Public Governance Model: Public Policy for Improving the Sleman

Regional Economy based on Culture

Noto Pamungkas

, Rakyan Widowati Tanjung

, Sri Suryaningsum

and Alifa Nida Maharani

Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Yogyakarta

Department of Accounting, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Social Development and Welfare Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Keyword: Public Sector Accounting, Public governance, public policy, Sleman culture, Sleman Batik Regulations

Abstract: The public governance model is critical in public sector accounting. Proper local regulations will improve

the economy of the region. One example is in the Sleman area. This article will analyze policies to improve

the economy of the people of Sleman Regency. The development of the Sleman Regency attracts

newcomers from outside Sleman. Newcomers bring a variety of cultures that can threaten and fade out the

culture and characteristics of Sleman Regency. Preservation of culture and characteristics can be done

through the creation of batik motifs that illustrate the characteristics of Sleman. In Sleman Regent

Regulation Number 35 of 2015 concerning Sleman Batik Governance, it has been described what is

included in the Sleman batik motif, but have not covered all the characteristics of Sleman Regency yet, so

the motifs of salak pondoh and eels tend to be more developed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the

relationship between Sleman Regent Regulation Number 35 of 2015 concerning Sleman Batik Governance

with the development of Sleman batik. The framework for this research is Incomplete Contracts Theory by

Hart in 2017. The result of this research is to find out the influence of the environmental conditions at the

Sleman batik Regent Regulation. The effect of environmental conditions on the development of Sleman

batik. The influence of Sleman batik Regent Regulation on the development of Sleman batik. The

difficulties faced in the development of Sleman batik after the Sleman batik Regent Regulation passed is the

limited batik motifs that can be developed. The government has conducted batik training and marketed the

Sleman batik through several festivals. Thus, it is highly recommended for the government to expand the

scope of the Sleman batik motif so that the Sleman Batik motif can be more diverse.

1 INTRODUCTION

Public sector accounting has a vast domain,

including analyzing public policy. Public policy is

part of public governance. This scientific article was

built based on observations of economic

improvement based on community culture. One of

the Sleman cultures is a love of batik cloth. The

Sleman community used batik cloth from birth to

death. Indonesia is a country that has a diverse

culture, one of which is batik (Suryaningsum,

2017a). Batik is a painting and writing that made in

fabric (Suryaningsum, 2017b). At first, batik was

only used by the Yogyakarta and Surakarta royal

families, but now batik has been used by various

groups of people (Suryaningsum, 2017c). Even on

October 2, 2009, batik has been awarded as world

heritage by UNESCO (Suryaningsum et al., 2019a).

Sleman Regency is one of the regencies in the

Special Region of Yogyakarta. Geographically,

Sleman Regency is located at 110 ° 33 ′ 00 ″ and 110

° 13 ′ 00 East Longitude, 7 ° 34 ′ 51 ″ and 7 ° 47 ′ 30

″ South Latitude. With an area of 574.82 Km2,

Sleman Regency is bordered by Boyolali Regency,

Central Java in the north; Yogyakarta City, Bantul

Regency and Gunungkidul Regency in the south;

Klaten Regency, Central Java in the east; and Kulon

Progo Regency and Magelang Regency, Central

Java in the west (Pemerintah Kabupaten Sleman,

2019a).

The Sleman Regency area has a height of less

than 100 masl to more than 1000 masl with a slope

of between 0% to more than 40%. Sleman Regency

has a wet tropical climate with a rainy season

between November to April and the dry season

between May and October. With these conditions,

Pamungkas, N., Tanjung, R., Suryaningsum, S. and Maharani, A.

Public Governance Model: Public Policy for Improving the Sleman Regional Economy based on Culture.

DOI: 10.5220/0009963604810487

In Proceedings of the International Conference of Business, Economy, Entrepreneurship and Management (ICBEEM 2019), pages 481-487

ISBN: 978-989-758-471-8

481

most of the Sleman Regency is fertile land that is

used as agricultural and plantation land (Pemerintah

Kabupaten Sleman, 2019b).

At a reunion meeting between the Former Regent

and Deputy Regent of Purna Bhakti Praja, Sri

Purnomo, as the Sleman Regent, revealed that the

economic development of Sleman Regency has

increased in macro-level. Economic progress in

Sleman Regency is more evenly distributed. This

distribution can be seen through the Gini index of

the Sleman Regency at 0.390. Poverty in Sleman

Regency also dropped to 9.48%. These growths are

due to the development of industrial facilities and

infrastructure, business coaching, funding for capital

strengthening funds for SMEs, work placements,

ease of business permit services, etc. (Umaiyah,

2018).

Sleman also has diverse characteristics, ranging

from flora, fauna, arts, food, traditional houses, and

so forth. The typical flora of Sleman Regency is,

among others, salak pondoh. The typical fauna is an

Orange-headed Thrush. The typical foods are jadah

tempe, rabbit satay, eel pepes, sate jaran (horse

satay), Kalasan fried chicken, and other traditional

snacks. Traditional arts in Sleman are Badui dance,

kethoprak, trengganon, Emprak dance, kubrosiswo,

and so forth. The Sleman Regency traditional house

is a joglo house.

Sleman Regency is one of the regencies in the

Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) that has a very

rapid development. The economic improvement and

the existence of state and private universities in

Sleman also attract newcomers from outside of

Sleman and Yogyakarta. Newcomers who come to

Sleman may affect the sustainability of Sleman

Regency characteristics and replace it with the

characteristics of other regions or countries.

Yogyakarta is famous for its batik. One of the

regencies in Yogyakarta, whose batik is famous

worldwide, is Sleman Regency. Sleman Batik is

classified as contemporary or modern batik. At first,

the Sleman Regency Government had created the

Sleman Sembada batik motif. However, this motif

cannot be used by the whole community, but can

only be used by government officials, teachers, and

other civil servants in Sleman Regency.

In 2015, the Sleman Regent issued Sleman

Regent Regulation Number 35 of 2015 concerning

Sleman Batik Governance. The regent regulation

governs the understanding of Batik Sleman; the

purpose of establishing the governance of Sleman

Batik; essential elements of Sleman Batik;

modifying technique of Sleman Batik; Sleman Batik

motif design competition; Sleman Batik copyright

ownership that is held by the Regional Government;

regulate the production, utilization, marketing and

licensing systems of Sleman Batik; rights,

obligations, and prohibitions in the production,

utilization, and marketing of Batik Sleman; sanction

if violating the rules; Sleman Batik production

cooperation; promotion of Sleman Batik; Sleman

Batik association; guidance and supervision of

Sleman Batik.

One of the characteristics of the Sleman Batik

motif is the picture of partijotho, elephant, salak, and

eel. The majority of Sleman batik is dark colored

because Sleman only consists of lowlands and

highlands. Batik that has bright colors usually comes

from coastal areas (Suryaningsum et al., 2019).

One way to continue to preserve the

characteristics of the Sleman Regency is to include

them in the typical batik motif of Sleman Regency.

With the diverse characteristics of Sleman Regency

but also the limitation of Sleman batik motifs by

Sleman Regency Regulation Number 35 of 2015

concerning Sleman Batik Governance, the

increasing number of newcomers entering Sleman

Regency can threaten the preservation of Sleman

Regency characteristics. Therefore, this study was

done to find the relationship between Sleman Regent

Regulation Number 35 of 2015 concerning Sleman

Batik Governance with Sleman batik development,

and to provide suggestions for the development of

Sleman Batik so that Sleman Regency's

characteristics are not extinct.

This research is different from prior studies

because this research focuses more on the

relationship between Sleman Regent Regulation

Number 35 Year 2015 concerning Batik Sleman

Governance and the development of Batik Sleman,

while previous studies focused on the development

of canting technology (Ramadhani, 2015), batik

making process (Muamalah, 2017), and batik waste

management (Yulianto et al., 2009).

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Public sector accounting has a vast domain. This

domain is also related to public governance. In this

case, it is analyzing the local regulation policies that

can provide welfare for the people. Public policies

that are built based on community culture are critical

to be observed. Community culture is very relevant

to the movement of the regional economy.

Observation of economic improvement based on

community culture. One of the Sleman cultures is a

love of batik cloth. The Sleman community used

ICBEEM 2019 - International Conference on Business, Economy, Entrepreneurship and Management

482

batik cloth from birth to death. Batik cloth is used by

people every day.

Batik has been known in Indonesia since the

Majapahit era (Anas et al., 1997). Batik is art whose

making process traditions are inherited from

generation to generation (Suryaningsum, 2017d).

Etymologically, the word batik comes from

Javanese, which is emphatic which comes from the

word amba which means width, area, fabric, and

word dots or matik which mean making points, so

batik means connecting the dots into motifs on a

wide fabric (Suryaningsum et al., 2019).

The Sleman Regency Government has issued and

implemented the Sleman Regent Regulation Number

35 of 2015 concerning Sleman Batik Governance.

There is a definition of Sleman batik in the Regent

Regulation, which stated that Sleman batik is created

by Sleman batik craftsmen who mix and match the

visualization of flora, fauna, and geographic

conditions in the Sleman Regency.

One of the frameworks in this study uses

Incomplete Contracts Theory. In this theory, it is

illustrated that the realization of a contract is not

perfect. There may be some incentive constraints

arising from the moral hazard or asymmetric

information, but there are no unanticipated

contingencies (Hart, 2017). Hart also emphasized

that contracts realize that they are poorly worded,

ambiguous, and leave out important things. In this

study, accompanied by the Sleman Sleman Regent

Regent Regulation Number 35 of 2015 concerning

Sleman Batik Governance, which implies the

limitation of Sleman Batik's motives is undoubtedly

one of the things that lead to the occurrence of

incomplete contracts on several sides as told by

Hart.

The name of Sleman Regency comes from the

word liman (elephant). It is famous for parijotho

plants which can only live at an altitude of more

than 2,000 meters above sea level and their typical

souvenirs, salak and eel, inspire Sleman batik and

Sleman government to make and patent the typical

batik of Sleman Regency.

The Sinom Parijotho motif came from the winner

of the Sleman Batik Design Competition in 2012,

which was awarded as the typical batik motif of

Sleman Regency. Parijotho plants are native plants

of the slopes of Mount Merapi in the form of foliage

plants. Besides being consumed, Parijotho plants

also have several benefits and so that these plants

symbolize prosperity. Now, the Parijotho plant is

tough to find. One of the reasons behind the creation

of Parijotho batik motif is to preserve this

endangered plant from extinction. The coloring

process of Parijotho batik motif in Plalangan

Village, Pendowoharjo Village, Sleman Regency,

still uses natural dyes derived from plants.

Salak pondoh motifs consist of salak leaves,

salak flowers, and salak fruit itself. Salak is one of

the sources of community livelihood in Sleman

Regency. The development of products produced by

salak increases the economy of the community. The

salak pondoh batik motif, besides symbolizing salak,

which is the typical plant of Sleman, also symbolizes

good and equitable fertility, prosperity, and welfare

in the livelihoods of the Sleman Regency people.

Besides salak, Sleman Regency also famous for its

eel chips and other eel products. Like salak pondoh

batik, eel batik also illustrates the fertility,

prosperity, and welfare of the Sleman Regency

people.

The elephant motif is chosen as the typical batik

motif of Sleman because it is inspired by the

meaning of the word Sleman itself. The word

Sleman comes from the word Liman which means

elephant. It is estimated that during the Kingdom of

Ancient Mataran, Sleman, which was on the slopes

of Merapi, Kunjarakunja (the capital city) region

was known as the area of origin of the elephant

(Kartodirdjo, 1975). Furthermore, elephant also

illustrates strength, but behind that strength there is

also a gentle nature to anyone.

3 RESEARCH METHODS

This research was conducted from January to June

2019. Located in Sleman Regency, Special Region

of Yogyakarta. The variables that were analyzed in

this study include the relationship between Sleman

Regent Regulation Number 35 of 2015 concerning

Batik Sleman Governance and the development of

Sleman Batik. This research uses a qualitative

analysis approach so that it can explain existing

phenomena in depth through explanations in the

form of sentences (Rahardjo, 2010).

The data in this research comes from primary

data and secondary data. Primary data is in the direct

information from the businessman in Sleman Batik

industry. Secondary data is obtained from literature

related to Sleman and Regent Regulation concerning

Batik. The method used to obtain the data includes

direct observation on the object under study as well

as through literature. The results of this study

criticism and suggestions for all players involved in

the development of Sleman Batik.

Public Governance Model: Public Policy for Improving the Sleman Regional Economy based on Culture

483

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Public sector accounting has a vast domain,

including analyzing public policy. Public policy is

part of public governance. Public policies that are

built based on community culture are critical to be

observed. Community culture is very relevant to the

movement of the regional economy. Observation of

economic improvement based on community

culture. International market demand for batik is

increasing (Suryaningsum et al., 2019b). In the

development of batik, the role of the government is

needed (Suryaningsum et al., 2019). The same thing

happened in Sleman. The Sleman Regency

Government already issued and implemented

Sleman Regent Regulation Number 35 of 2015

concerning Sleman Batik Governance with the

development of Sleman Batik.

In the process of batik production, it takes

precision, patience, and precision (Suryaningsum,

2018a). Besides introducing batik abroad,

introducing batik to the younger generation in

Indonesia is also needed (Suryaningsum, 2018b). In

addition to the role of the government, the role of

other players is also needed so that batik can be

preserved and used as a livelihood (Suryaningsum et

al., 2016).

Sleman has a Sleman batik association, namely

Mukti Manunggal. The batik association located in

Papringan, Bedog RT 6 RW 25 Trihanggo,

Gamping, Sleman was established on January 27,

2015, and was inaugurated by the Sleman Regency

Industry and Trade Official in 2016. At the

beginning, the association members consisted of

homemakers, grass seekers, farmers, and traders.

The number of independent batik craftsmen and

batik craftsmen groups increased after the

establishment of Mukti Manunggal. Sleman Batik

craftsmen have the ability to market their products to

international markets, like what was done by

Bambang Sumardiyono.

The existence of both public and private

universities in Sleman also affects the development

of batik in Sleman Regency. Like what was done by

the Institute for Research and Community Service

(LPPM) of the Pembangunan Nasional University

"Veteran" Yogyakarta, which provided an

opportunity for the academic community to receive

funding and publish their research on batik. The

Institute for Research and Community Service

(LPPM) of Gadjah Mada University, in

collaboration with the Batik Sekar Jatimas Group,

organized batik training for beginners to create

regeneration of batik craftsmen in Sleman. Since

2014, the Directorate of Research and Community

Service (DPPM) of the Indonesian Islamic

University supports the development of batik in

Plalangan Hamlet, Pandowoharjo Village, Sleman

by facilitating batik training in the hamlet. Now,

with the assistance of the UII DPPM, the products

made by the Plalangan Hamlet batik craftsmen have

been sold through e-commerce.

Most star hotels in Sleman Regency have

provided unique places to sell batik and sell other

handicrafts that are the works of Sleman craftsmen.

Some hotels in Sleman have also used batik

elements in their hotel. Like what was done by

Grand Keisha by Horison Yogyakarta. Grand Keisha

collaborated with the Mukti Manunggal Association

to provide a special place for Pembinaan

Kesejahteraan Keluarga (PKK) mothers from

Sleman named Batik Corner. At Batik Corner, hotel

visitors can directly learn to make batik and also buy

Sleman Batik in that place.

Yogyakarta is famous for its tourism, one of

which is the temple. Sleman Regency is one of the

regencies that has many temples. The

Archaeological Heritage Preservation Hall (BP3) of

Yogyakarta was established in Kalasan District,

Sleman Regency, because there are many temples in

the area. Sleman also has diverse characteristics,

ranging from flora, fauna, arts, food, traditional

houses, and so forth.

Sleman Regency is one of the regencies in the

Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) with very rapid

development. The economic improvement and

education in Sleman attract newcomers from outside

of Sleman and DIY. Newcomers who enter Sleman

are feared to affect the sustainability of Sleman

Regency characteristics and replace it with the

characteristics of other regions or countries. One

way to preserve the characteristics of the Sleman

Regency is to include them in the typical batik motif

of Sleman Regency.

Sleman Regent Regulation Number 35 of 2015

concerning Sleman Batik Governance was issued in

order to protect and respect the batik of the Sleman

community designed by mixing and matching the

flora, fauna, and geographical conditions of Sleman

Regency in order to have competitiveness and to be

able to improve people's welfare.

They are aiming to create characteristics and

distinctiveness of Sleman Batik, preserving Sleman

Batik's culture, increasing quality assurance and

competitiveness of Sleman Batik products,

increasing loyalty and trust in domestic and foreign

consumers, providing legal protection and

preventing unfair business competition practices, as

ICBEEM 2019 - International Conference on Business, Economy, Entrepreneurship and Management

484

well as building industrial independence of Sleman

Batik.

In Sleman Regent Regulation Number 35 of

2015 concerning Sleman Batik Governance, motifs

that can be used as Sleman Batik’'s motifs are

regulated. The basic elements of Sleman batik must

be a visualization of the flora, fauna and

geographical conditions in Sleman Regency. Such as

flowers, leaves, fruits, and stems from

chrysanthemums, Parijotho, water guava, and salak;

punglor bird, elephant and eel; and rocks, twisting

rivers, the edge of hot clouds, and mountains.

The authors assume that the selection of these

components is based on the things that are well-

known from Sleman Regency in prior time. With the

development in technology and the changes in the

way people think, there was a shift in the views of

the people towards Sleman Regency, so that the

famous things from Sleman Regency changed as

well.

Local governments can hold Sleman batik motif

design competition in order to develop the creations

and potential that exist in Sleman Batik. The

government has done it several times and produced

batik Parijotho motif, elephants, and so forth.

The limitation of Sleman Batik motifs by the

Sleman Regent Regulation Number 35 of 2015

concerning Sleman Batik Governance does not

contain many diverse characteristics of Sleman

Regency. With this limitation, Sleman Regency

batik craftsmen cannot express their views freely on

Sleman Regency. If the batik craftsmen still want to

express his views other than the components that

have been determined, it cannot be recognized as the

Batik of Sleman Regency.

The change in the views of the community and

the entry of various new cultures in Sleman can

result in the extinction of the characteristics of

Sleman Regency. By visualizing the characteristics

of Sleman regency into batik motifs, it can preserve

these characteristics and it can also be used as a

marketing tool for the characteristics of Sleman

Regency to the broader community. If the wider

community knows the whole characteristic of

Sleman Regency, it can attract tourists to dig deeper

into the tourism potential in Sleman Regency. The

more curious tourists are about the tourism potential

in Sleman Regency, the longer the tourists will stay

in Sleman, so the income of the Sleman Regency

can be increased. If Sleman batik motifs are not

restricted, there will be more new motifs, so that it

can provide many choices for consumers or tourists

to buy Sleman batik. The variety of Sleman batik

can also prevent tourists from boredom in buying

Sleman batik as souvenirs.

5 CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

Sleman Regency is one of the growth centers in

DIY. The development of the Sleman Regency is a

factor that attracts newcomers from outside Sleman

and Yogyakarta. Newcomers bring a variety of

cultures that can threaten and fade out the culture

and characteristics of Sleman Regency. Preservation

of distinctive features and culture can be done

through the creation of batik motifs that illustrate the

characteristics of Sleman Regency. In Sleman

Regency Regulation Number 35 of 2015 concerning

Sleman Batik Governance, it has been described

what is included in the Sleman batik motif, but it has

not cover all the characteristics of Sleman Regency

yet, so the motif of salak pondoh and eel tends to be

more developed compared to other motifs. The

difficulties faced in the development of Sleman batik

after the Sleman batik Regent Regulation is the

limited amount of batik motifs that can be

developed. The government has conducted training

in batik and marketed Sleman batik through several

festivals. If the component that can be visualized in

Sleman batik can be expanded, it can boost regional

income as well, because tourists will become more

familiar with Sleman Regency, more interested in

digging deeper into Sleman Regency. It can also

prevent people from becoming bored with batik

motifs in Sleman Regency. Thus, it is highly

recommended for the government to expand the

scope of Sleman batik motifs so that the Sleman

Batik motif can be more diverse and to build

individual museums to capture everything about

Sleman Batik, from history to the types of Sleman

batik motifs.

Sleman Regency is one of the growth centers in

DIY. The development of the Sleman Regency is a

factor that attracts newcomers from outside Sleman

and Yogyakarta. Newcomers bring a variety of

cultures that can threaten and fade out the culture

and characteristics of Sleman Regency. Preservation

of distinctive features and culture can be done

through the creation of batik motifs that illustrate the

characteristics of Sleman Regency. Sleman Regency

Regulation Number 35 of 2015 concerning Sleman

Batik Governance has described what is included in

Public Governance Model: Public Policy for Improving the Sleman Regional Economy based on Culture

485

the Sleman batik motif. However, it has not covered

all the characteristics of Sleman Regency yet, so the

motif of salak pondoh and eel tends to be more

developed compared to other motifs. The difficulties

faced in the development of Sleman batik after the

Sleman batik Regent Regulation is the limited

amount of batik motifs that can be developed. The

government has organized batik making training and

marketed Sleman batik through several festivals. If

the component that can be visualized in Sleman

batik can be expanded, it can boost regional income

as well, because tourists will become more familiar

with Sleman Regency, more interested in digging

deeper into Sleman Regency, and it can also prevent

people from feeling bored with batik motifs in

Sleman Regency. Thus, it is highly recommended

for the government to expand the scope of Sleman

batik motifs so that the Sleman Batik motif can be

more diverse and to build special museums to

capture everything about Sleman Batik, from history

to the types of Sleman batik motifs

Based on the strategy analysis, the most

interesting strategy is the intensive strategy because

the number of attraction scores (5.53) is smaller than

the number of scores on the attraction of the

integration strategy (5.84). That is, the strategy for

developing batik in the city of Yogyakarta is product

development.

5.2 Recommendations

Public sector accounting has a very broad domain,

including analyzing public policy. Public policy is

part of public governance. Public policies that are

built on the basis of community culture are very

important to be observed. Community culture is very

relevant to the movement of the regional economy.

Observation of economic improvement based on

community culture. One of the Sleman cultures is a

love of batik cloth. The Sleman community used

batik cloth from birth to death. Batik cloth is used by

people every day. Based on the analysis of data and

conclusions, the author presents several suggestions

to the company as material for consideration in

determining company policy.

This paper is only limited to the research and

opinions of the author. It is not a form of writer

hatred towards the government, especially the

Sleman Regency Government. This paper aims to

provide advice for the government to expand the

scope of components that can be recognized as

Sleman Batik from many perspectives and also

include Incomplete Contracts Theory by Hart.

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