Self-concept and Decision-making for Ex Drug Addict

Novendawati Wahyu Sitasari, Ravinder Kaur and Safitri M.

Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Esa Unggul,

Jl. Arjuna Utara No. 9 Kebon Jeruk, Jakarta Barat, Indonesia

Keywords: Ex Drug Addict, Self-concept, Decision Making, Drug, Effect of Drug.

Abstract: Ex drug addict face many challenges in making decisions, ranging from the impact of drug use on brain

function to expectations and negative treatment from their communities. The ability of ex-drug addicts to

make decisions is thought to be influenced by their self-concept. The purpose of this study is to determine the

relationship between self-concept and decision-making for an ex-drug addict. The design of this research is

non-experimental quantitative research with non-probability sampling using the snowball technique. A

number of samples are 34 ex-drug addicts. Measuring of self-concept was based on the theory by Berzonsky,

with 55 valid items and 0.970 reliability value. Measuring of decision-making was based on the theory by

Janis and Mann, with 28 valid items and 0.968 reliability value. The results showed that there was a

significant, positive and strong correlation between self-concept and decision making (sig. 0.000 and r =

0.622). Self-concept has an influence on decision-making as much as 38.7%, with 61.3% being influenced by

other factors. The majority of the subjects had a negative self-concept (55.9%) and poor decision-making

(52.9%). Ex drug addict who had negative self-concept were more unable to make decisions.

1 INTRODUCTION

Based on the World Drug Report (2010) there were

149-272 million people who used drugs at least in

2009. In Indonesia, the number of drug abusers is

estimated by 3.8 million to 4.1 million people who

have used drugs (current users) in groups aged 10-59

years in 2014. So, there are 1 in 44 to 48 people age

10-59 years old still or have used drugs based on the

Final Report of the National Survey on Drug Abuse

Development in 2014. That number continues to

increase with reference to the results of research

conducted by Badan Narkotika Nasional (BNN) and

Puslitkes UI which estimated the number of drug

users reached 5.8 million people in 2015. Based on

the Data and Information Center of the Indonesian

Ministry of Health (2017) the number of drug

suspects in the last 5 years 2012-2016 the most cases

crystal meth (shabu) 3,559, followed by marijuana

172 suspects and ecstasy 194 suspects.

There are three main factors for a person to uses

drugs (Mardiati, 2015), is for fun, for function, or for

forgetting. Other factors that influence someone using

drugs are demographic, socio-economic, cultural

factors including the values held by the community

where the individual was located (http://aids-

ina.org/).

Drug use will turn into addiction or dependence

when the users feel they have no power to resist the

effects of the drug. It can happen because drugs

contain psychoactive effects, that change the mood,

cognitive, and behavior of the users (Sarafino in

Purba J, 2011). Especially for crystal meth, this drug

has a very strong influence on nerves. Users of this

drug will be dependent and will continue for a long

time, even can cause heart disease or even death. The

resulting effect is weight loss, often hallucinations,

damage to organs, such as the liver, and stomach. It

also will affect the thought process and concentration.

Using crystal meth will damage a person's nerves and

cognitive processes and this can lead to decreased

thought function and reasoning of crystal meth

addicts (BNN in Purba J, 2011).

Chronic use of crystal meth also affecting

cognition for the long term, as well as attention.

Where various aspects of attention from

concentration are influenced by the use of chronic

methamphetamine which causes damage to neurons

in the frontal and prefrontal cortex of the brain.

Chronic problems include being difficult to focus and

concentrate over the long term. Damage that occurs

as a result of misuse of crystal meth also affects the

ability of individuals to suppress impulses and

become unable to make judgments or resolve

Sitasari, N., Kaur, R. and M., S.

Self-concept and Decision-making for Ex Drug Addict.

DOI: 10.5220/0009563200650071

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Health (ICOH 2019), pages 65-71

ISBN: 978-989-758-454-1

problems. This inability also varies from one

individual to another. In memory function, studies

have shown that the ability to encode and remember

information has significantly decreased both in

animals and humans using chronic crystal meth. Also

same for the function of movement that is damaged

in a number of neurons in the brain related to motor

function, including reaction time, fine motor

coordination and complex movement abilities and

also in simple movement functions, such as walking.

The last influence of chronic crystal meth also affects

the ability to control emotions, such as mood swings,

chronic depression, chronic apathy, loss of

motivation, aggression issues, irritability, violence,

and even self-injury and or suicide. This reflects the

depletion of neurotransmitters and structural damage

that results from chronic misuse of crystal meth

(www.americanaddictioncenters.org).

The process of recovering drug users is not a short

process and can’t be done easily. Before it was truly

said to be "free" from drugs, there were times when

the junkie relapsed. Relapse is a return to the previous

behavior, which is reusing drugs. Relapse is highly

likely to occur in the first week or month when

stopping drug use (Sarafino in Purba R, 2011).

Being an ex-drug addict is not a guarantee that he

is free from the temptation of drugs forever. The

biggest temptation for ex-drug addicts is when they

meet up with fellow users or new friends that still

using drugs. In addition, ex-drug addicts will face the

temptation to fight the challenges and desires from

within themselves to use drugs again (relapse), which

is very dependent on the decision making of former

drug users themselves (Afriani, 2016).

When a drug user looking back to his or his

friends experience while using drugs, such as seeing

family relationships destroyed by his actions, not

having a job, the possibility of dying due to

overdosage, being caught by police and imprisoned,

then think what he has done can destroy his future so

he decided to stop to use drugs with the assistance

available, among others, looking for people who can

be trusted, consult with available institutions and also

go to rehabilitation centers or religious center.

However, according to Weiss & Mirin (in Purba J,

2011), not all ex-drug addict succeed to be stopped

when faced with all the consequences such as be dope

up (sakaw), being hated by other addicts, hated by

family, having no friends and being ostracized,

embarrassed and feel they have low self-esteem,

feeling despised and poor and also enduring extreme

pain, anxiety, and depression, even to the point of

committing suicide. The consequences and

confronted with these constraints drug users are able

to return to the right direction or re-use drugs.

According to Dietrich (2010), there are several

factors that influence decision making. These factors

are past experiences, cognitive biases, age and

individual differences, belief in personal relevance

and an increase in commitment. Experiences,

knowledge, maturity of age, character and also

different levels of commitment to ex-drug addicts can

determine the direction of decision making. When the

experience that he went through while using drugs

makes him deterred, the possibility to stop using

drugs is higher. The same with the cognition of an ex-

drug addict, if he uses drugs for a long time then the

effect on his cognition is also quite severe so that it

can influence decision making.

According to Suharnan (2005), decision making

is the process of selecting or determining various

possibilities among uncertain situations. Decision

making occurs in situations where a person must

make predictions ahead, choose one of two or more

choices, make estimates about the frequency of

estimates that will occur. One function of thinking is

setting decisions. Decisions are taken by a variety of

people but the signs generally include: the decision is

the result of thinking, the results of intellectual effort,

decisions always involve the choice of various

alternatives, decisions always involve concrete

action, although the implementation may be deferred

or forgotten (Rachmat, 2012).

According to Janis and Mann (in Sihaloho, 2014),

the decision-making process will go through 5 stages

namely assessing new information, looking at

alternatives, considering alternatives, making

commitments and surviving despite negative

feedback. The five stages do not always take place

optimally (not all must be passed and do not have to

be sequential). This is due to differences in learning

processes and experiences. When someone facing

choices, what is expected is that the person can see

the choice to be made from various points of view and

can think about the advantages and disadvantages of

what he will choose. Just like a drug user, when he is

confronted with the choices in front of him such as

broken family relationships, social environment,

education and economic issues, whether to continue

using drugs or choose to stop and try to fight for a

better life and fix all the problems that have been

inflicted during drug use.

According to Suprayogi (2012), individual self-

concept influences individual behavior. A person's

self-concept can affect the way of thinking that will

determine a person's behavior. The self-concept of an

ex-drug addict, both positive and negative self-

ICOH 2019 - 1st International Conference on Health

concepts will influence decision making. Negative

self-concept makes ex-drug addicts judge themselves

as individuals who are guilty so that he tends to

withdraw from the social environment or indifferent

to what will happen to him or the environment around

him. Whereas ex-drug addicts who have a positive

self-concept will direct themselves to see their current

situation as an opportunity to prove that they can

function again in the community and deserve to

receive good things like everyone else.

Self-concept is something that all individuals

have. Calhoun and Acocella (in Sitompul, 2013)

revealed that self-concept is a personal view that a

person has about himself. The concept of self can be

formed and developed through the experiences they

experienced in everyday life when interacting with

others. Individual self-concept is closely related to

how the assessment of the people around him and

then have an impact on how individuals judge

themselves. In line with Calhoun, Berzonsky (in

Harianja, 2011) argues that the self-concept is a

picture of a person, both his perception of his real self

and his evaluation based on his expectations which

are a combination of physical, psychological, social,

and moral aspects. Thus, this self-concept is not a

descriptive description of the self, but also an

evaluation of the physical, psychological, and moral

self.

An ex-drug addict who has a positive self-

concept: able to accept themselves, able to recognize

themselves, able to evaluate themselves, able to think

realistically and be able to set goals according to their

competencies. Positive self-concept determines the

direction a person sees problems, successes, and

relates to others (Sitasari, 2007). Therefore, when an

ex-drug addict has a positive self-concept, he is able

to think realistically to make good decisions for

himself and his environment. Apart from that, he can

evaluate himself and also the decisions made. In

contrast to ex-drug addicts who have negative self-

concepts will have a tendency to instability and self-

ignorance, do not have the confidence to be able to

change their habits, feel their lives have been

destroyed or feel like trash that must be removed from

the community so that it is difficult to make the right

decisions for themselves and their environment. The

purpose of this study was to determine the correlation

between self-concept and decision making for ex-

drug addicts. The hypothesis was a positive

correlation between self-concept and decision

making for ex-drug addicts.

2 METHODOLOGY

This research included quantitative research and

classified as correlational research, which is to see the

correlation between two variables, namely self-

concept and decision making for ex-drug addicts. The

population in this study were ex-drug addicts who did

not relapse from rehabilitation institutions,

government agencies or community components with

a total of 2,131 people in Jakarta. In examining the

sample, researchers used Sugiono's theory (2010)

which explained that decent sample size in the study

was between 30 to 500. During 7 weeks of spreading

data, 34 samples were obtained that were ex-drug

addicts age 18-40 years old, had used meth and have

stopped using drugs for at least 2 years. The sampling

method in this study is Non-Probability Sampling

using snowball sampling techniques that are

considered most appropriate for use in research.

The measuring instrument used is a form of

questionnaire Likert scale. Researchers will distribute

questionnaires consisting of three parts. The first part

of the questionnaire was shown to obtain the identity

of the research subjects. The second part measures the

scale of self-concept which contains a number of

statements and the third part of the questionnaire to

measure decision making.

The self-concept scale used in this study adapted

based on aspects of self-concept formulated by

Berzonsky compiled by Sitasari (2007), which was

tested with a reliability of 0.90. These aspects consist

of physical, social, moral and psychological aspects.

The scale of decision making used in this study based

on the decision-making aspects formulated by Janis

and Mann compiled by Mukti (2016) which has been

tested with the reliability of 0.957. These aspects of

decision making consist of assessing problems,

looking for alternative choices, considering

alternative choices, making commitments, and

surviving despite negative feedback.

The validity test of the self-concept measuring

instrument was carried out using the construct

validity technique with the Pearson product-moment

formula, obtained from 60 items there were 5 items

that were declared null or invalid because (r <0.3). So

that there are 55 valid items with (r>0.3). Whereas the

decision-making measuring instrument obtained

results from 47 items there were 19 items that were

declared invalid or invalid because (r <0.3) so that the

remaining 28 items were valid with a value (r> 0.3).

The results of the reliability test by looking at the

estimation of internal consistency using alpha

Cronbach (α), the results obtained that the value of

the reliability coefficient of self-concept after the trial

Self-concept and Decision-making for Ex Drug Addict

of (α) = 0.970 (α> 0.70), so it can be said to measure

self-concept in research this is very reliable. And the

results of the reliability coefficient of decision

making after the trial of (α) = 0.968 (α> 0.70), so it

can be said that the decision-making measurement

tool in this study is very reliable. This study uses the

Pearson Product Moment correlation technique to test

hypotheses or the correlation between two self-

concept variables and decision making to stop for ex-

drug addicts.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Based on gender, the subjects were dominated by

male subjects were 27 subjects (79.4%), followed by

women were 7 subjects (20.6%). Based on the length

of stopping using drugs in this study, it was

dominated by subjects with long stopping for more

than 2 years by 27 subjects (79.4%), while those less

than 2 years were 7 subjects (20.6%).

Based on the results of the normality test data with

the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test One-sample

technique, the significance value of the self-concept

test was obtained at sig p = 0.200 (p> 0.05) and

decision making by Sig. p = 0.068 (p> 0.05). This

means that both research data are normally

distributed.

Based on the results of data processing, Sig. P =

0.000 which means there is a significant relationship

between self-concept and decision making. The

correlation results show that the value of r = 0.622

which means there is a positive and strong correlation

between self-concept and decision making. Value r2

= 0.387 which means there is a contribution or

influence of self-concept on decision making. Then it

can be concluded that the hypothesis is accepted.

The categorization of self-concept variables was

carried out. The self-concept variable category has

two levels, namely positive and negative, positive and

very positive groups will become positive groups,

while negative and very negative groups will become

negative.

Table 1: Self Concept Categorization 2 Levels.

Self-

Concept

Decision Making Total

Unable Able

Negative 13 72.2% 6 37.5% 19

Positive 5 27.8% 10 62.5% 15

Total 18 100.0% 16 100.0% 34

From table 1 we get the results of 19 ex-drug

addicts with a negative self-concept (55.9%).

Whereas former drug users with positive self-

concepts were 15 subjects or (44.1%). The data above

shows that there are more ex-drug addicts with

negative self-concepts than positive ones. This is

because ex-drug addicts tend to have negative views

on physical aspects. Where ex-drug addicts feel their

physical appearance is not attractive so they feel less

confident to appear in public.

Table 2: Decision Making Categorization 2 Levels.

Categorization Total Percentage

Able 16 47.1%

Unable 18 52.9%

Categorization of decision-making is divided into

two, namely able and unable, the able and very

capable groups will become able groups, while those

who cannot and cannot afford will become unable.

From table 2 above we get the results of 18 ex-drug

addicts who are unable to make decisions (52.9%).

While 16 others are able to make decisions (47.1%).

The data above shows that there are more drug users

who are unable to make decisions than those who are

able to make decisions. This is because in the

decision-making process, ex-drug addicts are most

unable to assessing new information and making

commitments. They tend to find it difficult to find a

way out of their problem so they decide not to think

about the problem at hand. At the stage of making

commitments, ex-drug addicts sometimes do not have

the understanding and planning for the commitments

they will take and they do not want or are able to

notify people around them of the commitments they

made.

Table 3: Description of self-concept towards decision

making for ex-drug addicts.

Categorization Total Percentage

Positive 15 44.1%

Negative 19 55.9%

Based on table 3 above, it was found that ex-drug

addicts who were unable to make more decisions had

13 negative self-concepts or 72.2%, while ex-drug

addicts who were able to make more decisions had 10

positive self-concepts or by 62.5%. This data is also

supported by the results of the chi-square between

self-concept and decision making for ex-drug addicts,

ICOH 2019 - 1st International Conference on Health

obtained a Sig value of 0.042 (p <0.05) which means

there is a correlation between self-concept and

decision-making for ex-drug addicts.

Table 4: Self-concept categorization of gender in ex-drug

addicts.

Self-

Concept

Male Female Total

Negative 14 51.9% 5 71.4% 19

Positive 13 48.1% 2 28.6% 15

Total 27 100.0% 7 100.0% 34

From table 4 the results show that there were more

than 14 male ex-drug addicts with negative self-

concepts or 51.9%, while female ex-drug addicts also

had more negative self-concepts of 5 or 71.4%. This

shows that both male and female ex-drug addicts have

negative self-concept tendencies. The results of the

chi-square between the sex types of self-concept for

ex-drug addicts have obtained Sig. values of 0.353

(p> 0.05) which means there is no correlation

between gender with the self-concept for ex-drug

addicts.

4 DISCUSSION

When ex-drug addicts stop using drugs, the effects of

drug use persist such as, their ability to think has

decreased so that it is difficult to focus in the long

term, unable to make judgments and resolution of

problems that are quite low, decreased memory

ability, the existence of obstacles or decreased motor

function and also problems in controlling emotions.

All of these impacts will influence the decision

making for ex-drug addicts from the simplest to the

most complex, such as making decisions for

education that suits their interests and talents, work

according to their abilities, choosing the best life

partner to not return to using drugs or relapse.

Ex drug addict that has a positive self-concept is

ex-drug addicts can accept and understand the

advantages and disadvantages of conditions that have

occurred to him so that the ex-drug addicts can found

his true identity. Positive self-concept determines the

direction someone sees problems, successes, and

relates to other people. Whereas negative self-concept

determines the perspective of someone who is

pessimistic about competition as revealed in their

unwillingness to compete with others in making

achievements (Yuniarti in Sitasari, 2007).

Positive self-concept makes ex-drug addicts know

how to treat themselves in various conditions so that

they are not easily influenced by bad things anymore.

By not using drugs he becomes more able to control

his emotions, realize the shortcomings and can cover

it. Although the state of health, appearance, and

gestures are not like they used to before use drugs,

they are sure of who they are today (Puspasari, 1899).

This can be seen in the decision making for ex-

drug addicts who have a positive self-concept in

deciding their field of work. Ex drug addicts who

have a positive self-concept will be able to make

decisions at work. This is because work is an

embodiment of self-concept. This means that ex-drug

addicts who have positive self-concepts will try to

apply the self-concept by choosing work, which

according to ex-drug addicts is most likely to express

themselves (Super in Tanaka, 2016). Whereas ex-

drug addicts who have negative self-concepts are

unable to make decisions at work because they cannot

see work as an expression of their self-concept.

Ex drug addicts who are able to make decisions in

education due to having a positive self-concept. This

is because ex-drug addicts have self-knowledge,

which influences the way they process information

and take action, define themselves or social identities

based on traits that distinguish themselves from

others and have interpersonal relationships. However,

this condition is different when an ex-drug addict has

a negative self-concept, the belief or decision he made

will inevitably bring big problems so that his decision

becomes weak (Sani & Frieda, 2015).

Ex drug addicts who have a positive self-concept

will be able to make decisions in deciding marriage.

Decision-making to get married to ex-drug addicts is

the end result of the decision-making process. This

goes through the stages of decision making and is

influenced by internal and external factors

(Tuapattinaya & Hartati, 2014). While ex-drug

addicts who have a negative self-concept are not able

to go through the stages of the decision-making

process.

Ex drug addicts who have a positive self-concept

will be able to make the decision to refuse drug reused

because he can manage his feelings and stimuli and

measure the temperament of himself and others

(Novitasari and Sudarji, 2017). This will be different

for ex-drug addicts who have a negative self-concept

where the tendency to use drugs or relapse is higher.

The Pearson Correlation test results in this study

obtained Sig. p = 0.000 (p <0.05) means that the

hypothesis is accepted, in other words, there is a

significant correlation between self-concept and

decision making for ex-drug addicts. Pearson

Self-concept and Decision-making for Ex Drug Addict

correlation values indicate a correlation value of r =

0.622, which means having a positive or strong

correlation between self-concept and decision

making. Being positive in this study means that the

correlation that occurs between self-concept and

decision-making is a relationship that is directly

proportional, which means that the more positive the

self-concept of an ex-drug addicts, the abler the ex-

drug addicts are in making decisions, the more

negative the self-concept is the less able ex-drug

addicts in making decisions. The results of this study

are in-line with the results of research conducted by

Tanaka (2016) regarding the relationship between

self-concept and career decision making in students

of SMK Muhammadiyah Salatiga, stating that

students with very positive self-concepts have a level

of career decision making in the capable category.

The results of a study conducted by Halida (2014)

also stated that there was a correlation between self-

concept and career decision making in class XII of

SMK Negeri 1 Jenang Ponogoro in the academic year

2013-2014. This is because students who can make

high career decisions tend to have positive self-

concepts.

Other than that, from the results of the cross-

tabulation test between self-concept and decision

making, it is produced that there is a correlation

between self-concept and decision making (p = 0.042

<0.05). From the data obtained shows that ex-drug

addicts who are unable to make decisions have more

negative self-concepts as many as 13 subjects or

(72.2%). Whereas ex-drug addicts who were able to

make more decisions had positive self-concepts of 10

subjects or (62.5%).

Based on the contribution value of r2 which is

0.387, it shows that self-concept contributes 38.7% to

decision making and the remaining 61.3% is

influenced by other factors outside the self-concept

that can influence the decision making that is not

discussed in this study. This is in line with the results

of research conducted by Sani & Frieda (2015)

regarding the correlation between self-concept and

decision-making to become students at Pondok

Assalaam Temanggung, that self-concept variables

make an effective contribution of 60.5% to decision

making. Likewise, with research conducted by

Tanaka (2016) regarding the correlation between self-

concept and career decision-making for students of

SMK Muhammadiyah Salatiga, self-concept

variables made an effective contribution of 17.1% to

decision making.

The results of cross-tabulation between sex and

self-concept produced that there was no correlation

between male and female gender with self-concept (p

= 0.353> 0.05). But from the data, it can be seen that

ex-drug addicts who have negative self-concept

found in the male gender as many as 14 subjects or

(51.9%) and also as many as 5 subjects or women

(71.4%). The results of this study are in line with the

results of research conducted by Arens & Hasselhorn

(2014) regarding age and gender differences in the

correlation between self-concept facets and self-

esteem, which states there is no correlation between

sex with aspects of self-concept and self-esteem. Nor

was it found that gender stereotypes did not have a

role between self-concept and self-esteem. So that the

positive and negative self-concepts are not built based

on gender.

The results of cross-tabulation between time to

stop using drugs with self-concept resulted that there

was no correlation between time to stop using self-

concept (p = 0.102> 0.05). But from the data

obtained, it is produced that ex-drug users with a

duration of fewer than 2 years have a more positive

self-concept as many as 5 subjects or (71.4%)

compared to ex-drug addicts with a long-term stop of

more than 2 years who have a negative self-concept

as many as 17 subjects or (63.0%).

Based on the results of cross-tabulation between

sexes with decision-making for ex-drug addicts, it

was found that there was no correlation between male

and female sexes with decision making (p = 0.549>

0.05). But from the data, it can be seen that there are

more female ex-drug addicts who are able to make

decisions as many as 4 subjects or (57.1%), while

more men are not able to make decisions as many as

15 subjects or (55.6%). The results of this study are

in line with the results of Missri (2008) regarding

gender differences in decision-making processes: a

computerized experiment, stating that there is no

clear evidence that shows that one sex is better than

the other in making decisions. Both have many

differences in choices and differences in several other

aspects, but no sex is superior to the others. This is

because men and women have decreased ability to see

the problem as a whole when the problem becomes

complex.

The results of cross-tabulation between the time

to stop using drugs and the decision making resulted

that there was no correlation between the time to stop

using the decision (p = 0.147> 0.05). But from the

data obtained, it is produced that ex-drug users with a

long stop of fewer than 2 years are more capable of

making decisions as many as 5 subjects or (71.4%)

compared to ex-drug addicts with a long stop of more

than 2 years who are unable to make decisions as

many as 16 subjects or (59.2%).

ICOH 2019 - 1st International Conference on Health

5 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of data processing that has been

done from research on the correlation between self-

concept and decision making for ex-drug addicts, a

significant, positive and strong correlation was found

between self-concept and decision making (sig. 0,000

and r = 0.622). Self-concept influences decision

making by 38.7% and the rest is influenced by other

factors.

The self-concept of the majority for ex-drug

addicts was negative (55.9%) and the majority of ex-

drug addicts' decision making was incapable (52.9%).

Ex drug addicts who are unable to make decisions

tend to have negative self-concepts (72.2%), while

ex-drug addicts who are able to make decisions tend

to have positive self-concepts (62.5%).

There was no correlation between sex with self-

concept (p = 0.353> 0.05) and also there was no

correlation between length of stop using drugs with

self-concept (p = 0.102> 0.05).

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