The Impact of Tomato Juice on Reducing Blood Sugar Levels at

Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Herri Novita Br. Tarigan, Siti Marlina, Kristin Natalia, Dewi Tiansa Barus

Nursing Faculty, Institut Of Health Deli Husada Delitua

Keywords: Tomato Juice, Decreased Blood Sugar Levels

Abstract: The number of people with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is estimated by WHO will continue to increase until

21.3 million in 2030, DM is a disease ranked 3 out of the top 10 diseases in Indonesia, where every year the

population continues to increase due to changes in people's lifestyles, especially living in the city. This

study used quasi-experimental research design with equivalent time sample design. The method was giving

treatment to the first sample, while the second sample did not need to be treated. Then both samples are

observed repeatedly. The sample technique used positive sampling. Statistical test results from the

Wilcoxon test of the treatment group obtained p value = 0,002 < α = 0.05 , which means that there was an

effect of tomato juice giving to decrease blood sugar levels. The study results can provide input for nurses in

providing services to diabetes mellitus patients in the community that the tomato juice utilization is one of

the efforts in reducing blood sugar levels without consuming pharmacological therapy

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is the fourth most diabetic country in the

world after India, China and United States. This

number will certainly continue grow from year to

year, if many people do not change their lifestyle

even, according to Dr. R. Bowo Pramono, Sp, Pd.

KEMD (K), more than 60 percent of Indonesia's

population is unaware that they have diabetes, as

quoted on dikti.go.id. The number of people with

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is estimated by WHO will

continue to increase until 21.3 million in 2030, DM

is a disease ranked 3 out of the top 10 diseases in

Indonesia, where every year the population

continues to increase due to changes in people's

lifestyles, especially who live in the city (Lamongan

Regency in 2018). According to Riskesdas in 2013,

the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in Indonesia

based on the answers that ever diagnosed by doctors

was 1.5%. Diabetes Mellitus is based on diagnosis

with symptoms of 2.1%. The prevalence of diabetes

mellitus in women tends to be higher than in men.

Diabetes Mellitus patients have a risk of the

disease developing; they have twice the risk of

having coronary heart disease, five times more

susceptible to gangrene, seven times more

susceptible to kidney failure, and 25 times more

susceptible to retinal damage resulting in blindness

in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients than non

Diabetes Mellitus patients (Waspadji, 2007).

Dietary settings for diabetics, it is

recommended to pay attention to carbohydrate and

fiber intake because it is important in controlling

blood glucose levels. In fact, diabetics who have run

a diet program are apparently not able to control

good blood glucose so that their daily blood sugar

levels remain high. The reason is the lack of intake

of fruits and vegetables as a source of fiber in the

body, healthy food is believed to prevent and control

diabetes such as foods high in fiber e.g. fruits,

vegetables, nuts and seeds. Besides that, fruit is an

excellent source of antioxidants. Antioxidants

themselves play an important role to help avoid cell

damage due to the oxidation stress which is often

associated with various diabetes complications.

According to Sutedjo, 2010, the complications

occurrence in Diabetes Mellitus will endanger the

sufferer and reduce the quality of life. Complications

can occur in the condition "blood sugar levels when

uncontrolled for a long time". So Diabetes Mellitus

patients with high blood sugar levels continuously

and have suffered more than 10 years, can be

confirmed will suffer complications.

Diabetes Mellitus Complications are often

called "The Great Imitator" because it can affect all

270

Tarigan, H., Marlina, S., Natalia, K. and Barus, D.

The Impact of Tomato Juice on Reducing Blood Sugar Levels at Diabetes Mellitus Patients.

DOI: 10.5220/0009472802700277

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Application Technology (ICHIMAT 2019), pages 270-277

ISBN: 978-989-758-460-2

organs of the body. They are grouped into two,

namely: acute and chronic complications. As for

acute complications in diabetes mellitus patients:

Hypoglycemia, is a serious complication in the

management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially

elderly Diabetes Mellitus patients, patients with

renal insufficiency, and patients with severe micro

or macroangiopathy disorders. Efforts to prevent

complications require heavy blood sugar control to

be close to normal, while the result of severe blood

sugar control is the risk of hypoglycemia that is

getting heavier. Causes of hypoglycemia: excessive

exercise than usual, excessive doses of diabetes

medication, improper eating schedule with diabetes

medications taken, eliminating or not spending food

or snacks, drink alcohol, never being in control so

that the medicine given is not the right dose.

Diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) is a severe and acute

insulin deficiency from Diabetes Mellitus illness.

Diagnosis criteria of DKA are polyuria, polydipsia,

nausea and / or vomiting, Kussmaul breathing (deep

and frequent), weakness, dehydration, hypotension

to shock, disturbed consciousness to coma,

hyperglycemia more than 300 mg / dL (usually

exceeds 500 mg / dL). Bikarbornat less than 20 mEq

/ l and pH <7.35 (metabolic acidosis), ketonemia,

glucosuria, ketonuria, severe dehydration,

hypotension until hypovolemic shock, neurological

symptoms are obtained, definitive diagnosis is made

when there are clinical symptoms coupled with

blood osmolarity> 325 -350 mOSM / l. It is usually

develop gradually for chronic complications in

diabetes mellitus patients and it is occur when

diabetes is not well managed. High blood sugar

levels that are not controlled from time to time will

increase the complications risk, namely serious

damage to organs such as: microcirculation

disorders with all its effects, disturbances of the

respiratory system both central, autonomous, and

edge, interference with the eye senses both the

cornea, lens, or retina, heart and hypertension

disorders, kidney disorders.

The main principle of handling diabetes

mellitus complications is by blood sugar levels

controlling so as not to damage the body organs.

Handling provided includes medical treatment, diet

management, application of healthy lifestyles for

diabetics, the better a person to manage blood sugar

levels, actually blood pressure and blood lipid levels

are lower the risk of diabetes mellitus complications.

Proper eating patterns, adopting healthy lifestyle by

diligently exercising, maintaining weight, do not

smoke, avoid cigarette smoke and avoid blood

pressure and cholesterol increased, all of them will

support a person to stay healthy and reduce the risk

of diabetes complications.

The signs and symptoms of diabetes are

disregarded by many because of the chronic

progression of the disease. People do not consider

this as a serious problem because unlike many other

diseases the consequences of hyperglycaemia are not

manifested immediately. People are not aware that

damage can start several years before symptoms

become noticeable. This is unfortunate because

recognition of early symptoms can help to get the

disease under control immediately and to prevent

vascular complications.

Common symptoms include the following:

Frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained

weight loss, extreme hunger, sudden vision changes,

tingling or numbness in the hands or feet, feeling

very tired much of the time, very dry skin, sores that

are slow to heal, more infections than usual

Some people may experience only a few symptoms

that are listed above. About 50 percent of people

with type 2 diabetes don't experience any symptoms

and don't know they have the disease.

There are three main types of diabetes:

Type 1 Diabetes: About 5 to 10 percent of those

with diabetes have type 1 diabetes. It's an

autoimmune disease, meaning the body's own

immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the

insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Patients with

type 1 diabetes have very little or no insulin, and

must take insulin everyday. Although the condition

can appear at any age, typically it's diagnosed in

children and young adults, which is why it was

previously called juvenile diabetes.

Type 2 Diabetes: Accounting for 90 to 95 percent of

those with diabetes, type 2 is the most common

form. Usually, it's diagnosed in adults over age 40

and 80 percent of those with type 2 diabetes are

overweight. Because of the increase in obesity, type

2 diabetes is being diagnosed at younger ages,

including in children. Initially in type 2 diabetes,

insulin is produced, but the insulin doesn't function

properly, leading to a condition called insulin

resistance. Eventually, most people with type 2

diabetes suffer from decreased insulin production.

Gestational Diabetes: Gestational diabetes develops

during pregnancy. It occurs more often in African

Americans, Native Americans, Latinos and people

with a family history of diabetes. Typically, it

The Impact of Tomato Juice on Reducing Blood Sugar Levels at Diabetes Mellitus Patients

271

disappears after delivery, although the condition is

associated with an increased risk of developing

diabetes later in life.

Diabetes usually is diagnosed with the

following tests that measure the glucose levels in

your blood: Fasting Plasma Glucose Test This is the

standard test for diagnosing type 1 and type 2

diabetes. You must not eat or drink anything for at

least eight hours prior to this simple test in which

blood is drawn to check your sugar levels. A

diagnosis of diabetes will be made if you have a

fasting blood sugar level of 126 milligrams per

deciliter or higher on two separate days. Other Tests

Diabetes also may be diagnosed based on a random

high glucose level of 200mg/dl and symptoms of the

disease. Your doctor may wish to perform an oral

glucose tolerance test, which is the traditional test

for diabetes mellitus.

In addition to the description above, one of

the factors that can control and reduce blood sugar

levels namely consume tomato juice routinely every

day after going through the heating process on

tomatoes before it is used as a processed drink or

juice.

The benefits of consuming different types of

fruit and vegetable are impressive, and tomatoes are

no different. As the proportion of plant foods in the

diet increases, the risk of developing heart disease,

diabetes, and cancer decreases. There are different

types and sizes of tomato, and they can be prepared

in different ways. These include cherry tomatoes,

stewed tomatoes, raw tomatoes, soups, juices, and

purees. The health benefits can vary between types.

For example, cherry tomatoes have higher beta

carotene content than regular tomatoes. High fruit

and vegetable intake is also linked to healthy skin

and hair, increased energy, and lower weight.

Increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables

significantly decreases the risk of obesity and overall

mortality.

So far, tomatoes have been processed as a

popular sauce for people to eat with fried chicken,

french fries and other fried food preparations. Based

on the research results, tomato juice can reduce

blood sugar levels of patients, from this matter,

farmer will also get economic benefits because the

selling price of tomatoes may be more improved so

that their lives, especially tomato farmers will also

be better going forward

Lycopene is an antioxidant that may support

prostate health and prevent heart disease and

macular degeneration. It is found in many foods

such as tomatoes

The goal of diabetes management is to keep

blood glucose levels as close to normal as safely

possible. Since diabetes may greatly increase risk for

heart disease and peripheral artery disease, measures

to control blood pressure and cholesterol levels are

an essential part of diabetes treatment as well.

People with diabetes must take responsibility for

their day-to-day care. This includes monitoring

blood glucose levels, dietary management,

maintaining physical activity, keeping weight and

stress under control, monitoring oral medications

and, if required, insulin use via injections or pump.

Tomato (Lycopersicum commune) is one of

the agricultural commodities that have multifunction

potentially to be processed as food product. One

food ingredient that is associated to blood glucose

levels decreased is tomatoes. Tomatoes have main

active substance called lycopene. Lycopene is a

carotenoid group that is not only important as red

pigment, but it is also very beneficial for health,

which reduces blood glucose levels by reducing

insulin resistance (Astuti & Murwani, 2013).

Besides that, tomatoes are food type that is available

in home, it has fresh taste, aroma and an affordable

price, and has the effect of blood sugar levels

reducing, lycopene content in tomatoes is highest

with other types of fruits and vegetables, lycopene

content in tomatoes can reach 3 times more than

other vegetables and fruits. A number of studies

have shown that consume foods that rich in lycopene

can prevent diabetes. Research conducted by Astuti

in Semarang (2008), stated that there was decrease

in fasting blood glucose levels after giving tomato

juice for 3 weeks. Decreased of fasting blood

glucose levels were shown with an average of 9.00

mg / dl (7.64%). In the test there was significant

difference between blood glucose in respondents

who did not spend tomato juice that was decreased

by 4 mg / dl (Astuti, 2013).

Lycopein content in tomatoes that have been

through the heating process will be more easily

absorbed by the body compared to fresh tomatoes. In

the lycopein formation, temperature has an

important role, if the temperature rises, the lycopein

that is formed will be more. Lycopein in tomatoes

will be more easily absorbed by the body if they are

processed into juice. The lycopein content in 100

grams of juice tomatoes made as much as 12.8 mg

while in 100 grams of fresh tomatoes as much as 5.8

mg. Lycopein can reduce blood glucose by reducing

the hormone insulin resistance, so that cell tolerance

to glucose increases so that glucose levels excess

can be overcome (Astuti & Murwani 2013).

ICHIMAT 2019 - International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Application Technology

272

Figure 1: Picture of Fresh Tomatoes

2 METHOD

This research conducted in Lau Rakit Village, STM

Hilir Sub-District, Deli Serdang Regency, North

Sumatra in 2019. This research type was quasi

experiment with research design that used equivalent

time sample design, which is an experimental study

involving 2 samples which are time-based. The

research method is done by giving treatment to the

first sample, while the second sample did not need to

be given treatment. Then both samples are observed

repeatedly, it is aimed to see the changes and

effectiveness of the impact of giving tomato juice to

respondents' blood sugar levels after giving tomato

juice which is done by using purposive sampling

technique for 20 respondents in treatment group and

20 respondents in control group with fasting sugar

criteria > 126 mg/dl, did not use insulin injection

and herbal supplements, pay attention to

carbohydrate intake consumed daily and healthy

lifestyle such as: not smoking, adequate rest,

avoiding stress, exercising.

This research conducted with initial steps

of collecting data on blood sugar levels, assessment

of carbohydrate intake and duration of diabetes, and

dietary consultations throughout the study. Giving

tomato juice is done by visiting the patient’s homes

with type 2 diabetes mellitus. For 2 weeks the

treatment group respondents were given tomato

juice but they did not consume diabetes medication

and set a low-sugar diet and pay attention to a

healthy lifestyle such as: not smoking, adequate rest,

avoiding stress, exercise. Whereas in the control

group respondents still consume drugs and also

adjust their diet by consuming foods that are low in

sugar and pay attention to healthy lifestyles such as:

not smoking, adequate rest, avoiding stress,

exercising. The statistical test used by Wilcoxon test,

before the Wilcoxon test was performed, then the

data normality test was performed and the abnormal

data distribution was found so it was determined to

test the hypothesis of this study conducted with

Wilcoxon test.

Table 1: Concentration of Blood Sugar at Time and Fasting

Blood Glucose

Level (mg/dL)

Blood

Not DM

Debatable

In the time

that (mg/dL)

Plasma

Vena

<110

mg/dL

110-199

mg/dl

>200

mg/dL

Fasting

(mg/dL)

Plasma

Vena

<100

mg/dL

110-125

mg/dL

>126

mg/dL

Darah

Kapiler

<90

mg/dL

90-99

mg/dL

>110

mg/dL

2.1 How to Severe Tomato Juice

The intervention was administer 200 ml of

tomato juice from 180 gr of red tomato

Lycopersicum commune which was boiled with

water at temperature of 70-90

C for 10 minutes and

it was filtered without sugar with frequency of 1

time / day for 2 weeks. Giving tomato juice is done

directly by researchers and each subject must drink

it in front of the researcher until it runs out. Blood

glucose levels are measured with glucose meter.

Before conducting the intervention, the researcher

examined the respondent's blood sugar level and

after the intervention the researcher measured the

respondent's sugar level again, this activity was

carried out by the researcher for 2 weeks.

The procedures for making tomato juice are as

follows: Tomatoes used are fresh red tomatoes, wash

tomatoes thoroughly. Then the tomatoes that have

been washed and then boiled with water at a

temperature of 70-90

C for 10 minutes and weighed

as much as 180 grams per portion then blended with

20 cc of water, so that 1 portion of 200 cc of tomato

juice, tomato juice is made according to the number

The Impact of Tomato Juice on Reducing Blood Sugar Levels at Diabetes Mellitus Patients

273

of research samples . Rules for giving tomato juice

is to give once a day as much as 200 cc in the

morning at 09.00 a.m. and drink one hour after

eating, after 1 hour of giving tomato juice

respondents' blood sugar levels must be measured.

Tomato sauce, tomato paste, ketchup chances

are that you eat plenty of cooked tomatoes. But if

you don't, now would be a good time to start. If

you're limiting yourself to fresh tomatoes, then

you're only getting about 4% of the powerful

antioxidant lycopene that this veggielike fruit has to

offer, according to research published in the

International Journal of Food Sciences and

Nutrition. That's because raw tomatoes have thick

cellular walls that make it difficult for our bodies to

absorb lycopene. Once they're cooked, however, the

lycopene becomes much easier for our bodies to

utilize.

Tomatoes have long been known to be a good

source of lycopene, the phytochemical which makes

them red but which also has significant antioxidant

properties. Now new research has shown that this

antioxidant power can be boosted even more through

the simple act of cooking the tomatoes. Tomato

samples were heated to 88 degrees Celsius for two

minutes, 15 minutes and 30 minutes. Consistent with

previous studies, vitamin C content decreased by 10,

15 and 29 per cent respectively when compared to

raw, uncooked tomatoes. However, the research

revealed that the beneficial trans-lycopene content of

the cooked tomatoes increased by 54, 171 and 164

per cent respectively. Levels of cis -lycopene (which

the body easily absorbs) rose by 6, 17 and 35 per

cent respectively. Antioxidant levels in the heated

tomatoes increased by 28, 34 and 62 percent,

respectively.

While the antioxidant activity in tomatoes is

enhanced during the cooking process, vitamin C loss

occurs when the food's ascorbic acid is oxidised to

dehydroascorbic acid and other forms of

nutritionally inactive components. Lycopene is the

most-efficient single oxygen quencher, and devours

more than 10 times more oxygenated free radicals

than vitamin E

Lycopene, the pigment that gives tomatoes

their colour, is thought to offer protection against

certain types of cancer - especially prostate cancer -

and heart disease. Plus, some small studies show

that it may even help to protect the skin from

ultraviolet light - though larger studies are needed

before recommendations can be made.

Although it is an easy assumption that when

it comes to nutritional value, fresh fruit and

vegetables always have the edge over cooked or

processed, tinned tomatoes prove this isn’t always

the case

They are actually a better source of lycopene

than fresh tomatoes because the canning process

helps to break down some of the touch cell walls,

releasing the lycopene, which makes it easier for the

body to absorb. Like fresh tomatoes, the tinned

variety provide useful amounts of beta carotene,

vitamin C and just one tinned plum tomato or a

quarter of a 400 g tin of chopped tomatoes counts as

one of your five a day.

Lycopene is found naturally in the human

body and is generally considered safe for

consumption through food products. Anyone who is

interested in supporting general health and well-

being should be consuming fruits and vegetables,

like tomatoes. No studies have concretely

determined the definitive causal relationship

between an increase in lycopene and specific

changes in the body, but many studies have shown

that diets rich in lycopene seem to improve prostate,

cardiovascular, and eye health, and general well-

being. Doctors do not usually diagnose 'lycopene

deficiency' but if you have benign prostate

hyperplasia, exercise induced asthma, macular

degeneration, hypertension, or gingivitis, increasing

your lycopene intake could prove beneficial. If you

are considering a lycopene supplement, you may

want to consult your doctor firs

Ingredients of tomato juice: 180 gram tomatoes

(size of 1 serving of tomato juice), blenders, pans,

filters, measuring cups and scales.

A. Fresh tomatoes have been washed

to make juice

B. Boil tomatoes in hot water C. Tomatoes after boiling

F. Give the tomato juice for responden

E. Pour the juice filter into a

measuring cup

D. Results of blended tomatoes

G. Measuring Glucosa

Figure 2: How to make tomatoes juice

ICHIMAT 2019 - International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Application Technology

274

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The study results obtained the characteristics of

majority respondents aged 51-61 years old with male

sex, agricultural work and based on the duration of

suffering from diabetes mellitus the majority of 1-2

years. It is found that each respondent in the

treatment group experienced blood sugar levels

decreased but they did not consume diabetes

medication and set low sugar diet after they given as

much as 200 ml of tomato juice for 14 days

routinelyor 2 weeks. Blood sugar levels decreased

occur because of the lycopein content in tomato

juice. Lycopein can reduce blood glucose by

reducing insulin hormone resistance, so that cell

tolerance to glucose increases so that glucose levels

excess can be overcome. The lycopein content will

be more if it is through the heating process and

processed into juice, it will be more easily absorbed

by the body. In the lycopein formation, temperature

has an important role, if the temperature rises, the

lycopein formed will be more. The lycopein content

in 100 grams of tomatoes juice as much as 12.8 mg

while in 100 grams of fresh tomatoes as much as 5.8

mg. While in the control group did not consume

tomato juice but still consume drugs and also

regulate eating patterns by consuming foods that are

low in sugar and pay attention to a healthy lifestyle

such as: not smoking, getting enough rest, avoiding

stress, exercising. Based on research that has been

done, the results show that there is a decrease in

glucose levels of patients with diabetes mellitus after

consuming tomato juice for 2 weeks.

While the antioxidant activity in tomatoes is

enhanced during the cooking process, vitamin C loss

occurs when the food's ascorbic acid is oxidised to

dehydroascorbic acid and other forms of

nutritionally inactive components. Lycopene is the

most-efficient single oxygen quencher, and devours

more than 10 times more oxygenated free radicals

than vitamin E

Then the Wilcoxon statistical test results of

treatment group obtained p value = 0,002 < α = 0.05,

which means that there is significant influence

between the administration of tomato juice to blood

sugar levels decreased in patients with diabetes

mellitus treatment group. The difference in blood

sugar levels before and after tomato juice given can

be seen in the following table:

Table 2: Blood Sugar Levels Pre and Post Giving Tomato

Juice in the Treatment Group

Blood Sugar

Level

Frequency (N)

Percentage (%)

Pre

Post

Pre

Post

Pre

Post

245

208

246

209

250

210

256

212

258

213

265

220

270

230

271

234

275

235

279

239

280

243

285

246

289

247

290

255

256

258

Total

100

Table 3: Blood Sugar Levels Pre and Post Giving Tomato

Juice in the Control Group

Blood Sugar

Level

Frequency (N)

Percentage (%)

Pre

Post

Pre

Post

Pre

Post

245

225

247

235

259

239

276

247

265

250

267

253

300

257

271

258

280

260

281

269

289

270

291

275

285

276

The Impact of Tomato Juice on Reducing Blood Sugar Levels at Diabetes Mellitus Patients

275

KGD Pre Perlakuan

KGD Post Perlakuan

KGD Pre Kontrol

KGD Post Kontrol

290

280

305

281

291

292

Total

100

Figure 3: Blood Sugar Levels Pre and Post Giving of

Tomato Juice in the Treatment and Control Group

Based on Figure 2 above, it can be seen the

average results of blood sugar levels before being

given tomato juice in the treatment group 272.4 mg /

dl with a minimum value of 245 mg / dl and a

maximum of 290 mg / dl, a median of 277 mg / dl

with a standard deviation of 16,944. While the

average results of blood sugar levels after being

given tomato juice in the treatment group 234.05 mg

/ dl with a minimum value of 208 mg / dl and a

maximum of 258 mg / dl, median 237 mg / dl with a

standard deviation of 18.266.

Based on statistical tests, the respondents’

blood sugar levels of the control and treatment group

can be known the p value = 0.002 (p <α = 0.05),

which means that there were significant differences

between the treatment group that consumed tomato

juice with control group that did not consume

tomato juice. The results of the average blood sugar

levels in the control group were 242.70 mg / dl, with

a standard deviation of 15,076, with a minimum

value of 220 mg / dl and a maximum of 265 mg / dl.

While the average results of blood sugar levels

before and after administration of tomato juice for

treatment group 234.05 mg / dl, with a standard

deviation of 18,266, with a minimum value of 208

mg / dl and a maximum of 258 mg / dl.

4 CONCLUSION

Based on research that has been done, it can be

concluded that the administration of tomato juice in

treatment group is effective in reducing blood

glucose levels of Diabetes Mellitus patients without

taking diabetes medications and regulating low

glucose diet.

5 SUGGESTION

The study results can provide input for nurses in

providing services to diabetes mellitus patients in the

community that the use of tomato juice is one of the

efforts in reducing blood sugar levels without

consuming pharmacological therapy.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research was supported by Institut Kesehatan

Deli Husada Delitua, Institut Kesehatan Medistra

Lubuk Pakam, Sembiring Hospital Foundation, and

Grandmed Hospital Lubuk Pakam

REFERENCES

Banihani, Saleem A. 2018. Tomato (solanum

lycopersicum L.) and type 2 diabetes. V0L. 21, NO.1 :

Halaman 99-105

Earl H, H. 2018. Limited appearance of apocarotenoids is

observed in plasma after consumption of tomatojuices:

a randomized human clinical trial. American Journal

of Clinical Nutrition Vol.108, Issue 4, Hal.784-792.

Ehinomhen, Ubhenin A. 2016. Effects of lycopene on liver

markers and glucokinase activity in experimentally-

induced diabetes mellitus rat model. Journal of Basic

and Applied Research Vol 2 No 3 ISSN 2413-7014.

Halaman 253-362

Iraj Jafari A. 2017. The effects of lycopene and insulin on

histological changes and the expression level of bcl-2

family genes in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-

induced diabetic rats.Journal of Diabetes Research

Article ID 4650939, 9 halaman.

Iswari, R. 2016. Antioxidant cctivity from various tomato

processing. Biosaintifaka 8 (1) Halaman 129-134

100

150

200

250

300

350

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 1516 17 18 1920

ICHIMAT 2019 - International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Application Technology

276

Kanakapura K. Namitha & Pradeep S. (2018)

Agroinfiltration of phytoene desaturase and lycopene

b-cyclase genes from bacterial source in tomato

(solanum lycopersicum l.) enhances nutritional and

processing quality of its juice food

Biotechnology,32:4,305-316

Kanaya Y. 2017. Sugar metabolism and fruit development

in the tomato. The Horticulture Journal (4) : Halaman

417- 425

Kubota T. 2015. Tomato juice intake increases resting

energy expenditure and improves hypertriglyceridemia

in middle-aged women: an open-label, single-arm

study. Nutrition Journal 14:34.

Mansyur, I. 2017. Carotenoids in the treatment of diabetes

mellitus and its complications: a mechanistic review.

Biomed Pharmacother 91:31-42.

Naim, A. 2018. Antidiabetes effect-combination of cowpea

juice (vigna sinensis l.), tomato juice (solanum

lycopersicum l.), and green appel juice (malus

sylvestri mill.) in white male mice.

Revianty, A. (2018). Tomato fruit (Solanum

lycopersicum) peel extract improves fasting blood

glucose and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes wistar

rats. Medicinal plants - international journal of

hytomedicines and related industries, (2), 120.

Sipos, L. 2017. Color parameters as indicatiors of

licopene and antioxidant activity traits of cherry

tomatoes (solanum licopersicum l.). Eur Food Res

Technol 243:1533–1543.

Xiang-Dong W. 2018. Tomato lycopene prevention of

alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular

carcinoma development Chronic Diseases and

Translational Medicine (4) 211e224.

Yin, Y. 2019. Effects of lycopene on metabolism of

glycolipid in type 2 diabetic rats.Biomedicine &

Pharmacotherapy 109:2070–2077.

Zeng,Ya-C. 2017. Protective effect and mechanism of

lycopene on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from

type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. Biomedicine &

Pharmacotherapy, Vol. 92: Hal. 86-94.

Alam, Parisha, et al. 2018. A clinical review of the

effectiveness of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

against cardiovascular dysfunction and related

metabolic syndrome.Journal of Herbal Medicine.

V, Perkovic, et al. 2019. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes

in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy.N Engl J

Med.380(24), Hal :2295-2306. doi:

10.1056/NEJMoa1811744.

Xi, P, et al. 2016.Whole food approach for type 2 diabetes

prevention.Molecular Nutrition & Food Research No.

60, Hal: 1819–1836.

Coyago-Cruz, E, et al. 2017.Effect of Regulated deficit

irrigation on quality parameters, carotenoids and

phenolics of diverse tomato varieties(solanum

lycopersicum l.). Food Research International No. 96,

Hal: 72–83.

Li, Q, et al. 2016. Potential physicochemical basis of

mediterranean diet effect: ability of emulsified olive

oil to increase carotenoid bioaccessibility in raw and

cooked tomatoes.Food Research International, No. 89,

Hal: 320–329.

Merdehghan, S. H.; Valero, D. 2016.Bioactive compounds

in tomato fruit and its antioxidant activity as

affectedby incorporation of aloe, eugenol, and thymol

in fruit package during storage. International Journal

of FoodProperties Hal: 1–9.

The Impact of Tomato Juice on Reducing Blood Sugar Levels at Diabetes Mellitus Patients

277