Correlation between Ankle Stability, Strength and Endurance of

Plantar Flexor Muscle in Volleyball Player Agility Skill at

UKM Voli Universitas Esa Unggul

Syahmirza Indra Lesmana

, Trisia Lusiana Amir

and Alfonsa Daisy Maralisa

Esa Unggul University, Arjuna Utara Street, Jakarta Barat, Indonesia

Department of Physiotherapy, Esa Unggul University, Jakarta Barat, Indonesia

Keywords: Volleyball, Ankle Stability, One Leg Stand, Plantarflexor Muscle Strength, Agility Skill, 1RM, Heel Raise

Test, Hexagonal Agility Skill.

Abstract: Objective: Determine the correlation between ankle stability, strength and endurance of plantar flexor muscle

in volleyball player agility skill at volleyball students activity unit Esa Unggul University aged 18-25 years.

Method: This study is a non-experimental study in the form of a correlation study to analyze the relationship

between ankle stability, strength and endurance of plantar flexor muscle in volleyball player agility skill. The

total sample is 18 volleyball players aged 18-25 years who are members of volleyball students activity unit

Esa Unggul University, West Jakarta. The measuring instruments used were single leg balance (ankle

stability), 1RM heel raise test (plantar flexor strength), heel raise test (plantar flexor endurance) and hexagonal

obstacle test (agility skill). Result: Correlation test between ankle stability and agility skill with Spearman-

Rank Test obtained a significance value p= 0.XXX, (p>0.05) and r=0.XXX. Strength and agility with

Spearman-Rank Test obtained a significance value p= 0.673 (p>0.05) and r=0,10. For correlation test between

plantar flexor muscle endurance obtained significance value with p = 0.824 andr=-0.057.

1 INTRODUCTION

Volleyball game is of dynamic sports that requires

techniques that players to possess various physical

skills. In volleyball games, players need to have

strength, speed, accuracy, explosive power and

coordination as well as good teamwork. These

physical skills in volleyball game if placed in

unsupportive conditions, poor technique or lack of

physical readiness can cause injuries that mainly

occur during landing from blocking and spiking

(Hadzic et. Al, 2009). Injuries that occur, as a whole

can cause a decrease in player performance. So that

one way to prevent sports injuries is to improve

stability and muscle performance, like the strength

and endurance of the lower leg muscles. In addition

to avoiding or preventing injury, with ankle stability,

leg muscle strength and endurance, a player's

performance or performance in performing volleyball

techniques can be more effective in scoring and

defending the pitch against an opponent's attack.

Ankle stability has a very important role to

stabilize effective lower limb movement techniques

during games or training and also to avoid injuries in

volleyball games. The meaning of stabilization is the

functional stabilization of the ankle which is the result

of coordination of mechanical resistance (by joint

capsule, articular and musculotendinous structures)

with dynamic resistance which is the result of muscle

contraction around the joint (Myers et al, 2006). This

stabilization can affect the player's skill like the

ability to move direction quickly without losing

balance or agility skill. Therefore ankle stability must

also work together with agility to improve the

performance of players. So from the description to

determine the ability of ankle stabilization, the

measuring instrument used is a single leg balance test.

In addition, other functional components is

muscle strength. Muscle strength is a basic bio motor

component or activator of the human body. Muscle

strength is defined as the ability of a muscle or group

of muscles to be able to produce force in maximum

contraction (Kisner, 2007). Physiologically, muscle

strength is the basic driving force that allows a player

to be able to develop other physical skills such as

speed, explosive power, coordination, agility and

endurance. In volleyball players the ability to move is

supported by the strength of the lower leg muscles.

Lesmana, S., Amir, T. and Maralisa, A.

Correlation between Ankle Stability, Strength and Endurance of Plantar Flexor Muscle in Volleyball Player Agility Skill at UKM Voli Universitas Esa Unggul.

DOI: 10.5220/0009561700050012

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Health (ICOH 2019), pages 5-12

ISBN: 978-989-758-454-1

Lower limb muscle strength in volleyball players is

stated as one of the critical factors in a player's

performance success (Radu et al, 2014).

Plantarflexor muscle is a lower leg muscle that is

part of a human calf. This muscle is also a form of

posterior lower limb muscle called the triceps surae

which consists of the gastrocnemius and soleus

muscles. This group has the main function to perform

plantar flection and supination movements at the

ankle (ankle). In the plantar flection movement, the

triceps surae gives a contribution of 80% -90% in the

production of the force of motion produced, (Chimera

et al, 2010). In volleyball players the resulting

movement can be produced with contraction of the

plantar flexor muscle which is able to develop into

strength for explosive power when jumping, the

ability to defend, slide, land and footwork. The

presence of adequate plantar flexor muscle strength

will produce effective and efficient movements in

performing skill techniques in volleyball by

providing active stabilization of the ankles and knees

from the plantar flection motion. This is based on a

component of the skills formed by the presence of

good muscle strength (Young et al al, 2002). To

measure the ability or strength of the plantar flexor

muscle, measurements can be done by carrying out a

bilateral heel raise test (HRT) (Monteiro et al, 2016;

Mock et al, 2018) with the addition of maximum

external load (1RM) (Verdjik et al, 2008).

Beside from muscle strength, the development of

functional abilities of the plantar flexor muscle is

endurance. The role of plantar flexor muscle endurance

is very important to be able to maintain the condition

of the body when playing optimally. This is due to the

ability of the plantar flexor muscle endurance to hold

back how long the muscle strength can move

continuously without pause by providing ability or

skills in leg movements The specific skill is the body's

skill to move fast and change direction quickly in an

efficient and effective pattern. So that in volleyball

players plantar flexor muscle strength and endurance

and agility skills is a must-have requirement. To find

out the endurance ability of plantar flexor muscles, the

measuring instrument used was the calf raises test.

Of the various skills needed by players, agility

skills include the skills that must be possessed by each

player to produce good performance in the field.

Agility skills are often interpreted as individual skills

to be able to change direction quickly and precisely

and without losing balance. On the other hand

comprehensively, agility skills must also consider the

physical needs, cognitive processes and motor

learning and technical abilities (bio mechanics)

involved (Sheppard and Young, 2006). This agility

skill can be measured using a valid and reliable

measure, the Hexagonal Obstacle Test (McCormick,

2014; Sabin and Alexandru, 2015).

Therefore, an observation is needed in order to

obtain data from the subject directly and clearly to

find out how much the relationship between ankle

stability, muscle strength and endurance of the lower

limbs, especially in volleyball players at volleyball

students activity Esa Unggul University. Observation

also illustrates everything related to the object of

research, drawing conclusions compiled into a report

so that it becomes more relevant.

2 METHODS

The study was conducted descriptively with a

quantitative approach that was included in the research

analysis. Quantitative research is research that focuses

on analysis of numerical data that is processed using

statistical tests. This research is a correlation study

conducted to determine the relationship between two

variables, ankle stability as measured by a single leg

balance test, plantar flexor muscle strength as measure-

ed by 1RM heel raise test and plantar flexor muscle

endurance as measured by calf raise test for agility

skills measured by the hexagonal obstacle test on

volleyball players at volleyball students activity Esa

Unggul University. In this study it is expected that

there is a match between the methods used by resear-

chers with the goals to be achieved by researchers.

The population in this study were all volleyball

players at volleyball students activity Esa Unggul

University. Based on field surveys it is known that the

total population of ± 20 people. As for the sampling by

means of purposive sampling where the samples taken

will be representative if they are in accordance with

predetermined sampling criteria. The number of

samples in the study was determined using the Taro

Yamane formula. Based on the formula used, the

minimum number of samples taken is 17 people, but in

this study a minimum sample of 18 people will be used.

Criteria for acceptance of samples in this study include:

(1) Volleyball players aged 18-25 years (2) Still and

actively participating in training conducted by

volleyball students activity Esa Unggul University for

approximately 2 years of training (3) Signing informed

consent. While the criteria for rejection of samples in

this study include: (1) There are acute injuries and

other musculoskeletal disorders in the upper limb such

as subluxation, fractures and tendon injuries (2) There

are acute injuries and other musculoskeletal disorders

in the lower extremities such as meniscus tears and

knee ligament injuries. (ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL),

ICOH 2019 - 1st International Conference on Health

sprained, or had a fracture. There are acute injuries and

other musculoskeletal disorders in the upper limb such

asubluxation, fractures and tendon injuries (2) There

are acute injuries and other musculoskeletal disorders

in the lower extremities such as meniscus tears and

knee ligament injuries. (ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL),

sprained, or had a fracture.

Data analysis was processed using the SPSS

(Statistical Product and Service Solution) system.

Analysis of the data used in this study include the

normality test and hypothesis testing. Normality test

to determine sample distribution. Test for normality

using the Shaphiro-Wilk Test, with the provisions

that p> 0.05 data are normally distributed and p <0.05

data are not normally distributed. Hypothesis

analyzed using Pearson Product Moment correlation

test to determine the direction of the relationship

between two variables. This test is carried out if the

data is normally distributed. If the data is not

normally distributed, a Spearman Rank Correlation

Coefficient test will be performed. The test was

carried out at a significance level (α value) of 0.05.

3 RESULT

3.1 Sample Characteristics

The sample characteristics in the study included

gender, age, body weight, height, body mass index

(BMI), leg length, leg circumference (thigh and leg),

blood pressure, respiration rate and heart rate.

Categorical data are presented in the form of

proportions (percentages) and data in numerical form

are presented in the form of mean, SD, median,

minimum and maximum values. Presentation of

research characteristic data can be seen in table 1.

Table 1: Sample Characteristics.

Characteristics Result

Sex

Male

Female

50%

Age (years)

Mean

Median

Minimum

Maximum

19,61

1,78

19,50

Weight (kg)

Mean

Median

64,60

11,22

64,60

Minimum

Maximum

49,00

96,00

Height (cm)

Mean

Median

Minimum

Maximum

164,43

7,99

162,00

152,00

179,00

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Mean

Median

Minimum

Maximum

23,73

3,63

23,05

19,00

31,00

Leg Length (cm)

Mean

Median

Minimum

Maximum

86,74

4,48

85,75

81,00

98,00

Lingkar Otot (cm)

Thight

Mean

Median

Minimum

Maximum

49,96

5,91

49,73

42,00

64,00

Leg

Mean

Median

Minimum

Maximum

36,45

2,97

35,75

32,00

42,00

Blood Pressure (BP)

(mmHg)

Mean

Median

Minimum

Maximum

119,99/78,89

9,38/9,63

120,.00/75,00

100,00/70,00

130/90,00

Respiration Rate (RR)

(x/menit)

Mean

Median

Minimum

Maximum

31,22

6,51

30,00

24,00

46,00

Heart Rate (HR)

(x/menit)

Mean

Median

Minimum

Maximum

81,78

13,01

84,00

60,00

100,00

Correlation between Ankle Stability, Strength and Endurance of Plantar Flexor Muscle in Volleyball Player Agility Skill at UKM Voli

Universitas Esa Unggul

3.2 Data Prerequisites Test

Data normality test is needed to find out whether the

data is normal or abnormal distribution. In addition,

the normality test is also used to determine the type

of statistics used in the research hypothesis. In this

study the normality test was performed using the

Shapiro-Wilk Test. Based on the results of data

processing using SPSS 24.0, the test results are

presented in table 2.

Table 2: Shapiro-Wilk Normality Test Results.

Variable p Interpretation

Ankle Stability

Sinistra

Dextra

0.543

0.521

Normal

Plantar Flexor

Muscle Strength

0.462 Normal

Plantar Flexor

Muscle Endurance

0.117 Normal

Agility Skill 0.001 Abnormal

In testing the normality of research variable data,

the results of data processing from the independent

variable are ankle stability, plantar flexor muscle

strength and endurance with p value of > 0.05 which

means data were normally distributed. Meanwhile,

the dependent variable, agility skills, also obtained a

p value of 0.001, which means p <0.05 or data not

normally distributed. From the results in normality

test, it can be concluded that the hypothesis test in this

study is a non-parametric test using the Spearman-

Rank correlation test.

3.3 Hypothesis Test

Hypothesis testing data analysis consists of

correlation analysis with the aim of analyzing the

meaning of the relationship between variables, the

strength of the relationship between variables and the

direction of the relationship between variables. In

accordance with the conclusion of the normality test,

in this study a non-parametric test with the Spearman-

Rank correlation test with the terms of the hypothesis

testing result H

is rejected if the p value <α value

(0.05) and H

is accepted if the p value> α value

(0.05). The hypothesis established on the relationship

between ankle stability and agility skills were:

There is no correlation between ankle

stability and agility skills in volleyball

players at Volleyball Students Activity

Unit of Esa Unggul University.

There is a correlation between ankle

stability and agility skills in volleyball

players at Volleyball Students Activity

Unit of Esa Unggul University.

Furthermore, in the relationship between plantar

flexor muscle strength variables and agility skills, the

established hypothesis was:

There is no correlation between plantar

flexor muscle strength and agility skills in

volleyball players at Volleyball Students

Activity Unit of Esa Unggul University.

There is a correlation between plantar

flexor muscle strength and agility skills in

volleyball players at Volleyball Students

Activity Unit of Esa Unggul University.

In the following discussion the relationship

between muscular endurance and agility skills have

the following hypothesis:

There is no correlation between plantar

flexor muscle endurance and agility

skills in volleyball players at Volleyball

Students Activity Unit of Esa Unggul

University.

There is a correlation between plantar

flexor muscle endurance and agility

skills in volleyball players at Volleyball

Students Activity Unit of Esa Unggul

University.

The results of processing the hypothesis test data

with the Spearman-Rank correlation test represented

in table 3.

Table 3: Result of Spearman-Rank Correlation Test.

Agility Skill Score

Ankle

Stability

Sinistra

Dextra

r = -0.219

p = 0.383

n = 18

r = -0.140

p =0.581

n = 18

Plantar

Flexor

Muscle

Strength

r = 0,107

p = 0,673

n = 18

Plantar

Flexor

Muscle

Endurance

r = -0.057

p = 0.824

n = 18

ICOH 2019 - 1st International Conference on Health

4 DISCUSS

4.1 Ankle Stability

The description of ankle stabilization in volleyball

players in s volleyball students activity od Esa

Unggul University, on dextra ankle has an average

value of 54.64 seconds and an average of 56.88

seconds in the ankle sinistra. The results of

observational data that have been carried out using

this single leg balance test have passed the normal

time that has been set, ie the average value between

the ankle dextra and sinistra groups has passed 30

seconds for the normal time of individuals aged 18-

49 years (Martin et al, 2013). But there is an average

difference between the ankle dextra and ankle sinistra

groups. The stabilization value of the ankle is greater,

this can be due to the dominant ankle in the sample in

UEU Volleyball SMEs.

In the International Foot and Ankle journal

entitled "Influence of Age, Body Mass Index and Leg

Dominance of Functional Ankle Stability", this

journal explains that for the dominant group of the

right leg has better results on the left leg when doing

single leg stance and vice versa, on the left leg group

the single leg stance results are better on the right leg.

One reason that has been presented in this journal is

that the non-dominant leg has a postural function in

daily life, which might lead to better postural balance

and stabilization.

4.2 Plantar Flexor Muscle Strength

The description of the plantar flexor muscle strength

of the sample has an average value of 24.18 kg, there

are mean differences between male and female

groups where the mean value of the plantar flexor

muscle strength of the male group is greater, namely

26, 22 kg compared with a group of women weighing

22.44 kg. The 1RM load obtained from observational

data with the 1RM Heels Raise Test reveals that the

strength of the plantar flexor muscle is still

insufficient to a predetermined standard where 1RM

load removal is adjusted and calculated by

submaximal load or 50% sample weight distribution.

This can be caused by various factors such as weight

training experience or sample muscular composition

(Rosemary et al, 2011; Kathleen et al, 2014).

According to the type of measuring device, 1RM

is used for athletes or players at the beginning of the

training season to find out the maximum dynamic

training load (maximal strength) along with the

progress of the training. At the beginning of the

measurement, the value or result is relatively low

compared to the initial load that should be used

because the nervous system cannot withstand the

pressure or resistance with heavy loads. The theory is

in accordance with the ability of muscles called

muscle memory where recent evidence identifies an

increase in morphological adaptation for weight

training can be seen for 7 weeks, thereafter and the

detraining phase (Seaborn et al, 2018).

4.3 Plantar Flexor Muscle Endurance

Plantar flexor muscle endurance samples of

volleyball players at Esa Unggul University obtained

an average value of 22.22 x / 30 seconds. From 9 male

and 9 female samples, the average value of endurance

is normal, for the endurance of 9 male samples is

23.88 x / 30 seconds, while for 9 female samples is

20.55 x / 30 seconds. In the observational data

obtained in the field with the Calf Raises Test

measuring instrument has reached the standard of

good value, wherein seen from the research literature

generally set a value of 25 as a normal target for good

subjects (Amy D. Sman, 2014).

Measurement of endurance aims to see how much

a person's ability to do repetitive movements without

significant fatigue so that in volleyball players need

endurance when the game is in progress because there

are movements such as jumping, landing, and

footwork which are repetitive movements. Calf

Raises Test is used to find out how well the player is

able to raise and lower the heel. On the measurement

of the Calf Raises Test the sample is able to make

stable heel movements with normal values or results.

Therefore, sufficient plantarflection endurance is

very important for basic mobility, such as walking

and running (Amy D. Sman, 2014).

4.4 Agility Skill

The picture of agility skill or volleyball player in

UKM Volleyball University of Esa Unggul has an

average value of 21.93 seconds. Based on sex, an

average value of 19.13 seconds was obtained in the

male group and 24.72 seconds in the female group.

Data taken based on measurements with the

Hexagonal Obstacle Test revealed that overall the

value of the volleyball player's skill skill was in the

weak category (Widiastuti, 2015). This phenomenon

can be caused by various factors according to its

supporting components such as cognitive, technical

and physical quality of the sample.

Based on the findings in the field, the sample has

a BMI level with overweight category, this condition

can result in additional loading when carrying out a

Correlation between Ankle Stability, Strength and Endurance of Plantar Flexor Muscle in Volleyball Player Agility Skill at UKM Voli

Universitas Esa Unggul

process of movement or special activities such as

agility skills causing low performance and ultimately

decreasing the level of individual skill agility. This is

supported by the results of research by Dhapola et al

(2017) where there is a significant relationship

between BMI and agility skills (r = 0.543; p <0.05).

The findings of other sample data processing results

also revealed that there was a significant value

between the lengths of the legs with the level of

agility of the sample skills with r = -0.503 and p

<0.05. These findings state that the longer the leg will

be followed by a longer range of steps so that the time

needed to cover a certain distance will be shorter, in

other words the travel time will be faster and the

energy expended will be less and ultimately increase

the ability of agility skills in individuals (Putri, 2016;

Lyle et al, 2015).

4.5 Correlation between Ankle

Stability and Agility Skill

Based on the hypothesis test used using Rank-

Correlation Coefficient obtained the relationship

between ankle stabilization and skill dexterity has no

insignificant relationship (p> 0.05) with the value of

the relationship between dextra and sinistra ankle

stabilization. As well as the negative direction of

change, where it worsens the ankle, the less or faster

the time needed for the individual to execute the

agility of his skills.

The results of this study found that ankle

stabilization does not affect the agility skill, where the

ability of the sample agility into the weak category so

that it results in an insignificant correlation between

ankle stabilization and agility skill. This could be due

to the relatively large value of the sample skill agility,

which means that the poor or poor ability of the

sample agility. Stabilization of volleyball players

serves to ensure that the feet, ankles and toes function

properly and are not only important for injury

prevention, but also to maximize speed, mobility,

agility, strength, power production and explosions

(Seedman, 2015). Ankle stability is not the only

component needed by the agility skill, the agility skill

component is a multifactorial component which is

influenced by cognitive, technical ability and physical

quality. 2017).

4.6 Correlation between Plantar Flexor

Muscle Strength and Agility Skill

Based on the Spearman-Rank correlation hypothesis

test results show that the relationship between plantar

flexor muscle strength variables and agility skills has

an insignificant relationship (p> 0.05) which means

that plantar flexor muscle strength (maximal strength)

does not affect the ability of agility skills in volleyball

players. In addition, the results of data processing get

the strength of the relationship strength in a very weak

category with a positive correlation direction (r =

0.107) where it is interpreted that the higher the

strength of the plantar flexor muscle the longer the

time it takes for someone to execute individual skill

agility. This is like the findings by Cornie et al (2010)

where an increase in body mass obtained through

strength training will increase cross-sectional areas

and hypertrophy. This finding indicates that muscle

strength does not have a strong relationship with

overall performance of agility skills, the amount of

strength capacity needed to carry out movement, and

is aided by anthropometric characters that positively

affect performance.

From the findings of this study, the strength of

plantar flexor muscle that does not affect the agility

skill can be caused by the agility skill of the sample

which is low enough so that to assess one of its

components, namely the quality of leg muscle

strength especially in plantar flexor muscle does not

get significant results. The results of this study are

supported by the findings of Chaouachi (2009) about

the relationship of maximum dynamic strength with

agility skills to get similar results (r = 0.18, p = 0.29)

besides that the results of Penailillio (2016) results

that do not have that relationship can be caused by the

low coordination of players compared to their

strengths. So that agility skills can be considered as

physiological variables which may be more

dependent on the performance of the neuromuscular

coordinating aspects.

4.7 Correlation between Plantar Flexor

Muscle Endurance and Agility Skill

Based on the Spearman-Rank correlation hypothesis

test results show that the relationship between

endurance variables of plantar flexor muscle with

agility skill does not have a significant relationship

(p> 0.05) which means that endurance of plantar

flexor muscle does not affect the ability of agility

skills to the sample. the results of data processing get

a relationship value with a very weak category with a

negative correlation direction (r = -0.057) where it is

interpreted that the higher the endurance of the

plantar flexor muscle the longer the time required for

someone to have agility skills.

From these findings the endurance of plantar

flexor muscle cannot influence the agility skill due to

the low number of samples studied and the

ICOH 2019 - 1st International Conference on Health

acquisition of small sample agility skills because the

interpretation of the correlation test is always related

to the number of samples used to see the direction of

the relationship between the two variables measured.

Furthermore, agility skills are seen as the ability to

change direction quickly, without losing balance,

using neuromuscular power and coordination. In

volleyball games, it takes reaction speed to make

movements quickly, so agility skills are needed in

changing positions or direction of body movements

quickly when is moving fast without the desired

balance or awareness of body position.

5 CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the research and discussion

above, it is concluded that there are no relationship

between ankle stabilization, strength and endurance

of plantarflexor muscles (maximal strength) to agility

skills in volleyball players at volleyball students

activity Esa Unggul University. This study also

suggests the need for further research on aspects other

than physical quality that affect agility skills and

other variables, especially in volleyball players in

both the beginner and athlete groups.

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