Formulation of Liquid Soap Ethanol Extract from Batak Onion as

Antifungal against Candida albicans

Iskandar Markus Sembiring

, Novita Br Ginting Munthe

, Priska Damayanti

, Rahmad Gurusinga

Sri Wulan

, Ika Nur Saputri

, Kuat Sitepu

, Dewi Tiansa Barus

, and Novidawati Boru Situmorang

Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Institut Kesehatan Medistra Lubuk Pakam, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia

Faculty of Midwifery, Institut Kesehatan Medistra Lubuk Pakam, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia

Faculty of Pharmacy, Institut Kesehatan Medistra Lubuk Pakam, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia

Faculty of Public Health, Institut Kesehatan Medistra Lubuk Pakam, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia

Faculty of Nursing, Deli Husada Delitua, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia a

Keywords: Liquid soap, Antifungal, Batak onion, Candida albicans.

Abstract: Batak onions (Allium chinense) grow widely in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The onion is one of the natural

ingredients that has the potential as an antifungal due to the content of active compounds such as saponins,

flavonoids, triterpenoids and steroids. This research is aimed to look at the antifungal effects of Candida

albicans ethanol extract on batak onions after it is formulated into liquid soap by varying the concentration of

1%, 5% and 10%. Liquid soap is made using a base of sodium lauryl sulfate soap, citric acid, sodium chloride,

propylenglycol and water. Batak onion extract by maceration method for 5 days using 96% ethanol solvent

while stirring occasionally and then filtered. Antifungal power test used the fungus Candida albicans in PDA

medium. Evaluation of batak onion extract liquid soap includes organoleptic examination, pH test,

macroscopic and microscopic examination and antifungal effect test. The results showed that the

concentration of ethanol extract of 1%, 5% and 10% onion had antifungal activity against Candida albican.

1 INTRODUCTION

Candida albicans is a species of fungus found in

several parts of the body of healthy organs, such as in

the mouth, throat, intestine, genital tract, faeces,

under the nails and skin Candida mushroom cells are

oval in shape or oval in their colonies on a dense

medium slightly arising from the surface of the

medium with a smooth, smooth or folded surface,

yellowish white and yeasty. Large colonies depend on

age. At the edge of the colony all hyphae can be seen

as fine threads belonging to the medium. In liquid

medium the fungus usually grows on the bottom of

the tube (Suprihatin, 2017; Bahari, 2018).

Fungus is one of the causes of infection in

diseases, especially in tropical countries. Fungal skin

disease is a skin disease that often arises in Indonesian

society. The tropical climate with high humidity in

Indonesia strongly supports the growth of fungi. The

number of fungal infections is also supported by the

large number of Indonesian people below the poverty

line so that the problem of environmental hygiene,

sanitation and healthy lifestyles is less of a concern in

the daily lives of Indonesian people (Harahap, 2012).

Most infections are endogenous because the

fungus is already present in the patient's body in a

variety of organs, especially the intestine. Infection

usually occurs when there is a predisposing factor.

Therefore Candida albicans is essentially included as

an opportunist fungus (Suprihatin, 2017).

Indonesia is widely known as the second largest

biodiversity mega-flashlight after Brazil in the world,

which consists of 7,000 types of plants that have

medicinal properties. The genus Allium (onion tribe)

has been widely studied because of its potential as an

antibacterial and antifungal and food preservative.

One of the onion plants that have been widely used by

the people, especially the Batak tribe, is the Batak

onion (A.chinense) (Rosdiyawati, 2018).

For the treatment of candidiasis antifungal

therapy is needed. However, the use of antifungal

drugs can cause resistance to fungi and can cause side

effects (Setiabudi, 2017). There are other options in

treating candidiasis, namely by utilizing traditional

medicine. These onion plants can inhibit the growth

Sembiring, I., Munthe, N., Damayanti, P., Gurusinga, R., Wulan, S., Saputri, I., Sitepu, K., Barus, D. and Situmorang, N.

Formulation of Liquid Soap Ethanol Extract from Batak Onion as Antifungal against Candida albicans.

DOI: 10.5220/0009839904750482

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Application Technology (ICHIMAT 2019), pages 475-482

ISBN: 978-989-758-460-2

475

of microorganisms such as fungi that cause vaginal

discharge. From the results of this study it is expected

that women who experience vaginal discharge can

apply the Batak onion plant as a non-pharmacological

drug and make the Batak onion plant a family

medicinal plant. (Ginting Munthe, N., Sembiring, I.,

& Siregar, W., 2019).

Patients with candidiasis are usually given

topical antifungal drugs that have been used to treat

skin candidiasis including Nystatin, Clotrimazole,

Miconazole and other Azol groups. However,

antifungal drugs have limitations such as severe side

effects, narrow spectrum antifungal, poor penetration

in certain tissues and the emergence of fungal

resistance (Setyowati, 2017). Therefore it is

necessary to find other safer alternative treatments.

Batak onion (Allium chinense) is a type of plant

that is also a food ingredient. The chive shape is like

an onion but with the tip of a longer stem and the color

tends to be white. So it resembles a shiny shaped leek

with long small leaves and also looks like an onion,

but its size is much smaller, but different from onion

chives (Lin et al, 2016).

Allium Chinense also has antimicrobial activity

due to the content of alisin and thiosulfate in it. The

transformation form of the two compounds is also

referred to as having quite potent anti-microbial

activity. Therefore allium chinense can inhibit many

microorganisms, such as fungal bacteria, viruses and

parasites (Dian, et all, 2017).

Natural compounds from various Allium species

that have antimicrobial activity consist of several

classes of chemical compounds including saponins,

flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids and peptide proteins.

These onion plants can inhibit the growth of

microorganisms such as fungi that cause vaginal

discharge. From the results of this study it is expected

that women who experience vaginal discharge can

apply the Batak onion plant as a non-pharmacological

drug and make the Batak onion plant a family

medicinal plant. (Ginting Munthe, N., Sembiring, I.,

& Siregar, W., 2019).

The sulfur content of onions which mostly

become sulfonates and polysulfides are important

compounds to prevent cancer, heart disease,

hypertension and diabetes. A study states that the

organosulfur content has an influence on plasma

cholesterol and atherosclerosis in vitro, treating

bronchitis, pleurisy, angina pectoris, shortness of

breath and diarrhea (Lin et all, 2016). One of the

famous genus of plants and widely used by the

community is Allium. More than 280 genera of

Allium are spread throughout the world

(Robinowitch, 2018).

Most of this genus is used by the community as a

spice in cooking and traditional medicine. Allium is

widely used as an antimicrobial and antifungal. In

addition, Allium is also used in food preservation to

replace chemical compounds that are widely used in

the food industry. Various antimicrobial compounds

of this genus have long been known as allicin, diallyl

disulfide, ajoene, and 3 (allyltrisulfanyl) -2-amino-

propanoic acid which has been proven to inhibit the

growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi,

viruses and parasites. Antimicrobial compounds

which were studied from Allium extract are believed

to be able to help solve the problem of pathogenic

microbial resistance arising from the use of

antibiotics (Dian, 2017; Yasni, S, 2016).

Soap is potassium or sodium salt from fatty acids

derived from animal fats and vegetable oils.

Currently, liquid skin cleansing soap is the most

widely used by the public because liquid soap is more

practical, more economical, easy to carry, more

hygienic for shared use, and easy to store. Liquid soap

is effective for removing impurities that stick to the

surface of the skin both water soluble or fat soluble

(Rosdiyawati, 2018).

The using of a base of liquid soap can affect the

effectiveness of the coir. Liquid soap base that gives

good results, namely olive oil and potassium

hydroside (KOH) because it provides the effect of

reducing dry skin after 35 days of use and does not

cause irritation to the skin. Besides soap can be used

to treat diseases, such as skin diseases caused by

bacteria and fungi by cleaning the body and the

environment so that the possibility of disease and

infection will be reduced (Agus, P., Ali M., 2017).

Indonesia is widely known as the second largest

biodiversity mega-flashlight after Brazil in the world,

which consists of 7,000 types of plants that have

medicinal properties. The genus Allium (onion tribe)

has been widely studied because of its potential as an

antibacterial and antifungal and food preservative.

One of the onion plants that have been widely used by

the people of Indonesia, especially the Batak tribe, is

the Batak onion (Naibaho, 2015).

Batak or chive is an onion plant that has often

been used by the Batak tribe as a spice in cooking. As

for China and the Asian plains, Batak onions (A.

chinense) or chive or jiaitou (China) are widely used

to treat various diseases such as heart disease,

headaches, worms, diarrhea, tumors, and antisangga.

From the research conducted by Naibaho (2015) it is

known that the extract of Batak onions (A. chinense)

has antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli,

Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and

Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans.

ICHIMAT 2019 - International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Application Technology

476

Based on the literature study above, until now the

antimicrobial research of the Batak onion (A.

chinense) plant, especially the antifunginya is still

small. Therefore, researchers are interested to see the

antifungal effect of Candida albicans ethanol extract

on batak onions after it is formulated into liquid soap

by varying the concentration of 2%, 3% and 4%.

2 RESEARCH METHODS

The research phase includes preparation of

ingredients, characteristics of simplicia,

phytochemical screening and extraction. This

research was conducted at the Pharmacy Supply

Technology Laboratory of Pharmacy Study Program

Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Institute of Lubuk

Pakam Medistra used for the process of making liquid

soap preparations, and the Microbiology Laboratory

of Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Study Program at

the Hospital. Grandmed Lubuk Pakam is used for the

testing process of antifungal activity. The all

processes can be seen in Figure 1.

Furthermore, antifungal activity testing uses the

agar diffusion method using disc paper. The

parameters observed were the magnitude of the

diameter of the inhibition of fungal growth.

This research, tools and materials include:

Stirring rods, Beaker glass, Blenders, Spray bottles,

Burette, Vaporizer cup, Funnel, Erlenmeyer,

Measuring cup, Watch glass, Analytical balance,

Water balance, Pycnometer, Dropper, Knife, Rotary

evaporator, Spatula, Bunsen, Desiccator, Filter Paper,

Refrigerator, Microscope, Tube Clamp, Dropper

Pipes, Tube Rack, Rotary Evaporator, Spatula, Test

Tubes, Analytical Scales, Autoclaves, Bunsen, Petri

Dish, Erlenmeyer, Incubator, Calibration Shaft, Tube

Rack, Rotary Evaporator, Spatula, Test Tubes,

Analytical Scales, Autoclaves, Bunsen, Petri Dish,

Erlenmeyer, Incubator, Calibration Shaft, Rotary

Tube , Parchment Paper, Gas Stove, Laminary Air

Flow (LAC), Oven, Bedwetting, Tube Clamp, Micro

Pipette, Citric Acid, Aquadest, Batak Onion (Allium

Chinense), Ethanol 96%, Sodium Chloride, Sodium

Lauryl Sulphate, Perfume, Propylenglycol , Distilled

water, Batak onions, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA),

Candida albicans Mushroom, Sodium chloride,

Liquid soap ethanol extract of Batak onion (Allium

chinense). The tools were used in the antifungal

activity test are sterilized using an oven at 170

C for

1-2 hours and for media sterilized in an autoclave at

121

C for 15 minutes.

Sample preparation consists of collecting plants,

processing samples, and making extracts. The

collection of sample is carried out in a purpose that is

without comparing with the same plant from other

regions. The sample that is used was Batak onion

(Allium chinense) obtained from Siborong-Borong,

North Tapanuli.

Processing the sample in advance by cleaning

batak onions from dirt by washing under running

water until clean then drained to dry after it is sliced

into small pieces dried in a drying cabinet / in the

room (aerated). Batak onions that have dried are

blended until they become powder weighed by weight

and are called simplicia. Then simplicia in a blender

until it becomes powder, then weighed. Furthermore,

simplisa is put into a glass container and stored in a

place that is protected from sunlight.

The ethanol extract of batak onions was done by

maceration using ethanol 96%. This maceration

method was chosen because the method used is

simple and the tools used are easy to operate, and do

not need intensive supervision. How it works: 500 g

sample of onion batak that has been grounded in

maceration using 96% ethanol for 3 days while

stirring and stored in a place that is not exposed to

sunlight. Then the results of the maceration are

filtered with a flannel cloth, then the pulp is soaked

again for 2 days using 96% ethanol, then filtered

again and the pulp is discarded. Then the filtrate

results in a rotary evaporator until it becomes a thick

extract.

The tools used in the antifungal activity test are

sterilized before use. Non-scaled glassware is

sterilized in an oven at 170

C for 1-2 hours. The

media was sterilized in an autoclave at 121

C for 15

minutes. Ose needles burned with bunsen lamps

(Putri, 2016).

Preparation of ethanol extracts of batak onion test

solutions was made with varying concentrations to be

tested on test mushrooms, namely 1%, 5% and 10%.

Making variation of the extract concentration by

dissolving the onion batak in DMSO as much as 10

ml.

Manufacturing media consists of making Media

Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and NaCl 0.9% solution.

PDA, which is 3 g PDA powder weighed, dissolve it

in 1 liter of distilled water and heat until it boils until

all PDA powder dissolves, then sterilize in an

autoclave at 121

C for 15 minutes. Sodium chloride

weighed as much as 0.9 g then dissolve in sterile

aquadest little by little in 100 ml erlenmeyer until

completely dissolved, sterilized autoclaved at 121

for 15 minutes.

Mushroom culture consists of making a stock of

candida albicans mushroom culture and candida

albicans mushroom inoculum. The production of

Formulation of Liquid Soap Ethanol Extract from Batak Onion as Antifungal against Candida albicans

477

Candida Albicans mushroom culture stock with a

mushroom colony was taken using a sterile ose

needle, then implanted on a sloping PDA media.

Incubated for 48 hours in an incubator at a

temperature of 20-25

C. Fungal colonies were taken

from solid culture stock with sterile ose needles then

suspended in a test tube containing 10 ml of 0.9%

NaCl solution. Then measured, turbidity in the

solution.

Making concentrations of the ethanol extract of

the Batak onions made varying concentrations to be

tested on test mushrooms by 2%, 4% and 6%. Making

variations of the extract concentration by dissolving

the extract of batak onions into a DMSO solvent of 10

ml. Testing the antifungal activity of liquid soap

preparations by providing 10 μl of PDA base media

was poured into a petri dish and allowed to harden.

On the surface of the base layer 6 are placed and

arranged so that there is a good area to observe the

inhibition zone that occurs. PDA containing 20 µL of

candida albicans suspension was poured into a petri

dish around the block. The extractor was removed

from the petri dish so that a well was formed to be

used for all test solution formulas and ethanol extract

liquid soap on the batak onion.

Standard formulation for making soap (Apriani,

2016):

R/ Na lauril sulfat 18,5%

NaCl 5ml

Propilen glikol 1g

Asam Sitrat 0,5g

Aquadest ad 100ml

Modification of formulation

R/Na lauril sulfat 18,5%

NaCl 5ml

Propilen glikol 1g

Asam Sitrat 0,5g

Aquadest ad 100ml

Oleum citrus 5ml

Batak onion extract x

Manufacture liquid soap consists of Na lauryl

sulfate added with homogeneous NaCl added citric

acid, propylenglycol, partial aquadest and batak

onion extract stirred until homogeneous. After all the

ingredients are mixed, then add up to 100 ml of

distilled water.

Evaluation of liquid soap preparations consists of

organoleptic evaluation, homogeneity, and

determination of pH values. Organoleptic evaluation

is done by observing the appearance of the

preparation including the odor, color and texture of

the preparation. Homogeneity evaluation was carried

out by means of each formula of batak onion liquid

soap weighed at 0.1 g. Put on a glass object then

observed under a microscope at magnification 100

times. Determination of the pH value of the

preparation is done by using a pH meter. The pH

check begins with the calibration of the tool using

buffer solutions pH 7 and pH 4. A total of 1 g of the

soap to be examined is diluted with distilled water up

to 10 ml. The pH meter is inserted into the soap

solution and wait until the pH meter indicator is stable

and shows a constant pH value.

Testing of antifungal liquid doap activity with a

total of 10 μl of PDA media was poured into the petri

cawn and left to harden. On the surface of the base

layer are placed 6 propellers and arranged in such a

way that there is a good area to observe the obstacle

zone. PDA containing 20 μl candida albicans

suspension were poured into a petri dish around the

propeller. Remove the propeller from the penthouse

cup so that it forms a well that will be used for all test

solution formulas and liquid ethanol extract onion

extracts.

Form:

Water content

Water of volume (ml)

= x 100% (1)

Weight of sampel (g)

Determination of water content in simplicia is

done to determine the amount of water contained in

the simplicia. The results obtained from the

determination of water content, less than 10% is

8.56% can be seen in Table 1. Water content that

exceeds 10% can be a good medium for microbial

growth, the presence of fungi or insects, and

encourage damage to the quality of simplicia in

accordance with the Indonesian Materia Medika

(MMI).

Table 1: Calculation of determination of water content.

Sample Weight of

Sampel (g)

Volume of

Water (ml)

Water

content (%)

1 5,10 0,43 8,43

2 5,10 0,43 8,43

3 5,10 0,45 8,82

Mean 8,56

Determination of water soluble extract content is

done to determine the amount of polar compounds

that can be found in a water solvent. The water

soluble extract content obtained was 18.26% and can

be seen in Table 2.

ICHIMAT 2019 - International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Application Technology

478

Form :

Water soluble essence =

Weight of essence (g) 100

x x 100% (2)

Weight of sampel (g) 20

Table 2: Calculation of water soluble essence.

Sample

Weight of

Sample (g)

Weight of

essence

(g)

The essence

of water

soluble (%)

1 5,010 0,1900 18,96

2 5,025 0,2100 20,89

3 5,020 0,1500 14,94

Mean 18,26

Determination of ethanol soluble extract levels is

done to determine the amount of polar and non-polar

compounds that can be found in ethanol solvents. The

content of soluble ethanol extract obtained was

14.56% and can be seen in Table 3. Determination of

total ash content was carried out to determine the

amount of minerals contained in the sample. The total

ash content obtained was 5.86%.

Form :

Soluble extracts Ethanol=

Weight of essence (g) 100

x x 100% (3)

Weight of sampel (g) 20

Table 3:

Calculation

of water soluble in ethanol.

Sample

Weight of

Sampel (g)

Weight of

essence

(g)

Soluble

essence in

ethanol (%)

5,015 0,1400

16,89

5,030 0,1300

12,92

5,040 0,1400

13,88

Mean 14,56

Determination of the pH value of the preparation

is done using a pH meter. The pH check begins with

the calibration of the tool using buffer solution pH 7

and pH 4. A total of 1 g of the soap to be examined is

diluted with distilled water up to 10 ml and can be

seen in Table 4. Entering the pH meter into the soap

solution is waited until the pH meter indicator is

stable and shows a constant pH value.

Form :

Information:

V1 = the volume of extract solution taken (ml)

C1= concentration of ethanol extract taken

(mg/ml)

V2 = the volume of the extract solution made (ml)

C2 = the concentration of ethanol extract made

(mg/ml)

Table 4: Calculation of water soluble in ethanol.

Concentra

tion (%)

(ml)

(mg/ml_

(ml)

(mg/ml)

1 10 50 1 100

5 10 50 5 100

10 1 gram ekstract in 10 ml DMSO

Evaluation of liquid soap preparations consists of

organoleptic evaluation, homogeneity, and

determination of pH values. Organoleptic evaluation

is done by observing the appearance of the

preparation including the odor, color and texture of

the preparation. Homogeneity evaluation was carried

out by means of each formula of batak onion liquid

soap weighed at 0.1 g. Put on a glass object then

observed under a microscope at magnification 100

times. Determination of the pH value of the

preparation is done by using a pH meter. The pH

check begins with the calibration of the tool using

buffer solutions pH 7 and pH 4. A total of 1 g of the

soap to be examined is diluted with distilled water up

to 10 ml. The pH meter is inserted into the soap

solution and wait until the pH meter indicator is stable

and shows a constant pH value.

Figure 1:

Data Collection Process: (a) Fresh batak onions

as much as 10 kg, (b) Cut into small pieces, then dried by

aerating for 14 days, (c) Dried simplisia, (d)

Simplicia

batak onions that have been mashed

, (e) Maceration

prosess by using 96 % ethanol for 5 days, (f) The simplicia

extract screening process, (g) Soap making process, (h)

Liquid soap preparations with simplisia extract, (i) Liquid

soap results test activity.

V1 x C1 = V2 x C2 (4)

Formulation of Liquid Soap Ethanol Extract from Batak Onion as Antifungal against Candida albicans

479

3 RESULTS

The results obtained from the ethanol extraction

process of Batak onions (Allium chinense) using 96%

ethanol solvent concentrated with a rotary evaporator

at a temperature of ± 78ºC which is in the form of a

thick extract of 500 gr. The resulting extract has a

aroma of onion and brown can be seen in Table 5.

Table 5: The result of batak onion extractio

Extracti

Descriptions

Color Smell Shape

I Brown

Batak onion

smell

Thick

II Brown

Batak onion

smell

Thick

Organoleptic Test Results show that the liquid

soap base without the addition of white onion extracts

while the addition of the extract produced dark brown

liquid soap preparations because the extract was

added to the dark brown liquid soap base. The

intensity of the color of the liquid soap preparation

increases with the increasing concentration of the

extract added. All liquid soap preparation formulas

that are made produce a soft and homogeneous

consistency. The results can be seen in Table 6.

Table 6: Organoleptic results.

Formulation Teks

ture

Smell Color Homogen

Liquid soap

base

Soft No White Homogen

F1 Soft

Batak

onion

smell

Brown Homogen

F2 Soft

Batak

onion

smell

Brown Homogen

F3 Soft

Batak

onion

smell

Dark

Brown

Homogen

Information: F: Formulation, F1: 1%, F2: 5% and F3;

10%.

Determination of ethanol soluble extract levels is

done to determine the amount of polar and non-polar

compounds that can be found in ethanol solvents. The

content of soluble ethanol extract obtained was

14.56%. Determination of total ash content was

carried out to determine the amount of minerals

contained in the sample. The total ash content

obtained was 5.86%. The resulting of the examination

of the characteristics soap can be seen in Table 7.

The results of the antifungal activity test for

liquid soap ethanol extract on Batak onion show that

the basic formula of liquid soap tested soap could not

inhibit the growth of Candida albicans mushrooms,

ethanol extract of Batak onions against inhibition of

Candida albicans fungus on DMSO did not show any

inhibitory, ethanol extract of Batak onion liquid soap

which had the highest activity in inhibiting the growth

of Candida albicans mushrooms was 10% with

inhibition zones of 23.67 mm. Whereas on ethanol

extract liquid soap on batak 5% the inhibition zone is

22.27 mm and ethanol extract liquid soap on the batak

concentration is 1% the lowest inhibitory zone. The

resulting of the Inhibitory zone of ethanol extract

liquid soap can be seen in Table 8.

Table 7: The results of the examination of the

characteristics of the simplicia onion batak powder.

No. Parameter

Result

(%)

1. Water content 8,56

2. Water Soluble essence Content 18,26

Ethanol Soluble essence

Content

14,56

4. Total Ash Content 5,86

Table 8: Inhibitory zone of ethanol extract liquid

soap against the growth of candida albicans.

Liquid Soap

Concentrati

on of Batak

Onion

Extract (%)

Inhibitory Zone

Diameter (mm)

Mean

I II III

1. DMSO - - - -

2. 1%

21,0 21,5 21,3 21,26

3. 5%

22,5 22,2 22,1 22,27

4. 10%

23,9 23,7 23,4 23,67

Information :

- = not inhibit,

% = concetration % (mg/ml)

According to the literature the inhibition

diameter with a weak activity is 10-15 mm, the

diameter of the active activity is 16-20 mm, and the

diameter of the inhibitor with strong activity is> 20

mm (Greenwood, 2018).

The results of the chemical compound group

showed that the ethanol extract of the batak onions

contained a class of chemical compounds in the form

of flavonoids, saponins and steroids / triterpenoids.

These secondary metabolites have antifungal activity

with different mechanisms of action. Phenol or

polyphenol compounds are the largest group of

secondary metabolites that have antifungal antivens,

ICHIMAT 2019 - International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Application Technology

480

have hydroxyl groups attached to aromatic

compounds. The location and number of hydroxyl

groups in phenol compounds affect the toxicity of

microorganisms. The combination of phenol

compounds can provide a synergistic effect and

increase antifungal reactions better than a single

compound. Phenol compounds at low concentrations

affect enzyme activity, whereas at high

concentrations cause protein denaturation

(Suprihatin, 2017).

Flavonoids are chemical compounds that have

potential as antifungals. Flavonoids are a group of

phenol compounds that have a tendency to bind to

proteins, thus interfering with the process of fungal

metabolism, besides flavonoids also function as

antifungals by forming complex compounds against

extracellular proteins that interfere with fungal cell

membranes (Setyowati, 2017; Widyasanti, et all,

2017).

The mechanism of terpenoids as an antifungal is

to react with porin (transmembrane protein) on the

outer membrane of the fungal cell wall, forming a

strong polymeric bond, causing damage to the porin.

Terpenoid compounds are easily soluble in lipids, this

is the nature that causes these compounds to easily

penetrate the fungal cell wall (Enzo Palese, Maurizio

Nudo, Grazia Zino, et al., 2018). The mechanism of

steroids as antifungals is related to lipid membranes

and the sensitivity of steroid compounds that can

cause leakage of lymphosomes (Jahani, S. Bazi, S.

Shahi, Z. Sheykhzade, A, 2017).

Saponins are included in the antifungal group which

interferes with the permeability of fungal cell

membranes. The mechanism of action of saponins as

an antifungal is to reduce surface tension resulting in

increased cell permeability or leakage and cause

intracellular compounds to exit the cell (Ria, 2017).

4 CONCLUSION

The results of macroscopic examination revealed that

the onion batak has a slender leaf shape, in terms of 3

to 5, has a length of 45-50 cm. tubers have white,

grayish white and purplish white with a length of 4-5

cm, smell and crisp texture. While the results of

microscopic examination are known that the

examination of the simplicia powder on the batak

showed the presence of parenchyma, sclerenkim and

essential oils.

Ethanol extract of Batak onion (Allium

chinense) can be formulated as liquid soap and has

antifungal activity.

Ethanol extract liquid soap preparations in

concentrations of 1% with inhibition zone diameter of

21.26 mm, at concentrations of 5% inhibition zone

22.27 mm and antifungal activity of ethanol extract of

batak onions that have the most effective antifungal

activity against candida albicans fungus at a

concentration of 10% with inhibition zone diameter

23.67 mm has antifungal activity in inhibiting the

growth of Candida albicans. Then the results obtained

from ethanol extract of batak onion soap can be used

as an antifungal Candida albicans.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

To the Chancellor of the Medical Institute of the

Lubuk Pakam Medistra who has given permission to

carry out research, the Chairperson of the

MEDISTRA Foundation Lubuk Pakam who has

provided financial assistance in conducting research,

the Director of the Hospital. Grandmed who has

provided data information to researchers and allowed

researchers to collect research data obtained from

hospitals.

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