The Effect of Syzygium polyanthum Wight Ethanolic Leaf Extract on

Aedes spp Instar III-IV Larvae

Tri Widyawati

, Rizky Ilham

2,3

Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Departement of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Medan, Indonesia

Faculty Medicine, Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Keywords: Aedes spp, Extract, Larvacid, Syzygium polyanthum

Abstract: Aedes spp mosquitos are the vectors that most cause diseases. The rise of insecticide resistance is related to

the increasing of vectorial capacity. The plant can be used as an alternative source for controlling these

vectors, one of which is Syzygium polyanthum (Wight). The present study was conducted to investigate the

larvacidal properties of S. polyanthum leaf on Aedes spp instar III-IV. Ethanolic extract of S. polyanthum

(EESP) was prepared by maceration using ethanol 70%. Larvae were divided into 7 groups (n=25,

respectively). Group I to V consisted of different concentrations of EESP (100 (CI);150 (CII);200 (CIII);250

(CIV);300ppm (CV)); VI: Water (W) and VII : Temephos 1% (T). The larvicidal activity was evaluated by

calculating the dead larva at 180. 360, 1440 and 2880 minutes to obtain Lethal Concentration 50% (LC50)

and Lethal Time 50% (LT50) using Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS). The result showed that

no larva found dead in W-treated group. Otherwise, the mortality of larva was increased with increasing of

EESP concentration (CI to CV). LC50 and LT50 showed 213 ppm and 2410 minutes, respectively. We

conclude that EESP has larvacidal activity on Aedes spp instar III-IV.

1 INTRODUCTION

Dengue fever is the most important mosquito-borne

viral disease of humans (Walker, 2011) which Aedes

spp mosquitos act as the main vectors (Owino, 2018).

Annually, it is estimated 50-100 million cases with

fatality rates between 0.5 and 3.5% in Asian countries

(Guzman and Kouri, 2002; Halstead, 2007; Suaya et

al, 2009; Walker et al, 2011).

The chemical insecticides for controlling the cycle

of the mosquito are known to play a role in increasing

mosquitos resistance (Adrianto, 2018). Therefore, an

alternative source with larvicidal properties obtained

from the plant could lead to the invention of new

agents for vector control (Kamaraj, 2008). Plants that

contained an alkaloid, saponin, eugenol, flavonoids,

and tannin were reported able to kill Aedes aegypti

larvae (Laurence et al, 2005; Ardianto, 2008).

Syzygium polyanthus (S.polyanthum), a family of

Myrtaceae, is widely used in Indonesia cuisines

(Widyawati, et al, 2015). The potency of this plant as

larvacide has been reported by Dwiyanti et al, 2017.

Their study showed that water extract of S.polyanthum

had a killing power against Aedes sp larvae.

The bioactivity of plants extracts was related to

their active compounds. Thus, the solvents that used

to provide plant extracts also will affect the yield of its

chemical compounds. The presents study was done to

investigate the larvicidal activity of ethanolic extract

of S.polyanthum (EESP) leaf on Aedes spp instar III-

IV larvae.

2 MATERIALS AND METHOD

The study was conducted on August-December 2018

at Pharmacology and Therapeutic Departement,

Medical Faculty, Universitas Sumatera Utara,

Medan, Indonesia.

2.1 Extract Preparation

S.polyanthum leaves were obtained from Titi

Kuning, Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia. The

fresh leaves were washed in running water and were

dried in the temperature room. The dried leaves or

simplicia that had been ground were extracted by

Widyawati, T. and Ilham, R.

The Effect of Syzygium polyanthum Wight Ethanolic Leaf Extract on Aedes spp Instar III-IV Larvae.

DOI: 10.5220/0009863001850188

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (ICTROMI 2019), pages 185-188

ISBN: 978-989-758-469-5

185

maceration using ethanol 70% to obtain ethanol

extract of Syzygium polyanthum (EESP).

2.2 Aedes spp larvae

Aedes spp were obtained from Loka Litbang

Kesehatan Pangandaran Ciamis, West Java,

Indonesia (DP.02.01/1/831/2018).

2.3 Experimental Procedure

The larvae were divided into 7 groups (n=25) in 200

ml water (WHO, 2005) with 4 replications of each as

follows: CI (EESP 100 ppm + Larvae); CII (EESP

150 ppm + Larvae); CIII (EESP 200 ppm + Larvae);

CIV(EESP 250 ppm + Larvae); CV (EESP 300 ppm

+ Larvae); T (Temephos 1% + Larvae) served as

positive control; W (Water + Larvae). Only the active

Aedes spp larvae instar III-IV were included in the

study.

2.4 Data Analysis

Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and expressed

as mean  SD. LC50 and LT50 were calculated using

probit analysis.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 shows the effect of different concentrations

of EESP on Aedes spp larvae. The results showed that

all larva were dead in T-treated group from the first

observation time at 180 min which continued until

2880 min. In EESP-treated groups, the dead larvae

were found at 1440 min and 2880 min observations

(p<0.05). The number of dead larvae was increased in

line with the higher of EESP concentration. At 1440

min observation as follows

CI(2.81.7);CII(41.8);CIII(41.8); CIV(15.81.5),

and CV(172.4), thus at 2880 min: CI(51.4);

CII(81.4); CIII(131.4); CIV(191.4), and

CV(21.30.9). Contrarily, in W-treated group, no

larval mortality was found. These results revealed the

larvicidal activity of EESP after 24 hours of exposure.

Table 1: Effect of ethanolic extract of Syzygium polyanthum

(Wight) (EESP) leaf on Aedes spp larvae instar III-IV

mortality.

Group

Number of larvae mortality by time (meanSD)

180'

360'

1440'

2880'

2.81.7

51.4

CII

41.8

81.4

CIII

41.8

131.4

CIV

15.8 1.5

191.4

17  2.4

21.30.9

25 0

250

Figure 1 shows that the percentage of Aedes spp

larvae mortality increased with increasing of EESP

concentration ie CI (20%), CII (32%), CIII(52%),

CIV(76%) and CV (85%).

Figure 1: Percentage of Aedes spp larvae mortality after 48

hrs treatment.

The present study showed that EESP with a

concentration of 213 ppm and a time of 2410 minutes

able to cause 50% mortality in the larvae of Aedes spp

mosquitos (Table 2).

Table 2: LC50 and LT50 of ethanolic extract of Syzygium

polyanthum (Wight) (EESP) leaf on Aedes spp larvae instar

III-IV.

Sample

LC50 (ppm)

LT50 (minutes)

EESP

213

2410

The present study used the third and fourth stage

of Aedes mosquito larvae based on WHO standards.

At these stages, the instar not only more resistant to

physical and mechanical factors such as

displacement, limited space for living in water but

also having enough time to turn into an adult

mosquito (WHO, 2005; Adrianto, 2008; Tennyson et

al. 2013).

ICTROMI 2019 - The 2nd International Conference on Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease

186

Based on resistance and safety issues of chemical

products, the efforts were turned to discover a new

compound of natural products derived from plantain

mosquito’s control. New botanical natural products

are believed to have following properties ie. effective,

environment-friendly, easily biodegradable,

inexpensive, and readily available in many areas of

the world, no ill effect on non-target organisms and

have novel modes of action. More than 2000 plant

species known to have bioactivities as an insecticide

(Sukumar et al. 1991; Su and Mulla, 1999;

Sanei-

Dehkordi et al. 2016).

S. polyanthum (Wight) leaf contained an alkaloid,

attire oil, flavonoid, steroid, triterpenoid, and saponin

(Mangoting et al, 2005; Widyawati, 2015). These

phytochemical compounds were potentially toxic to

insect. Alkaloids were reported can affect protein

kinases which play a role in signal transduction, cell

and tissue development, and acetylcholinesterase

inhibition. These compounds may damage the

midgut and gastric caecum of larvae so that the larvae

die (Ojha et al, 2013; Ni’mah et al, 2015; Velue et al,

2015). Temephos could inhibit the cholinesterase

enzyme, leading to impaired nerve activities due to

the accumulation of acetylcholine (Yulidar, 2014).

Thus, alkaloids, attire oil, saponin, and flavonoids

were also reported may damage the nervous and

respiratory system of larvae.

LC50 of EESP in the present study showed much

lower than methanol extract of S.polyanthum (213 vs

6576.68 ppm) as reported by Tinneke and Puput,

2015, while Dwijanti, 2017 showed that water extract

of S. polyanthum showed larvicidal activity at dose

2.5- 55%. The solvent used for the extraction process

of those different extracts affects the content of active

compounds that can kill larvae.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The present study showed that Syzygium polyanthum

(Wight) leaf ethanolic extract have larvicidal activity

on Aedes spp instar III-IV.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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