Helminthiasis and Aspergillosis Suspect Examination in Pigeon

Albiruni Haryo and Rifqi Rahman

Laboratory Pathology Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Brawijaya University

Keywords: Pigeon, Examination, Helminthiasis, Aspergillosis

Abstract: Pigeons are commonly maintained using a simple cage system, this system also easier to transmit disease

such as helminthiasis and aspergillosis to infect pigeons. The air of this study was to know and diagnose

changes in macroscopic and microscopic with histopathology method in pigeons. The organs examined are

proventriculus, intestine, liver, and skin. Macroscopic changes were seen in liver change color into

brownish-yellow on right lobes of the liver, hiperemi proventriculus, hemorrhage, and swelling intestine,

baldness, and crust in the upper neck skin. Microscopic changes seen in hepar are white blood cell

infiltration in triad portal, congesti and ulcer mucosa gland proventriculus, intestine shown epithelial

erosion, rupture villi, hemorrhage and hyperplasia of cell goblet and skin shown black colored infiltration in

dermis allegedly infected by Aspergillosis sp. From examination and observation, it can be concluded that

macroscopic and microscopic changes lead to the helminthiasis and suspected Aspergillosis sp.

1 INTRODUCTION

Pigeons are animals that are maintained extensively

with pure cage carrying management in purposes to

simplify preservation and inexpensive, but this

system aids the transmission of diseases such as

helminthiasis and aspergillosis more quickly. The

common helminthiasis hitting the pigeons are

Ascaridia Columbae, Capillaria sp, and Tetramers sp

(Alkharigy et al., 2018). A contaminated feed with

worm eggs or through ectoparasites such as fleas can

transmit the helminthiasis. In addition to

helminthiasis, some diseases such as Aspergillosis

are also easily transmitted to pigeon populations,

especially if the conditions are humid. Aspergillosis

is caused by Aspergillus sp, whose transmitted

through spores can be inhaled through breathing,

digestion, or sticking to the skin and infecting the

dove. Helminthiasis and Aspergillosis may cause

economic losses due to adult-stage worms living in

the digestive tract, causing blockages and interfering

with the absorption of nutrients from its pigeons.

This study aims to identify helminthiasis and

Aspergillosis based on visible macroscopic and

microscopic alteration. Macroscopic observation in

the neck skins that facing a loss of fur and blackened.

Microscopic results indicate aspergillosis infection in

the skin. Fungi Aspergillosis sp leads to

Aspergillosis. The acute Aspergillosis infiltrates the

dermis and tissue beneath, which could cause

necrosis in the infected area (Bernadeschi et al.,

2015).

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Instrument and Materials

The applied animal is a pigeon with an age of

around four months. The method used to observe

macroscopic alteration is the Necropsy method. For

histopathological observation, the utilized method is

the Histotechnique by doing network isolation and

followed by staining the preparations using

Hematoxylin-eosin staining, which is conduct at the

Anatomy Pathology Laboratory and Histology

Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,

Brawijaya University

2.2 Animal Preparation

The animal (pigeon), which is four months old

approximately, is euthanized by embolism through

magnum foramen. The 3 cc syringe loaded with air

and injected it to the animal's brain through the

foramen magnum.

Haryo, A. and Rahman, R.

Helminthiasis and Aspergillosis Suspect Examination in Pigeon.

DOI: 10.5220/0009586200330036

In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Advanced Molecular Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering (ICAMBBE 2019) - Bio-Prospecting Natural Biological Compounds for

Seeds Vaccine and Drug Discovery, pages 33-36

ISBN: 978-989-758-483-1

2.3 Necropsy Implementation

Must ensure the total death from the animal (pigeon)

before doing a necropsy. Necropsies stages were

performed such cleansing into the incised area by

rinsing using the water flow afterward, the fixation

and incision were made to see organ abnormalities.

The standard necropsy procedure was carried out

according to Majo and Dolz (2011). The purpose of

a necropsy is carried out to assist overall the

examination of organ abnormalities, for

macroscopic abnormalities examination, and also

sampling for the histopathological preparations.

2.4 Histopathology Preparation

Hematoxylin Eosin staining prep will be using the

samples from selected organs that assumed having

abnormalities in the pigeons, which are liver,

intestine, skin, and proventriculus (Janqueira, 2007).

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the liver macroscopic examination

showed a color change into yellow in the right lobe

(Figure 1.) Microscopic examination showed the

inflammatory cell infiltrate in the portal triad

(Figure 2.) According to Lope et al. (2017), the liver

has a complex hemodynamic groove. Blood from

the spleen, pancreas, and gastrointestinal flows into

the liver through the portal vein along with the

hepatic arteries. The inflammation of inflammatory

cells is an excessive accumulation of cells in the

tissues or blood vessels. Portal triads consist of

venules portal, arterioles portal, and bile ducts.

Blood flow from the portal vein is blood flow that

comes from the intestine, spleen, and rectum so that

it contains numerous antigens residual of the

intestinal bacteria such as lipopolysaccharide

endotoxins (LPS) and leukocytes when there is

inflammation due to the infection process in these

organs (Bogdanos. et al. 2013).

Figure 1. Pigeon's liver that appears turned into yellow in

the right lobe on the macroscopic examination (blue

arrow).

Figure 2. Histopathology of pigeon's liver tissue by

Hematoxylin Eosin staining (400x). Annotation : A.

Infiltration of inflammatory cells near the central vein

(black arrow). Inflammation of inflammatory cells in the

triad's portal (inside the green ring.

Macroscopic observations of proventricular

organs show hyperemia. The proventriculus is

seemed to have a dark red color (Figure 3). The

proventricular disorder is an anomaly occurring in

specific cases such as Newcastle disease.

Pathognomonic lesions of ND disease characterized

by the presence of petechiae and hemorrhage in the

mucosa proventriculus (Nakamura et al. 2010).

There was no hemorrhage, and petechiae

founded in the mucosa in the pigeon's case, but it has

hyperemia. Microscopic results showed congestion,

mucous gland ulceration, and ruptured

proventricular gland (Figure 4). Congestion is a

vascular size enlarged. Congestion generally occurs

when there was an expansion in tissue activity,

increased acid levels, CO2, also an infection or

tissue damage. It is due to vasodilation, and

increased blood flows into the area. Increased blood

flows to the gastrointestinal commonly occur during

the metabolic process. Erosion is a superficial

damaged on the surface of the tissue that could be

occurred by inflammation, trauma, or parasites that

break the extent of the mucosa and does not reach

the muscular mucosa. Ulcers are local lesions on the

skin or mucosal layer that show damaged superficial

epithelium and also in deeper tissues. The histology

shows superficial damages that indicate the

occurrence of mucosal gland erosions, and the

damage also exists unto the (mucosal gland). The

proventriculus histopathology shows that the

damage has spread into the proventricular glands

(Figure 4).

ICAMBBE 2019 - 6th ICAMBBE (International Conference on Advance Molecular Bioscience Biomedical Engineering) 2019

Figure 3. Proventricular hyperemia in pigeons becomes

dark red

The results of macroscopic observation of intestine

organs show obstruction with hyperemia. Nematode

worms which generate the obstruction are visible

after cross-section Microscopic observations

revealed epithelial erosion, villi rupture, goblet cell

hyperplasia, and hemorrhage (Figure 5).

Figure 4. Histopathology of proventriculus tissue with

Hematoxylin Eosin staining (400x) Annotation:

Congestion in proventricular tissue and erosion, ulcer

mucosal gland proventriculus

Helminthiasis damages can create Epithelial

erosion and villous rupture. The advances in

structure cells to goblet cell hyperplasia are the

body's defense attempts to react to the antigen or

epithelial damage. Healthy goblet cells are present in

intestine cells as cells that secreted mucin, which

serves to cover and protect the intestinal mucosa.

Damage to the intestinal epithelium causes more

goblet cells to produce mucin as a response to

epithelium damages (Djojodibroto, 2007).

Hemorrhage is an escape of blood from ruptured

blood vessels, and the bleeding can occur inside or

outside of the body. Increased blood pressure, blood

vessel infection, and inflammatory blood vessel

walls can provoke hemorrhage (Mohan, 2010).

Nematodes are one of the causes of bleeding in the

intestinal mucosa because it can damage the

epithelium and intestine blood vessels. Common

nematodes in pigeon intestines are Ascaridia

columbae, Capillaria sp, and Tetramers sp

(Alkharigy et al., 2018).

Figure 5. Histopathology of intestine tissue with

Hematoxylin Eosin staining (100x) Annotations: Ruptured

villi (black arrow). Goblet cell hyperplasia of villi

intestine and hemorrhage in the intestine villi.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Pigeon necropsy based on macroscopic and

microscopic changes leads to the assumption of

helminthiasis with types of nematodes and

Aspergillosis. Helminthiasis, especially nematode

intestinal, can cause changes both macroscopically

and microscopically in the liver and intestine, and

Aspergillosis can cause changes both macroscopic

and microscopic to the skin.

REFERENCES

Alkharigy, F. A., El Naas, A. S., Maghribi, A. A. 2018.

Survey Of Parasite in Domestic Pigeons (Columba

livia) in Tripoli, Libya. Open Veterinary Journal.

Vol.8(4) : 360 – 366

Bernardeschi, C., Foulet, F., Ortonne, N., Sitbon, K.,

Quereus G., Lortholary O., Chosidow, O., Bretagne, S.

2015. Cutaneus Invasive Aspergillosis: Retrospective

Multicenter Study of The French Invasive-

Aspergillosis Registry and Literature Review. Journal

of Medicine. Vol 94(26): e1018.

Bogadanos, D. P., Gao, B., Gershwin, M. E. 2013. Liver

Immunology. Journal of Compare Physiology 3 (2):

567 – 598

Butcher, G. D, and Miles, R. 2018. Avian Necropsy

Techniques.

Djojodibroto, D. 2007. Respirologi (Respiratory

Medicine).Penerbit Buku Kedokteran ECG: Jakarta.

Mohan, H. 2010. Textbook Of Pathology Sixth Edition.

Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher: New Delhi

Helminthiasis and Aspergillosis Suspect Examination in Pigeon

Latimer, S. K., Pauline M. Rakich, P. M., Branson, W. R.,

Harrison, G. J., Harrison, L R. 1994. Avian Medicine:

Principles and Application. Wingers Publishing: USA.

Majo, N and Dolz, R. 2011. Atlas of Avian Necropsy.

Servet Publishing: USA

Nakamura, K., Ohta, Y., Abe, Y., Imai, K., Yamada, M.

2010. Pathogenesis of Conjunctivits caused by

Newcastle disease viruses in specific-pathogen-free

chickens, Avian pathology journal. 33(3):371 – 376.

Studdert, V. P., Gay, C. C. and Blood, D.C. 2012.

Saunders Comperehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 4th.

Sauders : Philadelphia.

ICAMBBE 2019 - 6th ICAMBBE (International Conference on Advance Molecular Bioscience Biomedical Engineering) 2019