Efforts on Improving Sport Achievement Motivation through

Life Modelling Technique in Pre Cadet Fencing Athlete

Nuruddin Priya Budi Santoso

, Jaka Sunardi

Tunas Pembangunan Surakarta University

Sport Sciences Department, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Jl. Colombo No.1 Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Sport Achievement Motivation, Life Modelling, Fencing Athlete

Abstract: The research aims to improve efforts of sport achievement motivation through life modelling technique in

pre cadet fencing athlete. This research employed action research design which embodies several stages

namely planning, action, observation, and reflection. The research participants were 10 athletes, who were

selected based on need assessment. The level of sport achievement motivation among 10 athletes prior to

group counseling service were all in category of modelling technique with Mean 51.5. Meanwhile, the level

of sport achievement motivation of 10 athletes after the group counselling service were all in high category

with Mean 85.5. The research shows that fencing athletes’ sport achievement motivation could be increased

by life modelling technique counselling.

1 INTRODUCTION

Maximum achievement in sports is largely

determined by balanced physical and psychological

training preparation. Lack of attention to

psychological sides of athletes may result in

psychological problems that are not resolved

completely. One of the urgent problems of athlete's

psychological side in preparing for gaining

achievement is related to sport achievement

motivation. The causes of the decreasing motivation

include fear of making mistakes, fear of failure,

feeling anxious about competition, excessive ego,

fear of injury, dominance and pressure of the coach,

feeling unable, and feeling doubt to do tasks.

The cause of declining achievement motivation

in sports can be seen from situations and conditions

in matches/competitions. There are situations that

stimulate emergence of encouragement in achieving

sport achievements. It starts from training process

until actual match, which can be used as benchmark

for achievement.

Improvement of athlete's achievement motivation

during training and matches is a must to ensure by

fencing sport clubs. It should become their main

focus in equipping athletes to be able to optimally

increase athletes’ motivation for achievement.

However, this expectation seems to be on the

contrary to the reality. From observation results

conducted by researchers on fencing athletes in UTP

(Universitas Tunas Pembangunan) Fencing Club

Surakarta, it can be concluded that athletes’

achievement motivation level has decreased. It can

be observed from the training sessions which are not

intensive and there were frequent late attendance

and late start. In addition, the results of away

training (try out) and home training (try in) have not

been so encouraging. On the basis of this

phenomenon, it is necessary to do the study which

concerns on efforts to increase achievement

motivation of early age athletes through counselling

life modelling of fencing athletes in UTP Fencing

Club.

2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

Based on the problems above, this study aims to

increase achievement motivation of early age

fencing athletes through life modelling counselling

activities for fencing athletes of UTP Fencing Club.

444

Santoso, N. and Sunardi, J.

Efforts on Improving Spor t Achievement Motivation through Life Modelling Technique in Pre Cadet Fencing Athlete.

DOI: 10.5220/0009788404440448

In Proceedings of the 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science in conjunction with the 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports

(YISHPESS and CoIS 2019), pages 444-448

ISBN: 978-989-758-457-2

3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE

RESEARCH

Research results are expected to provide substantive

theoretical and practical benefits as follows (1)

theoretical benefits, the research results are expected

to provide and strengthen existing theories,

especially in increasing the achievement motivation

of early childhood fencing athletes, (2) practical

benefits, the research results are expected to be used

as a guide for athletes, coaches, and administrators/

officials in increasing the achievement motivation of

early childhood fencing athletes.

4 ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION

An achievement motivation improvement in early

childhood athletes is absolutely necessary. Concrete

efforts can be made through activities of the fencing

sport festival.

Achievement motivation comes from the word

motive which can be interpreted as strength

contained in the individual, which shapes an

individual or an act (Hamzah B. Uno, 2008). Motive

cannot be observed directly but can be interpreted in

human behavior, in the form of stimulation,

encouragement or power generation of arising

certain behavior.

On the basis of these opinions, motivation is an

internal competency in individuals as a basis for

doing things. A person's motivation is reflected in

his/her behavior.

The concept of achievement motivation was first

formulated by Henry Alexander Murray by using the

need for achievement term to express achievement

motivation. It was perceived as a desire or tendency

to do something difficult as quickly and as best as

possible. Achievement motivation is the driving

force to achieve the highest level of achievement.

Motivation for achievement serves as person's

orientation for completing tasks, persevering in

facing the future and experiencing pride in

completing it.

Achievement motivation is passion, desire,

willingness and encouragement to be able to excel,

which is to be superior of others’ achievement.

Achievement motivation is a courage to compete

with superiority of oneself, superiority of others, or

perfection in doing certain tasks. Achievement

motivation will provide opportunity for athletes to

achieve optimal achievement.

4.1 Importance of Motivation in Sport

Motivation is very important for athletes to support

their performance. Motivation has two functions:

intrinsic function and extrinsic function. Intrinsic

motivation determines very much for athletes to

decide themselves to continue to participate in the

sport they are engaged in. Athletes who have

intrinsic motivation for their activities do it

independently, full of pleasure and satisfaction, so

that athletes feel capable of what was done. Intrinsic

motivation is related to comfort and happiness in

doing sports and is an important factor rather than

sport performance (Vallerand & Rousseau, 2001).

An athlete who has intrinsic motivation and self-

determination tends to have good effort, high

concentration, and better appearance than the

athletes who do not have self-deterrence

(Beauchamp, et al 1996; Pelletier, et al 2003).

Intrinsic motivation (competence motivation)

functions because of impulses coming from the

individuals. Athletes try to further develop their

abilities, skills, and intelligence because these

elements will give satisfaction to them. Athletes will

not really care about their achievements, fame,

medals, or other prizes. The only thing that matters

to them is self-satisfaction. Athletes will reach the

highest level of motivation because he/ she has

achieved self-actualization so that the other basic

needs will be fulfilled (Maslow, 1943). Athletes with

intrinsic motivation usually work hard, practice

regularly and perform discipline in joining training.

They are not dependent on others, have mature

personality, confidence, and mature self-discipline.

In addition, there is a motivation that arises from

outside the athlete which is commonly called

extrinsic motivation.

Extrinsic motivation (competitive motivation) is

a motivation that arises due to external factors that

affect an athlete. The athlete's participation in sports

activities is not based on pleasure and satisfaction,

but based on the desire to get something. Extrinsic

motivation implies that athletes are related to sports

not because of pleasure but external outcomes

resulting from the participation of the athlete

him/herself (Vallerant, 2003: 2). The desire to do

something due to anticipation from external factors

can be in forms of money and trophies (Deci, 1975;

Anshel, 1990).

Efforts on Improving Sport Achievement Motivation through Life Modelling Technique in Pre Cadet Fencing Athlete

445

4.2 Individual Characteristics Having

Achievement Motivation

Achievement motivation is often manifested in

motivational behavior such as (1) having

responsibility for task, (2) being oriented to success,

(3) paying attention to feedback, (4) performing

innovative traits (Buchori Alma, 2010). Individuals

who have high achievement motivation will have a

sense of responsibility and higher self-esteem, are

more resilient, more active in doing tasks, have high

hopes for success and have desire to complete their

tasks well. Individuals who are motivated by

achievement will last longer on assignments than

individuals who do not develop high achievement

motivation, even though they fail.

Individuals who have achievement motivation

have certain characteristics that can be developed (1)

keen on proper risk taking (moderate), love

challenge, practise personal responsibility, (2)

having tendency to set decent performance goals and

facing calculated risks, (3) having strong need for

feedback about what has been done, (4) having skills

in long-term planning and having organizational

abilities (Mc Clelland, 2009).

Achievement motivation is permanent (Buchori

Alma, 2010). It implies that an athlete who has high

achievement motivation in sports will also have high

achievement motivation in other aspects, although

not in all things.

4.3 Life Modeling Counselling

4.3.1 Definition of Counselling

Counselling is a service process that is given to

individuals to help them acquire knowledge and

skills required to make choices, plans, and

interpretation (Daniel, 1959). The definition can be

formulated as follows (1) counselling is a service

process, (2) counselling provides assistance to

individuals, (3) counselling aims that clients obtain

knowledge and skills, (4) assistance provided

through guidance is used to make choices, plans, and

interpretation, (5) counselling provides assistance

for good adjustment.

Bernard & Fullmer (1969) define guidance as a

process of helping someone to be useful, and it is not

just following useful activities. Guidance is a useful

activity to help individuals become resourceful as

well, not only for themselves but also for others.

Guidance is given for individuals or groups of

individuals to avoid the difficulties they face, so that

individuals or groups can achieve their welfare.

4.3.2 Life Modelling Technique

Life modelling is process of observing and imitating

others’ behavior, or attitude as a learning act

(Muhibin Shah, 2003). This theory explains human

behavior in the context of continuous reciprocal

interactions between cognitive, behavior, and

environmental influences. Environmental conditions

around the individual are strongly influenced by this

learning pattern. Life modelling is a technique to

observe and then imitate other people behavior

which are considered to have superior competence.

Individuals imitate their behavior because what is

done from the results of imitation brings satisfaction

or pleasure.

The model is a kind of self-positive

reinforcement after imitating others’ behavior. The

main human learning was performed by observing

the model and it is continually strengthened (Feist

and Feist, 2008). It can imply that an individual can

strengthen him/herself by imitating or learning

directly from others who have positive advantages.

Modelling is a selected action because it imitates

others’ behavior which are seen directly. In this

study, the model used is the coach of the UTP

Fencing Club, senior athletes who had won national

and international achievements, athletes who

became the idols of UFC fencing athletes. The

model is presented so that it can reveal and

communicate directly with UFC athletes.

4.3.3 Life Modelling Process

Life modelling counselling implementation was

conducted through 3 stages (1) opening phase, (2)

activity phase, and (3) closing phase (AJ. Nurihsan

2003; Bandura, 2003) through several

sequences/stages (1) attention phase, (2) retention

phase, (3) reproduction phase, (4) motivation phase.

Life modelling counselling is basically a counselling

service which brings experts directly where they will

act as life model for athletes in internalizing values

of achievement motivation. It is expected thatlater

they are able to become independent individuals, to

adjust to their surrounding, and to help themselves

now and in the future. The implementation of life

modelling counselling includes (1) formation phase,

(2) intermediate phase, (3) activity phase, and (4)

closing phase (Prayitno, 2012).

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

446

4.4 Improving Achievement Motivation

trough Life Modelling Counselling

Achievement motivation is one of the important

elements for athletes to be able to achieve highest

achievements in matches/ competitions. Athletes

with high achievement motivation will tend to have

high level of self-confidence, responsibility, good

achievement, active social interactions, sincere

friends, and resistance to psychological distress

during training and competition.

Counselling as an integral part of individual life

has important role in increasing achievement

motivation among athletes. One counselling model

that can be used as an intervention medium to

improve athlete achievement motivation is life

modelling counselling techniques.

Life modelling counselling is a guidance that

allows an athlete or group of athletes to personally

and collectively perform through group dynamics. It

aims to obtain various materials from specific

experts discussing certain problems that are useful to

support their daily understanding and life, both as an

individual and as athletes, and to consider making

decisions. The opportunity to express feelings,

responses and various reactions was performed

through movements in training and pressures to face

the competition. This is a group dynamic that will

bring benefits for athletes. Counselling using life

modelling technique will bring athletes to consider

part of the group to do the same thing with what is

done by the model, even exactly because they can

learn directly from the model. Life modelling

counselling is a model that allows a figure and

expert interact at the same time through focused

group discussion. It can provide athletes with

knowledge, understandings, and skills to achieve

success and to improve achievement motivation

optimally.

5 RESEARCH METHOD

5.1 Research Setting

The study was carried out at UTP Fencing Club

Surakarta.

5.2 Research Methods

The research method used in this study was action

research in which the researchers gave intervention

to research participants, and then assess the process

and monitoring of the results. While it employed

quantitative technique to assess the athletes’ level of

achievement motivation, the qualitative approach

was used to interpret the process of implementing

actions with life modelling counselling.

5.3 Research Participants

The research participants we’re fencing athletes of

early childhood pre cadets and UTP Fencing Club

Surakarta cadets who consist of ten athletes,

comprising five male athletes and five female

athletes.

5.4 Data Collection Techniques

The data were collected using questionnaire and

observation. The data collection tools included

achievement motivation questionnaires and

guidelines for life modelling counselling.

5.5 Instrument Validity and Reliability

The obtained data were tested for the validity of the

items using correlation techniques for total product

moment items with significance level 5%.

Meanwhile, the instrument reliability was ensured

by using product moment correlation formula from

K. Pearson 6. Data analysis technique for

quantitative data was used to determine the athletes’

level of achievement motivation with quantitative

descriptive analysis (Sutrisno Hadi, 2004). Testing

the hypothesis employed quantitative data analysis

with non-parametric statistical technique which used

marked ranking test (Wilcoxon). Qualitative data

were analyzed by qualitative data analysis which

included data collection, data reduction, data

presentation, and drawing conclusions (Sugiyono,

2010).

6 RESULTS

The level of athletes’ achievement motivation before

overall action was in a minor category with Mean

51.5. Indicators of these categories include (1)

athletes are easily anxious in joining trainings and

matches, (2) athletes feel less capable, (3) athletes

do not know how to develop themselves and develop

long-term training programs, (4) athletes often react

negatively in overcoming problems, (5) athletes tend

to depend on others in dealing with problems.

Efforts on Improving Sport Achievement Motivation through Life Modelling Technique in Pre Cadet Fencing Athlete

447

The level of athletes’ achievement motivation

after the overall action is in high category with Mean

86.5. The indicators of these categories include (1)

athletes do not feel anxious in participating in the

trainings and matches, (2) athletes feel confident in

their abilities, (3) athletes already have

understandings on how to make realistic and

responsible decisions, (4) athletes have the

willingness to pursue success.

7 CONCLUSION

The level of achievement motivation of 10 pre-cadet

athletes and UTP Fencing Club cadets prior to life

modelling counselling are all included in a minor

category with Mean 51.5. However, the level of

achievement motivation of 10 pre-cadet athletes and

UTP Fencing Club cadets improved after receiving

life modelling counselling. They are all included in

high category with Mean 86.5.

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2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

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