-125

ISBN: 978-989-758-481-7

119

muscle to overcome bowstring tension (Johnson

2015) which furthermore strengthen muscles.

However, lack of studies exist exploring the

development of muscle strength in sedentary people

following an archery sport. These data are essential

because sedentary people are vulnerable to health-

related matters (Larsen et al. 2015) and higher risk of

exercise withdrawal. Quitting from training reverses

the benefits of sport involvement (Zech et al. 2012).

Data on the effects of archery training and also

detraining might assist sedentary people to improve

health status and minimize risk of withdrawal.

In the present study, sedentary men underwent a

12-weeks archery training and detrained for another

12-weeks. Strength of six major muscles in upper and

lower body, and hand grip were measured. We

hypothesized that the archery training would increase

muscle strength and reverse the effect following

detraining period.

2 METHODOLOGY

Study participants included 34 healthy inactive youth

men who obtained from preliminary study (n=208)

using simple random sampling. The sedentary status

(<150 minutes per week of MVPA) was confirmed by

SQUASH questionnaire (Admiraal et al. 2011).

Subjects were randomly assigned to archery, AG (n

=17, age = 21.4 ± 1.3 years) and sedentary group, SG

(n = 17, age = 22.3 ± 1.6 years). The inclusion criteria

were those age 18 to 30 years, practice sedentary

lifestyle and free from any chronic and terminal

diseases. We exclude those who are consuming any

supplements known to boost energy or alter muscle

strength, having any kind of body fractures, muscle

injury, carpal tunnel syndrome or cardiovascular

diseases. Those assigned to AG was required to play

archery 3 days per week for 12 weeks. The SG was

instructed to maintain their lifestyle.

Participants were cautiously informed details of

experiment protocol and possible risks related to the

study prior to obtain informed consent. No dropped

out of participants were recorded. Ethic approval

obtained from the Research Ethic Committee of

Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM/REC/0416-

3) and was performed in accordance with the

Declaration of Helsinki.

2.1 Experimental Design

Participants were explained about the procedure of

muscle and hand grip strength (HGS) assessment

prior to the study. Both groups were assessed three

times; Week 0 (baseline), Week 12 (post-

intervention) and Week 24 (detraining). They were

prohibited from consume caffeine at least 24 hours

before assessment because it’s potential to influence

strength and endurance of muscles (Warren et al.

2010). The assessment was not performed

immediately after archery training.

2.2 Muscle Strength Assessment

Six muscles were assessed involving upper and lower

body (elbow flexors, elbow extensors, shoulder

abductors, knee flexors, knee extensors and hip

abductors). Subjects were instructed to be in fully

supported position according to specific assessed

muscles (Table 1). The muscle strength was measured

using Commander

Muscle Testing Dynamometer.

This simple device contains a small internal load cell

which is capable to measure the muscular force. The

unit used for muscle strength was in pound (lbf). The

greatest score of muscle strength was the final score

amongst three readings. The muscle strength score for

both right and left muscles were recorded as mean.

2.3 Hand-grip Strength

Hand grip strength (HGS) measurement was done

using Jamar Hand Dynamometer (Patterson Medical,

Serial No: 1311184; Canada) for both sides based on

American Society of Hand Therapist (ASHT)

recommendation (El-Sais and Mohammad 2014).

The test was conducted in sitting position. The elbow

was 90º flexed and shoulder was abducted (Lam et al.

2016). The hand grip dynamometer was set to the

second handle position for every subject. The subjects

were instructed to squeeze the handle maximally for

three seconds. The tests were conducted three times

with one minute interval between each test. The result

of the HGS was recorded in kilogram to the nearest

one decimal point. The mean of the three

measurements for each hand were regarded as the

HGS.

2.4 Training Protocol

Each subjects in AG group were provided with a diary

and required to record the dates of training which was

conducted by a qualified archery coach. On top of

that, AG subjects were given an introductory session

included basic archery techniques, rules and

regulations to be obliged along the timeline. The trial

session introduced the methods using a naked bow

because no additional devices were equipped on the

bow. The type of arrow used was carbon arrow.

icSPORTS 2020 - 8th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support

120

The subjects held the bow using left hand (straight

the elbow and shoulder abduct at 90º) and draw the

string using another hand. The target butt was located

at left shoulder side (in 10 meters distance) and the

right shoulder was on one line with left shoulder. The

anterior body was not facing to the target butt. The

feet were planted in shoulder width distance. The left

foot faced butt and right foot in same direction with

the body. A mid-point of string was put in between an

arrow nock. By using three fingers (index, middle and

ring finger) as a hook, the string drew (35 – 40 lbs.)

until reach to cheek. The subjects to hold about 5

seconds for aiming purpose. Then, subjects released

the arrow as soon as they satisfied with the aim.

Based on the regime, subjects were attended three

sessions weekly for 12 weeks (6 shots x 7 sets each

session; total arrow shots was 1512 arrows). The

detraining phase was started from week 12 to week

24. The subjects were advised to withdraw from

archery training and any other PA to avoid any

confounding results.

2.5 Statistical Analyses

Statistical analyses were performed using a two factor

general linear model. The statistical significance was

accepted at the p<0.05. Group x time interaction, time

and group main effects were determined by ANOVA

repeated measures. The data distribution were

assessed by Shapiro-Wilk meanwhile homogeneity of

variance were evaluated by Levene’s test. All

assumptions were not violated unless statistically

stated. Greenhouse-Geisser estimate is reported when

Mauchly’s test of Sphericity was violated. The alpha

value (p < 0.05) was set to indicate the significant

difference. The muscles strength score during each of

sessions were analysed using a 3 x 2 mixed model

ANOVA which presented as p value and effect size.

3 RESULTS

Baseline characteristics showed both groups were

similar. No significant different was obtained for all

variables (Table 2).

For muscle strength, the results from ANOVA

repeated measure indicated a significant time effect

(p < 0.05) for all tested muscles. Similarly, upper

body muscles and knee flexors were obtained

significant intervention effects. Based on the

findings, following 12 weeks of archery intervention,

all muscles were reported increased in strength but

not for SG. As expected following withdrawal of

archery training, there muscle strength were declined.

Similarly for HGS, results found a significant

main effect for time (p<0.05) for both right and left

hand. However, only left hand was reported obtained

significant difference on the intervention effect.

General results suggested that archery training

improved HGS following 12 weeks intervention for

both hand.

4 DISCUSSION

Based on our knowledge, this is the first study which

exploring the component of isometric muscle in

archery as an intervention to combat effects of

sedentary on muscles strength. These results suggest

big group of muscles were comfortably adapted to the

component of isometric contraction in archery

training. On observation, the muscle strength were

remained significantly elevated at post intervention

compared to baseline. Similarly, the post-intervention

and detraining also showed declination in strength for

upper and lower body and hand grip. Interestingly,

the muscle strength following 12 weeks of detraining

were still higher than baseline.

Several experimental studies had reported

improvement in overall performance following

football involvement among sedentary (Cvetkovic et

al. 2018). However, lack of literature engaged with

archery as an intervention for sedentary population.

The available sources reported that there are

activation of muscles especially forearm (Ertan

2009), and shoulder complex (Shinohara and Urabe

2017). Therefore, the improvement of hand grip and

upper body muscle strength following structured

archery training were due to consistent activation of

muscles every time archers performed arrow

shooting. Since all of the participants were non-

archers, the utilization of muscles are higher

compared to elite and junior archers (Ertan et al.

2003). Furthermore, implementation of holding time

during aiming phase help the muscle strength

developed even more. During these phase, the

stability of glenohumeral joint and scapular are

required (Lin et al. 2010). With the training, the

tremor symptom which presence due to muscle

weakness was gradually reduced and disappeared.

The frequency of string drawing is mimic to other

load in resistance training regiments. This further

boost the factor of strength development in the

targeted muscles. Despite the loads used was 35 to 40

pounds through the string weight, higher repetition

provides development of muscles strength especially

to untrained adolescent (Assunção et al. 2016).

Moreover, combination blood flow restriction and

Inﬂuence of Isometric Contraction during Archery Training and Detraining on the Muscles and Hand Grip Strength in Sedentary Youth: A

Randomized Controlled Trial

121

low resistance exercise acted as hypertrophy stimuli

(Wackerhage et al. 2019). This is crucial where the

low-load in training increases the higher muscle fibre

type 1 compared to high-load training (Grgic and

Schoenfeld 2018). Isometric muscle contraction

causes both agonist and antagonist muscles to

contract concentrically at the same time which causes

the localize blood vessels are pinched thus slower

down the blood flow. Interestingly, during archery

training, this isometric muscle contraction was

repeatedly performed especially during string

drawing and aiming phases plus holding time.

Apart of significant improvement on upper body,

lower body muscles also showed significant

improvement following 12 weeks of archery

intervention. The improvement was recorded with no

special intervention provided to lower body muscles.

This novel findings are remarkable especially to the

stationary sport activity. Explorative experiment

found that high activation of quadriceps and calf

muscles reported during contralateral isometric

contraction of shoulder flexion and abduction (Lee,

Park, and Lee 2014). This findings reflected the

influenced of upper body isometric contraction and

lower body muscles during archery activity.

Additionally, static standing also responsible to

further recruits lower body muscles to be more stable

in order to stand steadily and minimize body postural

sway (Handrigan et al. 2012). This is an important

component to assist in shooting accuracy especially

in long period. Archers normally facing experience of

an antero-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML)

body sway (Simsek et al. 2018) while play. There are

two major factors compromise postural stability and

increase the body sway phenomenon; muscles

weakness and reduce joint proprioception (Barbieri et

al. 2019; Hwang et al. 2016). Both problematic causes

are frequently found in elderly (Hassan, Mockett, and

Doherty 2001) but also could happened to younger

population following lack of physical activities.

During training, archers spend higher duration in

standing which unconsciously recruits the lower body

muscles to gain the strength and develop muscles

endurance.

Based on the results, hamstrings muscles showed

significant improvement after 12 weeks of training.

In archery, body sway has crucial influence in

performance in which the lower level archers had

greater sway, AP and ML ground reaction force

(Simsek et al. 2018). Due to bow weight, AP sway

was expected to be dominant compared to other

direction. For anterior posture sway, hamstring

activity was found greatest during upright stance

(Prior et al. 2014). Therefore, it contributed to the

great improvement of hamstring strength following

specific body posture during shooting activity.

Withdrawal from training caused upper and lower

body and HGS dramatically deteriorated. It

considered a normal phenomenon after restricting or

completely quits from the previous PA. The

investigation of detraining is important to explore

how much the muscles were affected from the archery

training. There is an evidence of reduction in strength

following cessation from strength training further

affect the ability of muscle to perform contraction as

similar as during training (Khademi et al. 2015)

although no significant changes were reported in

muscle thickness, lean mass and muscle contractility

(Psilander et al. 2019; Shima et al. 2002; Zech et al.

2012). Based on the findings, hip flexor and shoulder

abductor muscles were the biggest loss of strength

following 12 weeks of detraining at 24% and 19%.

Although reduction reported the muscles strength still

reported had greater scores compared to baseline. The

event suggested the good carry effect of archery

training on the muscles after activity cessation.

According to findings, twelve weeks archery

training is suggested to improve muscles strength to

both upper and lower body, and HGS. Withdrawal

from the training risks for reduction of strength

especially to the upper body muscles.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) by

Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE) of Malaysia.

REFERENCES

Admiraal, W. M., I. G. M. Van Valkengoed, J. S. L. De

Munter, K. Stronks, J. B. L. Hoekstra, and F. Holleman.

2011. “The Association of Physical Inactivity with

Type 2 Diabetes among Different Ethnic Groups.”

Diabetes Medicine 28:668–72.

Assunção, Ari R., Martim Bottaro, João B. Ferreira-Junior,

Mikel Izquierdo, Eduardo L. Cadore, and Paulo Gentil.

2016. “The Chronic Effects of Low- and High-Intensity

Resistance Training on Muscular Fitness in

Adolescents.” PLoS ONE 11(8):4–7.

Barbieri, Fabio A., Tiago Penedo, Lucas Simieli, Ricardo

A. Barbieri, Alessandro M. Zagatto, Japp H. van Dieen,

Mirjam A. G. M. Pijnappels, Sergio T. Rodrigues, and

Paula F. Polastri. 2019. “Effects of Ankle Muscle

Fatigue and Visual Behavior on Postural Sway in

Young Adults.” Frontiers in Physiology 10(June):1–8.

Barwais, Faisal A., and Thomas F. Cuddihy. 2015.

“Empowering Sedentary Adults to Reduce Sedentary

icSPORTS 2020 - 8th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support

122

Behavior and Increase Physical Activity Levels and

Energy Expenditure: A Pilot Study.” International

Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

12(1):414–27.

Cvetkovic, Nemanja, Emilija Stojanovic, Nenad

Stojiljković, Dušan Nikolić, and Zoran Milanović.

2018. “Effects of a 12 Week Recreational Football and

High-Intensity Interval Training on Physical Fitness in

Overweight Children.” Physical Education and Sport

16(2):435–50.

Douma, Rob K. W., Remko Soer, Wim P. Krijnen, Michiel

Reneman, and Cees P. Van Der Schans. 2014.

“Reference Values for Isometric Muscle Force among

Workers for the Netherlands : A Comparison of

Reference Values.” BMC Sports Science, Medicine,

and Rehabilitation 6(1):1–10.

El-sais, Walaa M., and Walaa S. Mohammad. 2014.

“Influence of Different Testing Postures on Hand Grip

Strength.” 10(36):290–301.

Ertan, H., B. Kentel, S. T. Tumer, and F. Korkusuz. 2003.

“Activation Patterns in Forearm Muscles during

Archery Shooting.” Human Movement Science

22(1):37–45.

Ertan, Hayri. 2009. “Muscular Activation Patterns of the

Bow Arm in Recurve Archery.” Journal of Science and

Medicine in Sport 12(3):357–60.

Fenton, Sally A. M., Joan L. Duda, and Timothy Barrett.

2016. “Inter-Participant Variability in Daily Physical

Activity and Sedentary Time among Male Youth Sport

Footballers : Independent Associations with Indicators

of Adiposity and Cardiorespiratory Fi Tness.” Jounal of

Sport Sciences 34(3):239–51.

Grgic, Jozo, and Brad J. Schoenfeld. 2018. “Are the

Hypertrophic Adaptations to High and Low-Load

Resistance Training Muscle Fiber Type Specific?”

Frontiers in Physiology 9(April):1–6.

Hamer, Mark, and Emmanuel Stamatakis. 2013. “Screen-

Based Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, and

Muscle Strength in the English Longitudinal Study of

Ageing.” PLoS ONE 8(6):4–9.

Handrigan, Grant A., Felix Berrigan, Olivier Hue, Martin

Simoneau, Philippe Corbeil, Angelo Tremblay, and

Normand Teasdale. 2012. “The Effects of Muscle

Strength on Center of Pressure-Based Measures of

Postural Sway in Obese and Heavy Athletic

Individuals.” Gait & Posture 35:88–91.

Hassan, B. S., S. Mockett, and M. Doherty. 2001. “Static

Postural Sway , Proprioception , and Maximal

Voluntary Quadriceps Contraction in Patients with

Knee Osteoarthritis and Normal Control Subjects.” Ann

Rheum Dis 60:612–18.

Hwang, Wonjeong, Jun Ha, Minjin Huh, Yeon Ju, Sang

Won, In Ui, and Mi Young. 2016. “The Effect of Hip

Abductor Fatigue on Static Balance and Gait

Parameters.” Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation

Science 5(1):34–39.

Johnson, Teresa. 2015. Archery Fundamentals. 2nd editio.

edited by T. Heine and C. Zych. Champaign, United

States of America: Human Kinetics.

Khademi, Alireza, Kimia Zareie, Sara Rezaeiyanzadeh

Jahromi, and Milad Mirsadzadeh. 2015. “The Effect of

8 Weeks Detraining on Static and Dynamic Muscle

Endurance.” International Journal of Basic Sciences &

Applied Research 4(4):235–39.

Lam, Ngee Wei, Hui Ting Goh, Shahrul Bahyah

Kamaruzzaman, Ai Vyrn Chin, Philip Jun Hua Poi, and

Maw Pin Tan. 2016. “Normative Data for Hand Grip

Strength and Key Pinch Strength,Stratified by Age and

Gender for a Multiethnic Asian Population.” Singapore

Medical Journal 57(10):578–84.

Larsen, Britta A., Matthew A. Allison, Eugene Kang, Sarah

Saad, Gail A. Laughlin, Maria Rosario G. Araneta,

Elizabeth Barrett-Connor, and Christina L. Wassel.

2014. “Associations of Physical Activity and Sedentary

Behavior with Regional Fat Deposition.” Med Sci

Sports Exerc 46(3):520–28.

Larsen, Jesper Bie, Jean Farup, Martin Lind, and Ulrik

Dalgas. 2015. “Muscle Strength and Functional

Performance Is Markedly Impaired at the

Recommended Time Point for Sport Return after

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in

Recreational Athletes.” Human Movement Science

39:73–87.

Lee, Daehee, Jungseo Park, and Sangyong Lee. 2014.

“Isometric Contraction of an Upper Extremity and Its

Effects on the Contralateral Lower Extremity.” Journal

of Physical Therapy Science 26:1707–9.

Lepp, Andrew, Jacob E. Barkley, Gabriel J. Sanders,

Michael Rebold, and Peter Gates. 2013. “The

Relationship between Cell Phone Use, Physical and

Sedentary Activity, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in a

Sample of U.S. College Students.” International

Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

10(1):1–9.

Lin, Jiu-jenq, Cheng-ju Hung, Ching-ching Yang, and

Hsing-yu Chen. 2010. “Activation and Tremor of the

Shoulder Muscles to the Demands of an Archery Task.”

Jounal of Sport Sciences 28(4):415–21.

Mohamed, Muhamad Noor, and Azrul Hisham Azhar.

2012. “Postural Sway and Shooting Accuracy of

Skilled Recurve Archers.” Movement, Health and

Exercise 1(1):49–60.

Moradi, Zahra, Mohammad Akbari, Noureddin Nakhostin

Ansari, and Anita Emrani. 2014. “Strength of Hip

Muscle Groups in Sedentary Women with

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome.” BMC Sports Science,

Medicine, and Rehabilitation 27:299–306.

Nicholas, Joshua A., Geraldine Lo Siou, Brigid M. Lynch,

Paula J. Robson, Christine M. Friedenreich, and Ilona

Csizmadi. 2015. “Leisure-Time Physical Activity Does

Not Attenuate the Association between Occupational

Sedentary Behavior and Obesity: Results from

Alberta’s Tomorrow Project.” Journal of Physical

Activity and Health 12(12):1589–1600.

Nihill, Janem Genevieve Frances, David Revalds Lubans,

and Ronald Cyril Plotnikoff. 2013. “Associations

between Sedentary Behavior and Self-Esteem in

Adolescent Girls from Schools in Low-Income

Inﬂuence of Isometric Contraction during Archery Training and Detraining on the Muscles and Hand Grip Strength in Sedentary Youth: A

Randomized Controlled Trial

123

Communities.” Mental Health and Physical Activity

6(1):30–35.

Pesola, Arto J., Arto Laukkanen, Olli Tikkanen, and Taija

Finni. 2016. “Heterogeneity of Muscle Activity during

Sedentary Behavior.” Applied Physiology, Nutrition,

and Metabolism 41(11):1155–62.

Piercy, K. L., R. P. Troiano, R. M. Ballard, S. A. Carlson,

Janet E. Fulton, and D. A. Galuska. 2018. “The Physical

Activity Guidelines for Americans.” JAMA

230(19):2020–28.

Prior, Simon, Tim Mitchell, Rod Whiteley, Peter

O’Sullivan, Benjamin K. Williams, Sebastien Racinais,

and Abdulaziz Farooq. 2014. “The Influence of

Changes in Trunk and Pelvic Posture during Single Leg

Standing on Hip and Thigh Muscle Activation in a Pain

Free Population.” BMC Sports Science, Medicine and

Rehabilitation 6(1):1–9.

Psilander, Niklas, X. Einar Eftestøl, Kristoffer Toldnes

Cumming, Inga Juvkam, Maria M. Ekblom, Kerstin

Sunding, Mathias Wernbom, Hans-christer Holmberg,

Björn Ekblom, Jo C. Bruusgaard, X. Truls Raastad, and

Kristian Gundersen. 2019. “Effects of Training,

Detraining, and Retraining on Strength, Hypertrophy,

and Myonuclear Number in Human Skeletal Muscle.”

Journal of Applied Physiology 126:1636–45.

Shima, Norihiro, Koji Ishida, Keisho Katayama, Yoshifumi

Morotome, Yasutake Sato, and Miharu Miyamura.

2002. “Cross Education of Muscular Strength during

Unilateral Resistance Training and Detraining.”

European Journal of Applied Physiology 86:287–88.

Shinohara, H., and Y. Urabe. 2017. “Analysis of Muscular

Activity in Archery : A Comparison of Skill Level.” J

Sports Med Phys Fitness 58(12):1752–58.

Simsek, D., A. O. Cerrah, H. Ertan, and A. R. Soylu. 2018.

“A Comparison of the Ground Reaction Forces of

Archers with Different Levels of Expertise during the

Arrow Shooting.” Science and Sports 34(2):1–9.

Sundstrup, E., M. D. Jakobsen, J. L. Andersen, M. B.

Randers, J. Petersen, C. Suetta, P. Aagaard, and P.

Krustrup. 2010. “Muscle Function and Postural

Balance in Lifelong Trained Male Footballers

Compared with Sedentary Elderly Men and

Youngsters.” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and

Science in Sports 20(Supplement 1):90–97.

Tedla, Jaya Shanker, U. V. Shenoy, Sharada L. Nayak, and

Kalyana Chakravarthy. 2010. “Reliability of Hand-

Held Dynamometer for Strength Testing of Knee

Musculature in Healthy Indian Pediatric Population: A

Cross-Sectional Study.” Journal of Physical Therapy

2:11–18.

Wackerhage, Henning, Brad J. Schoenfeld, D. Lee

Hamilton, Maarit Lehti, and Juha J. Hulmi. 2019.

“Stimuli and Sensors That Initiate Skeletal Muscle

Hypertrophy Following Resistance Exercise.” Journal

of Applied Physiology 126(1):30–43.

Warren, GL, ND Park, RD Maresca, KI McKibans, and ML

Millard-Stafford. 2010. “Effect of Caffeine Ingestion

on Muscular Strength and Endurance : A Meta-

Analysis.” Medical Science of Sport Exercise

42(7):1375–87.

Zech, Astrid, Michael Drey, Ellen Freiberger, Christian

Hentschke, Juergen M. Bauer, Cornel C. Sieber, and

Klaus Pfeifer. 2012. “Residual Effects of Muscle

Strength and Muscle Power Training and Detraining on

Physical Function in Community-Dwelling Prefrail

Older Adults : A Randomized Controlled Trial.” BMC

Geriatrics 12(68):1–8.

Zolkafi, Mohd Azrul Anuar, Norsham Juliana, Abdul

Rahman Hayati, Noor Aien Mon Sarip, Nur Islami

Mohd Fahmi Teng, and Sahar Mohd Azmani. 2018.

“Effect of 4-Weeks Traditional Archery Intervention on

Hand-Eye Coordination and Upper Limb Reaction

Time among Sedentary Youth.” The Journal of Social

Sciences Research (6):1225–30.

Zolkafi, Mohd Azrul Anuar, Norsham Juliana, Mohd

Azmani Sahar, Noor Aien Monsarip, and Hayati Abd

Rahman. 2019. “Effects of Eight Weeks Traditional

Archery Training on Heart Rate Variability among

Sedentary Youth.” AIP Conference Proceedings

2138(August).

APPENDIX

Table 1: Subjects’ position and HHD placement for muscle strength assessment.

Muscle Body position Joint position HHD placement Movement

Elbow flexors

(Douma et al. 2014)

Supine lying Elbow bend at 90º Proximal to styloid process

of radius

Bend the elbow

Elbow extensors

(Douma et al. 2014)

Supine lying Elbow bend at 90º Proximal to head of ulnar Straighten the elbow

Shoulder abductors

(Douma et al. 2014)

Sitting Shoulder abduct at

90º

Proximal to lateral

epicondyle of humerus

Abduct the shoulder

Knee flexors (Tedla

et al. 2010)

Supine lying Knee bend at 90º Below to the tendo-achilles Bending the knee

Knee extensors

(Douma et al. 2014)

High sitting Knee bend at 90º Proximal to talus Mimic to kicking a

ball

Hip abductors

(Moradi et al. 2014)

Side lying Hip abduct at 45º Proximal to lateral condyle

of femur

Mimic to side

kicking

icSPORTS 2020 - 8th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support

124

Table 2: Physical characteristic of participants according to groups.

Groups

p value

Characteristic ATG (n =17) CG (n=17)

Age (years) 21.35±1.32 22.29±1.61 0.072

Height (cm) 165.66±5.16 167.19±5.80 0.422

Weight (kg) 81.07±16.29 86.30±22.01 0.437

BMI (kg/m

) 29.49±5.39 30.75±6.84 0.553

PBF (%) 33.39±9,19 33.84±9.82 0.892

SMM (kg) 29.68±4.53 31.09±4.25 0.356

TBW (L) 38.71±5.6 40.45±5.18 0.355

BFM (kg) 27.95±12.40 31.07±15.78 0.526

p> 0.05; No significant difference using Independent T-Test

BMI = Body Mass Index; PBF = Body Fat Percentage; SMM = Skeletal Muscle Mass; TBW = Total Body Water; BFM =

Body Fat Mass.

Table 3: Muscles strength and hand grip strength before, after training and detraining in sedentary youth, n=34.

Intervention After

Detraining (lbf)

Time effect

(Partial ETA)

Group effect

(Partial ETA)

Intervention

effect

(Partial ETA)

Variables Baseline

(lbf)

Post (lbf)

Elbow Flexors

33.60±5.73

35.11±9.11

49.06±10.30

34.03±8.83

41.71±6.33

34.59±8.96

0.001 (0.352) ***

0.010 (0.191) ***

0.001 (0.418) ***

Elbow Extensors

29.91±5.40

30.45±6.75

41.18±7.58

30.52±7.57

34.70±6.83

32.12±8.09

0.001 (0.301) ***

0.051 (0.114)

0.001 (0.308) ***

Shoulder

Abductors

27.90±7.35

32.39±4.32

36.60±8.88

32.20±5.78

30.67±6.62

29.99±6.28

0.006 (0.168) **

0.908 (0.001)

0.010 (0.148) *

Knee flexors

28.91±3.72

27.94±5.14

40.31±6.90

29.83±5.22

32.43±4.44

28.09±4.71

0.001 (0.450) ***

0.001 (0.315) ***

0.001 (0.288) ***

Knee extensors

39.44±10.03

40.38±9.09

46.00±9.15

42.42±8.42

48.31±15.12

41.08±8.39

0.018 (0.117) *

0.257 (0.040)

0.085(0.074)

Hip abductors

35.67±10.95

40.52±7.82

45.91±14.23

42.98±7.80

39.15±7.92

38.28±8.31

0.012 (0.147) *

0.880 (0.001)

0.178 (0.054)

Right Handgrip

73.80±13.80

82.01±11.82

91.08±21.06

85.49±17.00

82.79±14.29

84.32±13.71

0.006 (0.147) *

0.727 (0.004)

0.097 (0.070)

Left Handgrip

66.29±14.09

77.85±9.89

85.02±20.12

74.91±12.49

77.04±12.42

68.95±24.79

0.033 (0.008) *

0.606 (0.008)

0.002 (0.178) ***

Values are Mean ± standard deviation (SD)

* p < 0.05 - Significant difference using ANOVA repeated measures for both groups

** p < 0.005 - Significant difference using ANOVA repeated measures for both groups

*** p < 0.001 - Significant difference using ANOVA repeated measures for both groups

Inﬂuence of Isometric Contraction during Archery Training and Detraining on the Muscles and Hand Grip Strength in Sedentary Youth: A

Randomized Controlled Trial

125