Wild Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) Varieties as an

Aromatic Plants from North Sumatera

Endang Kintamani

1,3

, Cecep Kusmana

, Tatang Tiryana

, Irmanida Batubara

, and Edi Mirmanto

Department of Tropical Silviculture, Forestry Faculty, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Faculty, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia

Keywords: Andaliman, Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC., Variety, North Sumatera.

Abstract: Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) is one of endemic plant in North Sumatera which produce

essential oil. This study aims to explore the wild Andaliman varieties and their characteristics based on

specimens and any information sourced from local community knowledge in North Sumatera. This research

was conducted through a vegetation survey with local communities in three districts based on three altitude

levels: North Tapanuli (1500-1600 masl), Samosir Island (1600-1700 masl) and Humbang Hasundutan

(1700-1800 masl) using 20 x 20 m plot with three replicates at each altitude level, totaling nine plots.

Observation was carried out through morphological characteristics: seeds, leaves, and prickles based on

specimens from the fieldwork and observing fruits, leaves, stems and prickles based on local community

knowledge by in-depth interview. The results showed that there were nine varieties Andaliman in North

Sumatera: Siholpu, Siganjangpat, Sihalus, Sihorbo, Simanuk, Sirangkak and there were three unnamed

varieties. Each variety grows in a different altitude and has morphological characteristics. Further research

will be carried out, related to the essential oil content of each Andaliman variety and its ecological conditions.

1 INTRODUCTION

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) is a

one of the Rutaceae family. (Hartley, 1966) reported

the natural distribution of Z. acanthopodium in India,

Nepal, Sikkim, Eastern Pakistan, Myanmar,

Thailand, China and Sumatra (Indonesia). In

Indonesia, this plant spread only in North Sumatera

Province and Aceh. The fruit of Andaliman is often

used by the Batak people as a spice for traditional

cuisine (Raja and Hartana, 2017; Wijaya, 1999).

Andaliman also an aromatic plant that can produce

essential oils in the fruit (Moektiwardoyo et al., 2014;

Wijaya et al., 2001; Majumder et al., 2014; He et al.,

2018) and the leaf (Rakic et al., 2009; Devi et al.,

2015; Rana and Blazquez, 2014).

Initially, Andaliman was not known to have

several varieties. However, Siregar (2003) stated that

there were two Andaliman “tuba sihorbo” and “tuba

siparjolo” in Dairi. (Parhusip, 2006) also stated that

there were three Andaliman varieties: Simanuk,

Sihorbo and Sitanga around Toba Lake. Raja and

Hartana, (2017) were reported that there were four

Andaliman cultivars: Simanuk, Sihorbo, Silokot and

Sikoreng which were distributed in Toba Samosir,

Simalungun, Dairi and North Tapanuli. Meanwhile

according to (Simbolon, 2018) there were two

varieties of Andaliman: Simanuk and Sihorbo in

Dairi, Toba Samosir and Simalungun. The objective

of this research is to explore the wild Andaliman

varieties and their characteristics based on specimens

and any information sourced from local community

knowledge in North Sumatera.

2 METHOD

This research was conducted at 2019 through a

vegetation survey with local communities in three

districts based on three altitude levels: North Tapanuli

(1.500-1.600 masl), Samosir Island (1.600-1.700

masl) and Humbang Hasundutan (1.700-1.800 masl)

using 20 x 20 m plot with three replicates at each

altitude level, totaling nine plots. Observation was

carried out through morphological characteristics:

seeds, leaves, and prickles based on specimens from

the fieldwork and observing fruits, leaves, stems and

prickles based on local community knowledge by in-

depth interview.

140

Kintamani, E., Kusmana, C., Tiryana, T., Batubara, I. and Mirmanto, E.

Wild Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) Varieties as an Aromatic Plants from North Sumatera.

DOI: 10.5220/0009958201400146

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Essential Oils (ICEO 2019), pages 140-146

ISBN: 978-989-758-456-5

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Botany of Andaliman

Zanthoxylum acanthopodium. Prodr. 1: 727, 1824.

Type: Wallich, 1821, Nepal. “Scandent or erect

shrubs or small trees to 6 m.; dioecious or (in

Sumatera) with perfect flowers; apparently both

deciduous and evergreen; branchlets villous with

ferruginous hairs to glabrate, generally armed, the

prickles flattened, predominantly pseudostipular, to

1.2 cm long. Leaves trifoliolate or imparipinnate 2-25

cm long; rachis villous to glabrate, often with

flattened prickles, narrowly to broadly (to 3 mm, on

either side) winged; petiolules obsolete to 3 mm long;

leaflets1-6 pairs, opposite, chartaceous, villous to

sparsely hairy on the main veins below, with

appressed hairs or glabrous above, often with

flattened prickles along the midrib above and below,

ovate to elliptic-lanceolate 1-12 cm long, 0.5-4.5 cm

wide, base obtuse, main veins generally conspicuous,

10-28 on each side of the midrib, margins sub-entire

to glandular crenate with as many as 8 crenations per

cm., apex acute to acuminate, inflorescences axillary,

paniculate to racemose, 0.5-2 cm long and generally

glomerate. Staminate flowers about 3 mm long;

pedicels obsolete to 2 mm long; perianth segments 6-

8, undifferentiated although occasionally slightly

unequal in size, uniseriate to irregularly biseriate,

green or yellowish green elliptic to ligulate, 1-2 mm

long, sparsely hairy to glabrous; stamens 6, about 2

mm long, anthers about 1 mm long and reddish purple

prior to anthesis; disc pulvinate, about 0.75 mm high;

rudimentary carpels 2-5. Carpellate flowers about 2

mm long; pedicels and perianth segments as in

staminate flowers; rudimentary stamens none; disc

pulvinate, 0.5-0.75 mm high; gynoecium 2-5

carpellate, sparsely hirsute to glabrous, about 1.5 mm

high, styles about 0.75 mm long, divergent,

articulating about 0.3 mm below the globose stigma.

Perfect flowers (only in Sumatran specimens) about 3

mm long; pedicels and perianth segments as in

staminate flowers; stamens 3-6, about 3 mm long,

otherwise as in staminate flowers; gynoecium 2-4

carpellate, sparsely hirsute, otherwise as in carpellate

flowers. Fruiting pedicels 0.5-1.5 mm long; follicles

generally reddish, subglobose, about 4 mm, in

diameter in 2’s to 5’s, the undeveloped carpels

caducous”. (Hartley,1966).

3.2 Andaliman Varieties in North

Sumatera

The results showed that there were nine Andaliman

varieties in North Sumatera, six varieties were

already named, which are Siholpu, Siganjangpat,

Sihalus Sihorbo, Simanuk, Sirangkak. Three other

varieties have not been obtained the local names.

However, Sihorbo variety is found in two districts,

Samosir Island (SI) and Humbang Hasundutan (HH).

There were three Andaliman varieties in North

Tapanuli District (1.500-1.600 m asl): Siholpu,

Siganjangpat and Variety 3.

3.2.1 Siholpu Variety

Based on local knowledge, Siholpu variety has

greener leaves, smaller leaf size, more prickles in the

middle of the leaf, short petiole. The fruit has a

smaller size, the colour of the fruit is greener, the fruit

stalks are short, the fruit is swarming, more fruit

production than Siganjangpat variety, fruiting

throughout the year, the fruit is preferred by the local

community, the fruit has the spiciest taste and the

most fragrant. The stem is brown and smaller in size.

Prickles on the stems and leaves are longer and

harder.

Figure 1: Siholpu Variety. A) Tree, B) Fruit, C) Flowers,

D) Leaves, E) Prickles, F) Specimen.

Based on the specimen of Siholpu variety, leaves:

trifoliolate or imparipinnate, 14 cm long, 7 leaflets, 5

cm long, 1.5 cm wide, there are prickles in the middle

of the leaf. Seeds: black, subglobose, 0.25 cm long,

0.2 cm wide. Prickle: 1 cm long, 0.5 cm wide. There

are many prickles on the twig.

Wild Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) Varieties as an Aromatic Plants from North Sumatera

141

3.2.2 Siganjangpat Variety

Based on local knowledge, Siganjangpat variety has

yellowish leaves, bigger leaf size, leaves have less

prickles, long petiole. Larger size fruits, fewer green

fruits, longer fruit stalks, less fruit production (only

bear fruit twice a year), fruit has a less spicy taste and

less fragrant. The stem has a lighter colour and bigger

size. Less prickles on the stems and the leaves.

Based on the specimen of Siganjangpat variety,

leaves trifoliolate or imparipinnate, 20 cm long, 7

leaflets, 7.5 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, no prickles in the

middle of the leaf. Seed: black, subglobose, 0.3 cm

long, 0.2 cm wide. Prickle: 0.3 cm long, 0.1 cm wide.

There are almost no prickles on the twig.

Figure 2: Siganjangpat Variety. A) Tree, B) Fruit, C)

Flowers, D) Leaves, E) Specimen.

3.2.3 Variety 3

Based on local knowledge, Variety 3 has greener

leaves, moderate and smaller prickles in the middle of

the leaf, short petiole. Fruit has smaller size, greener

fruit colour, short fruit stalk, the highest fruit

production compared to Siholpu variety and

Siganjangpat variety, fruit has a spicy taste and

fragrant. The stem size is bigger and higher than

Siholpu variety and Siganjangpat variety. Medium

prickles, less prickles than Siholpu variety and more

prickles than Siganjangpat variety.

Based on the specimen of Variety 3, leaves

trifoliolate or imparipinnate, 15 cm long, 7 leaflets,

5.5 cm long, 1.8 cm wide, there are prickles in the

middle of the leaf (moderate). Seeds: black,

subglobose, 0.2 cm long, 0.2 cm wide. Prickle: 0.8 cm

long, 0.5 cm wide. There are moderate prickles on the

twig.

There were two Andaliman varieties in Samosir

Island (1.600-1.700 m asl): Sihalus and Sihorbo.

Figure 3: Variety 3. A) Tree, B) Fruit, C) Flowers,

D) Leaves, E) Prickles, F) Specimen.

3.2.4 Sihalus Variety

Based on local knowledge, Sihalus variety has

smaller leaf size, tight spacing between leaves, long

petiole. The fruit has a smaller size and more durable

to store, more fruit production, the fruit has the same

taste and aroma as Sihorbo variety. The stem has a

smaller size. Slightly prickles.

Based on the specimen of Sihalus variety,leaves

trifoliolate or imparipinnate, 15.5 cm long, 7 leaflets,

5 cm long, 1.2 cm wide, no prickles in the middle of

the leaf. Seeds: black, subglobose, 0.4 cm long, 0.2

cm wide. Prickle: 0.8 cm long, 0.3 cm wide. Slightly

prickles on the twig.

Figure 4: Sihalus Variety. A) Tree, B) Fruit, C) Leaves,

D) Prickles, E) Specimen.

3.2.5 Sihorbo Variety (SI)

Based on local knowledge, Sihorbo variety (SI) has

larger leaves, sparce spacing between leaves, short

petiole. Fruit has a larger size and not durable to store,

less fruit production, the fruit has the same taste and

aroma as Sihalus variety. The stem has a larger size.

There are many prickles.

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Figure 5: Sihorbo Variety (SI). A) Tree, B) Fruit,

C) Leaves, D) Stem, E) Prickles, F) Specimen.

Based on the specimen of Sihorbo variety, leaves

trifoliolate or imparipinnate, 13 cm long, 7 leaflets, 8

cm long, 2 cm wide, there are many prickles in the

middle of the leaf. Seeds: black, subglobose, 0.5 cm

long, 0.3 cm wide. Prickle: 2 cm long, 1.7 cm wide.

There are many prickles on the twig.

There were five Andaliman varieties in Humbang

Hasundutan District (1700-1800 masl): Simanuk,

Sihorbo, Sirangkak, Variety 1 and Variety 2.

3.2.6 Simanuk Variety

Based on local knowledge, Simanuk variety has small

green leaves with red leaves edges. Fruit is green

rather black, small-sized fruit and has a lot of oil,

many fruit production, fruit easily change colour to

black, the fruit is preferred by local communities

because it has a very spicy taste and fragrant. The

stem is gray and taller than other varieties. Slightly

prickles.

Figure 6: Simanuk Variety. A) Tree, B) Fruit, C) Flowers,

D) Leaves, E) Specimen.

Based on the specimen of Simanuk variety, leaves

trifoliolate or imparipinnate, 14 cm long, 7 leaflets,

5.5 cm long, 1.8 cm wide, slight prickles in the middle

of the leaf. Seeds: black, subglobose, 0.3 cm long, 0.2

cm wide. Prickle: 1 cm long, 0.5 cm wide. Slightly

prickles on the twig.

3.2.7 Sihorbo Variety (HH)

Based on local knowledge, Sihorbo variety (HH) has

long and large leaf sizes. The fruit has a large size,

green and clumps like kaffir lime, the highest fruit

production, the fruit has a less spicy taste and less

fragrant. The stem is light green. There are very tight

prickles.

Based on the specimen of Sihorbo variety, leaves

trifoliolate or imparipinnate, 23 cm long, 7 leaflets, 9

cm long, 3 cm wide, there are many prickles in the

middle of the leaf. Seeds: black, subglobose, 0.5 cm

long, 0.3 cm wide. Prickle: 1.2 cm long, 0.7 cm wide.

There are many prickles on the twig.

Figure 7: Sihorbo Variety (HH). A) Tree, B) Leaves, C)

Fruit, D) Specimen.

3.2.8 Sirangkak Variety

Based on local knowledge, Sirangkak variety has

green and red leaves. Fruit is rather a lot of

production, the fruit has a spicy taste and fragrant.

The stem is gray. There are many prickles.

Figure 8: Sirangkak Variety. A) Tree, B) Fruit, C) Flowers,

D) Leaves.

Wild Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) Varieties as an Aromatic Plants from North Sumatera

143

Based on the specimen of Sirangkak variety,

leaves trifoliolate or imparipinnate, 15 cm long, 7

leaflets, 5.5 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, there are many

prickles in the middle of the leaf. Seeds: black,

subglobose, 0.5 cm long, 0.25 cm wide. Prickle: 1.8

cm long, 0.5 cm wide. There are many prickles on the

twig.

3.2.9 Variety 1

Based on local knowledge, Variety 1 has green

reddish leaves, bigger and longer size. The fruit has a

bigger size, less fruit production, the fruit has a spicy

taste and fragrant. The stem is reddish. There are

many prickles.

Based on the specimen of Variety 1, leaves

trifoliolate or imparipinnate, 17 cm long, 7 leaflets, 7

cm long, 2 cm wide, no prickles in the middle of the

leaf. Seeds: black, subglobose, 0.5 cm long, 0.2 cm

wide. Prickle: 0.5 cm long, 0.2 cm wide. Many

prickles on the twig.

Figure 9: Variety 1. A) Tree, B) Fruit, C) Leaves, D)

Specimen.

3.2.10 Variety 2

Based on local knowledge, Variety 2 has small

leaves, green and short in size. Smaller fruit and less

fruit production, fruit has a spicy taste and fragrant.

The stem is gray. Short prickles.

Based on the specimen of Variety 2, leaves

trifoliolate or imparipinnate, 12.5 cm long, 7 leaflets,

4 cm long, 1 cm wide, no prickles in the middle of the

leaf. Seeds: black, subglobose, 0.3 cm long, 0.15 cm

wide. Prickle: 0.3 cm long, 0.1 cm wide. There are

short prickles on the twig.

Andaliman has several local names in North

Sumatra: “andaliman” (Batak Toba), “tuba” (Batak

Simalungun), itir-itir” (Batak Karo) and

“sinyarnyar” (Batak Angkola) (Raja and Hartana,

2017). Generally, the fruit of Andaliman in North

Sumatra tends to be utilized by Batak people as a

unique spice. It can also be medicine for digestive

disorders (Purba et al., 2018).

Figure 10: Variety 2. A) Tree, B) Leaves, C) Fruit, D)

Specimen.

Andaliman (Z. acanthopodium) in India has

several local names: "mukthrubi andaliman or

toothache tree" in Manipur (Leishangthem and

Sharma, 2014; Singh et al., 2003), "tambul" in

Manipur (Ishwori et al., 2014), eyar-ma" in

Arunachal Pradesh (Ghosh et al., 2014), "timru" at

Garhwal Himalayas (Kandari and Gusain, 2001).

Local communities in India utilize the leaf, fruit, seed

and stem bark of Z. acanthopodium. Young leaf and

fruit as a medicine for fever, cough and bronchitis

(Leishangthem and Sharma, 2014). Leaf and fruit are

also used as a medicine for cancer, boils, female

contraceptive, headache, fever, wounds, swelling and

skin diseases (Ghosh et al., 2014). Fruit is used as a

medicine for dysentery (Kala, 2005). Leaves and

seeds as medicine for fever, dyspepsia (abdominal

pain), cough, bronchitis, rheumatism (Singh et al.,

2003). Seed powder and stem bark are used as

toothache and tooth decay medicine. Fruit is used for

spices and condiments, insecticides and pesticides

(Kandari and Gusain, 2001). Leaf is consumed as

vegetable (Gogoi et al., 2014; Konsam et al., 2016).

Moektiwardoyo et al., (2014) stated that there was

4.94% concentration of essential oil from Andaliman

fruit. The active compound contents in Andaliman are

reported to be used as an antibacterial (Ishwori et al.,

2014; Parhusip, 2006; Saragih and Arsita, 2019),

antifungal (Devi et al., 2015), cancer cell inhibitor

(Zhao et al., 2005; Kristanty and Suriawati, 2014),

preventing malaria mosquitoes (He et al., 2018),

antioxidant (Tensiska et al., 2003; Gultom, 2011),

antiradical (Suryanto et al., 2004) and

antiinflammatory (Yanti, 2011).

Further research related to the essential oil content

of each Andaliman variety and its ecological studies

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are needed to support the cultivation of Andaliman as

a producer of essential oils in wider use and increase

added value for local communities in North Sumatera

in the future.

4 CONCLUSION

The conclusion of this research:

1. There were nine varieties Andaliman in North

Sumatera: Siholpu, Siganjangpat, Sihalus,

Sihorbo, Simanuk, Sirangkak and there were

three unnamed varieties.

2. Each variety grows in a different altitude and has

morphological characteristics.

3. Further research will be carried out, related to the

essential oil content of each Andaliman variety

and its ecological conditions.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank for by Research LIPI, the local

communities in North Tapanuli (Mr. Ferdinand

Manalu), Samosir Island (Mr. Prengki Sitanggang)

and Humbang Hasundutan (Mr. Darlen Lumban

Gaol).

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