An Analysis of Physical Activity, VO

Max, and Daily Activity of

Senior High School Students and West Java PPLP (Training Center)

Students

Tommy Apriantono

, Indria Herman

, Muhamad Fahmi Hasan

, Agung Dwi Juniarsyah

, Iwa Ikhwan

Hidayat

, Sri Indah Ihsani

, Ilham Hindawan

, Bagus Winata

, Imam Safei

Pharmacy Department, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No.10, Kota Bandung, Indonesia

Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl.

Ganesha No.10, Kota Bandung, Indonesia

{ilham, bagus, imam}@fa.itb.ac.id

Keywords: Physical activity, VO

max, Daily activitiy, Student, Athlete.

Abstract: Physical activity is one of the things that affect one's fitness. Lack of physical activity and low levels of

fitness in adolescents at the senior high school level have an impact on their low fitness levels at the college

level. The presence of athletes at the senior high school level or at the pre-teaching program (PPLP) is

interesting and therefore research on the level of physical activity and VO

Max between senior high school

students and PPLP students in West Java was conducted. the sample in this study consisted of 46 high

school students (average age, height and weight) and 46 PPLP students (average age, height and weight).

The samples’ physical activity was identified through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire

(IPAQ) whereas VO

Max was identified using 2.4 KM Cooper test. This research is descriptive, so there

was no treatment and the data retrieval was only conducted once. Overall, male students possessed the

average Body Mass Index (BMI) of 21.80 ± 3.79. The average score of physical activity of male students

during high school is 1520.80 ± 1444.50 and at TPB 2330.00 ± 1800.77. High school students’ VO

Max is

average. The level of physical activity of PPLP students is higher than that of senior high school students;

Max is similar to the results of physical activity–it is higher in PPLP students. However, the additional

data in this study shows that the high school students have longer duration of playing games online and

sitting done than PPLP students. On the other hand, PPLP students have a higher duration of sleep than high

school students have.

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is currently preparing to enjoy

demographic bonuses in which the number of people

with productive ages is far more than the non-

productive ages. This can really be a bonus if only

our productive age community is truly productive.

Literally, productive means having a good level of

fitness, physical and psychological health, which in

turn, will support a person to be able to work longer

without experiencing significant fatigue. The current

development forms new habits for us and the

existence of various technologies facilitate someone

to unconsciously have less physical activity.

The examples of the positive effects of physical

activity include bone health, reducing the risk of

obesity, preventing cardiovascular disease, and

improving physiological health (Sarah et al., 2013).

The danger of low physical activity is increasingly

widespread. WHO revealed that the lack of physical

activity became one of the biggest causes of death,

following high blood pressure and smoking

(Baumann, 2005). From childhood to mature age,

having physical activity is important so as to

overcome the lack of movement in children and

adolescents in order to facilitate the prevention of

the risk of lifestyle diseases that are increasingly

prevalent in children and adolescents (Telama et al.,

2005). Our physical level of activity can be a key

determinant of the life quality in the future. Lack of

physical activity will increase the risk of heart

disease, breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, high blood

pressure, osteoporosis, anxiety and depression

494

Apriantono, T., Herman, I., Hasan, M., Juniarsyah, A., Hidayat, I., Ihsani, S., Hindawan, I., Winata, B. and Safei, I.

An Analysis of Physical Activity, VO2 Max, and Daily Activity of Senior High School Students and West Java PPLP (Training Center) Students.

DOI: 10.5220/0009789204940498

In Proceedings of the 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science in conjunction with the 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports

(YISHPESS and CoIS 2019), pages 494-498

ISBN: 978-989-758-457-2

(Harold et al, 2013). The 2009 Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention (CDC) and WHO reported

an increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular and

metabolic diseases such as high blood pressure,

stroke, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in children and

adolescents. Several related studies have succeeded

in identifying the factors that cause obesity in

children and adolescents, including the consumption

of foods that contain excessive high calories and less

physical activity levels (Rivera et al., 2009).

Other impacts of physical activity do not only

affect physical factors but also other factors.

Ecological factors are generally used to examine

physical activity carried out in certain places (Sallis

et al., 2006). Other factors include socio-ecological

factors, where participation factors in physical

activity research are generally aligned with

intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational,

environmental and local regulatory factors in the

place (Sallis et al., 2006). Participation in sports and

physical activity has various benefits for

adolescents, including increasing the ability to learn,

physical health, mental health, cooperation,

discipline, leadership and socialization (Field,

Diego, and Sanders, 2001). Indeed, a person's level

of physical activity is influenced by many factors,

one of which is life habit, especially with the current

changes in the school curriculum and playing habits

which are responsible for students' lack of

movements. Games played by the children to

adolescents have even shifted toward the digital

ones. This has become one of the causes of low level

of the first-semester students' fitness in ITB (Didi

Sunadi, 2017). Data from the Basic Health Research

in 2018 shows that the level of physical activity of

Indonesian people is classified as moderate.

Physical activity became the spotlight in the United

States in 2000, when low physical activity resulted

in the increase of obesity rate. The data was the basis

for America to intensify the promotion of various

types of sports in order to increase public interest in

sports and increase physical activity.

Improvement in physical activity is the basis to

improve one's fitness. The basic component of

physical fitness is cardiorespiratory endurance,

where maximal oxygen uptake or VO2 Max

becomes the main standard for evaluating it

(Baumann, 2005). VO2 Max is the maximum

oxygen volume a person can consume in a matter of

minutes and is usually relevant to body mass.

Therefore, the VO2 Max size unit is ml / kg /

minute.

The purpose of this study is to determine the

extent of differences in physical activity and VO2

Max of high school students and of pre-teaching

program students who are vulnerable to their age in

their adolescent category. Then, other items are

added, such as daily habits, to determine differences

in lifestyle that are the basis for analysing the final

results of differences in physical activity and VO2

Max high of school students and pre-teaching

program students.

2 RESEARCH METHOD

In this study, data were collected from 46 high

school students and 46 pre-teaching program

students. High school students were selected from

various regions in West Java, while pre-teaching

program students were selected from pre-teaching

programs in West Java province (the students come

from different regions). The range of age is limited

to 14 to 18 years old. In taking physical activity

data, the International Physical Activity

Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used. The questionnaire

is divided into 12 core questions to determine the

level of physical activity of a person. Other

questions such as the duration of sleep, study, and

playing online game were also added in the

questionnaire to support the data. The

anthropometric testing includes height and weight.

The VO

Max test used the 2.4 KM cooper test

method.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Result

In testing physical activity, the sample were asked to

fill in a questionnaire consisting of initial biodata.

From the biodata, it can be seen that the average age

of high school students is 16.2 years while pre-

teaching program students is 15.7 years.

Furthermore, from anthropometry tests which

obtained data on height, weight, and Body Mass

Index (BMI), the average heigh of high school

students' is 168.1 cm while it is 168.4 cm for pre-

teaching program students. The next test is IPAQ

which produces data called Metabolic Equivalent

(METs). There is a significant difference on the high

school students’ and pre-teaching program students’

METs; the high school students’ METs is 3520

while the pre-teaching program students’ reach

6137. In the questionnaire, there are questions which

are aimed to find out the daily activities’ samples

An Analysis of Physical Activity, VO2 Max, and Daily Activity of Senior High School Students and West Java PPLP (Training Center)

Students

495

such as the duration of sleeping, sitting, and playing

online games. From these questions, there are

significant differences, especially in the duration of

playing online games, which is 112 minutes per day

for high school students while it is only 70 minutes

for the pre-teaching program students. However,

between high school students and pre-teaching

program students, there is no significant difference

in the duration of sitting and duration of sleep. The

duration of sitting for high school students is 294

minutes per day whereas pre-teaching program

students have 215 minutes per day. The last set of

tests is VO

Max, and it was found that high school

students get a VO

Max score of 37.8 and 49.6 for

the pre-teaching program students. These differences

fall into the significant category. The data can be

seen in the Table 1.

Table 1: Differences of change in each variable in PPLP

and Senior High School.

Measurement

PPLP

Senior High

School

Age

15.7 (± 1.40)

16.5 (± 1.01)

Height

168.4 (± 9.0)

168.1 (± 6.1)

Weight

62.3 (± 12.1)

58.5 (± 11.1)*

BMI

22.3 (± 7.3)

20.9 (± 3.7)

2max

49.6 (± 6.8)

37.8 (± 8.3)*

Total METs

6137.01(±2969.2)

3520.2(±2774.3)*

Sitting Time

214.5 (±103.5)

294.5 (±175.3)

Sleeping Time

466.9 (± 88.4)

455.6 (± 96.4)

Duration of

Playing Game

Online

70.01 (± 62.93)

113.9 (± 97.1)*

*Significant level at p < 0.05

Figure 1: BMI Characteristics

Figure 2: VO2max Characteristics

Figure 3: Total METs Characteristics

Figure 4: Sitting Time Characteristics

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

496

Figure 5: Sleeping Time Characteristics

Figure 6: Duration of Playing Game Online

Characteristics

3.2 Discussion

Based on the data obtained in this study, it can be

concluded that the fitness of pre-teaching program

(PPLP) students is higher than that of high school

students. That is because the level of physical

activity that is significantly different is better for the

PPLP group. Basically, PPLP students are early age

athletes who still have to attend compulsory training

at the high school level, which results in a better

level of VO

Max. What is interesting in this study is

the relationship between their obligations as young

athletes and students with their daily activities as a

teenager. Therefore, data showing the duration of

sleeping, sitting and playing online games are

displayed. Research on adolescents is always related

to social context, time management habits, and

physical education and sports (Eime et al., 2010).

When compared with the results of previous studies,

the VO

Max of PPLP students have no significant

difference with early basketball athletes who are still

students. Both of them are still obligated to learn and

to become a young athlete. Young athletes still have

time to increase their VO

Max level when they pass

through the youth phase, at their age, when they are

focused on improving their technical skills to

understand the game's strategy (Carvalho, 2013). In

that way, the VO

Max standard level of PPLP

students is still sufficient for their age, but it should

be noted that the VO

Max threshold at the early age

is appropriate to the branch of the sport type itself.

Regardless of their status as students, students of

athletic sports, especially long-distance running,

must have a good VO2Max given that the athletes

will compete with physiological characteristics that

require cardiovascular endurance, or much depend

on the ability of the athletes’ VO

Max.

There is no significant difference between the

Body Mass Index of high school students and that of

PPLP students regardless of the finding which shows

that the BMI of PPLP students is higher. This is due

to their greater muscle mass. Some young athletes in

weight lifting also basically have high BMI

characteristics (Anderw, 2006). In line with the

results of previous studies in Yogyakarta, there is no

significant differences between the BMI of high

school students and that of PPLP students

(Rahmawati, 2006).

The data show that the duration of sleep of

PPLP students is higher compared to that of high

school students, whereas the duration of sitting and

playing online games is higher in the high school

group. That is due to the PPLP group's obligations

both as an early age athlete and a student which

require them to spend their time on practicing and

studying. Therefore, they tend to spend their free

time by sleeping. On the other hand, the high school

student group mainly spend their time in the

classroom and when they have free time, they spent

it by playing online games. However, their low level

of VO

Max is not merely based on their different

backgrounds, but it is because the physical activity

habits in which they spend too much time sitting and

playing online games. Nonetheless, the average of

entire sample in this group is neither the twelfth-

grade students nor those who run their final year

before graduation. The majority of high school focus

on preparing students to face the final exam when

they are on their last year, by changing the

curriculum, even eliminating sports subjects. This is

something that needs to be considered especially by

the curriculum team at school. The impact of the

curriculum change is the low physical activity and

low VO

Max level. This is in line with the finding

of research conducted at ITB in 2017, that freshmen

An Analysis of Physical Activity, VO2 Max, and Daily Activity of Senior High School Students and West Java PPLP (Training Center)

Students

497

in the first semester have a lower fitness level than

the sophomores. This is because since they are at the

twelfth grade until they are at the college, they do

not get any subjects related to sports or other heavy

physical activity. The existence of this research is

expected to be one of the evaluation materials for

curriculum in schools or programs in the pre-

teaching program.

4 CONCLUSIONS

After analyzing the data, it can be concluded that

there are significant differences in body weight, VO

Max, level of physical activity, and duration of

playing online games. PPLP student groups are

higher in body weight, VO

Max level, and physical

activity level, whereas high school students have

higher duration of playing online games. The

linkage of data between physical activity and VO

Max level shows that the level of physical activity is

directly related to VO

Max level, even though the

level of physical activity is related to the duration of

playing online games, those who have a low level of

physical activity have a high level of duration of

playing game online. It is hoped that the results of

this research will be taken into consideration in the

preparation of curricula or policies relating to sports

and health.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Author would like to say thank you for PPLP and

school for providing this data.

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YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

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