The Important of Youth Mental Well-being in the 4.0 Era

Sarah Hafiza, Zaujatul Amna, Marty Mawarpury

Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Aceh, Indonesia

Keywords: Mental Well-being, Youth, 4.0 Industri Revolution Era, Aceh.

Abstract: Mental well-being is an integral part of people's health. Mental well-being helps an individual to deal with

emotions and overcome pressures of life, work productively, and able to contribute to the communities. This

study aimed to seek the level of mental well-being in Aceh Province, Indonesia. The quantitative methods

with survey techniques have been carried out on 400 Aceh youths (87 males and 313 females) using The

Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) to assess the level of mental well-being. Data

analysis used descriptive statistics and the Chi-Square Test of Independence, the result shown that 66.3%

(N=265) of Aceh youths were in high mental well-being which was satisfied in life, having a positive

psychological function, self-acceptance, and have good relationships with others. It is also assumed that

people with good mental well-being indicate the fulfillment of eudaimonic and hedonic aspects in their life.

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesia has been entering the new globalization

era called as Industrial Revolution 4.0 (4IR), which

refers to a new phase in the industrial revolution that

marked by the increasing connectivity, interaction,

and other resources as the result of information and

communication technology advancement in human

life. According to Shwab (2016), the world has

experienced four phases of revolution and the

current revolution is Industry 4.0 which takes place

in the 2010s through artificial intelligence and the

internet of thing as the foundations of human and

machine movement and connectivity. Industrial

revolution 4.0 brings revolution on thinking way,

life-changing, and fundamental connectivity to each

other (Prasetyo &Trisyanti, 2018). Crnjac, Veža, &

Banduka (2017) also mentioned that the

development of science and technology in the 4.0

industry revolution one of which focuses on internet

connection in every aspect of human life. Many

people are not aware of those changing yet, in fact,

those become challenges for youths (Kompasiana,

2019). In the industrial revolution era of 4.0, many

challenges opposing people to keep moving quickly

to follow the changes (Christensen; Riswandi, in

Setiawan, Suud, Chaer, & Rahmatullah, 2018).

In the era of Industrial revolution 4.0 (4IR), the

4IR can bring advantages to certain areas in the

aspect of life, make changes to people's lives, work,

also communication. Henceit will be a worrying

time for the incoming generation because many of

the jobs will become obsolete. The youth generation

which is X and Y generations may survive the

revolution, but generation Z and the following

generations will face challenging times. Youth

generation need to be prepared to adapt to the

changes brought by the industrial revolution 4.0

(Talip, 2019). Specifically, in the rules of

Indonesia's Law, the classification of ages of youth

in Indonesian are 16-30-year-old (UU RI, 2009;

Stancioiu, 2017).

Youths are more able to adapt quickly,

inexpensively, sophisticatedly, openly in work fields

to reach the company's target (Stancioiu, 2017;

Setiawan, 2018). They become encouraged to gain a

reward, ambitious, and brave to take a risk in

working (Setiawan, 2018). According to the Global

Youth Well-being Index (2017), youths in Indonesia

like to be involved civically, yet the demand to have

more access to technology and employment

opportunities. On the other side, happiness is still a

preference for each individual to have a more

meaningful life. Happiness will be easy to have if

reward in work meets expectations (Mackayova &

Balazova, 2011). According to the term "happiness",

Seligman (2002) mentioned that happiness is part of

well-being, but the theory of well-being is more than

happiness itself, it involves mood, mind, and

meaning of life. According to the World Happiness

306

Haﬁza, S., Amna, Z. and Mawarpury, M.

The Important of Youth Mental Well-being in the 4.0 Era.

DOI: 10.5220/0009459803060312

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Psychology (ICPsy 2019), pages 306-312

ISBN: 978-989-758-448-0

Report, the happiness index in Indonesia increases

for 4 levels to be at the 92nd rank in the world in

2019 (Suwiknyo, 2019). Also, the Indonesia Central

Bureau of Statistics (BPS) mentioned the level of

happiness in Aceh in the 13 of 34 provinces in 2017

and also finds that people under 24-year-old have a

higher happiness index than adults (BPS, 2017;

Dariyanto, 2018). According to the Global Youth

Well-being Index, Indonesian youths' well-being

stood at 10 of 30 namely Australia, Sweden, Turkey,

Thailand, Nigeria, and so on.

Well-being is living healthily and making a good

daily decision (Nainggolan, 2018). Nowadays, well-

being is also known as mental well-being which

aims to increase the number of good-mental people

and help individuals with mental disorders or

depression, but not measure ones' depression

(Warwick Medical School). Mental well-being has

two perspectives, happiness and life meaningfulness

(hedonic), it also consists of positive psychological

functioning, good relationships with others and self-

realization/ acceptance (eudaimonic) (Ryan & Deci,

2001). Mental well-being results in positive

consequences in health and social cost and becomes

preventive programs on the community (mental

well-being). Mental well-being is a positive aspect

of mental health.

Mental wellbeing and mental health are defined

differently. 'Mental wellbeing' is defined as positive

states of being, thinking, behaving and feeling, while

'mental health' is described as a condition from good

mental health to bad mental health problems. Mental

wellbeing is usually called 'positive mental health' or

'wellbeing' (Putz, et al, 2012).According to previous

research, it is known that some factors could affect

the level of an individual's mental well-being.

Therefore, the researchers in this study aim to know

more about the level of mental well-being in the

industrial revolution 4.0 era on youths in Aceh.

Besides, the researchers intend to know whether

demographic data (sex, age, employment status,

marital status, education, and religion) of the

subjects correlates with the level of mental well-

being of youths in Aceh.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Industry Revolution Era 4.0

The concept of Industry revolution 4.0 has its origins

in Germany and has been recognized by other

leading industrial nations, although it is known as

"Connected Enterprise" in the United States and the

"Fourth Industrial Revolution" in the United

Kingdom. In any case, Industry 4.0 is built on three

preceding technological transformations: steam

power, which was the transformative force of the

nineteenth century; electricity, which transformed

much of the twentieth, and the era of the computer

beginning of the 1970s (Cordes & Stacey, 2017).

Industry revolution era 4.0 is related to what is

called the "smart factory" (Dutton, 2014). Also,

physical systems can cooperate and communicate

with each other and with humans in real-time, all

enabled by the IoT and related services.

2.2 Mental Well-being

Mental well-being is defined as a positive form of

mental health. Those who have mental well-being

will feel good and act well. There are other calls of

mental well-being namely positive mental health and

flourishing. Two things that could influence the

condition of mental health, namely external

condition and the response of an individual toward

it. Those with mental well-being will respond to

demanding conditions from outside themselves with

patience hence overcoming it. The conditions from

outside or called external circumstances are various

which results in the change of mental well-being.

Ryan and Deci (2001) proposed a general

framework of mental well-being which is a complex

construct based on hedonic and eudaimonic

perspectives (Ryan &Deci 2001; Stewart-Brown

2017):

Hedonic: itis about happiness and life satisfaction, in

this term well-being, is described as gaining pleasure

and avoiding pain.

Eudemonic: it is about having psychological well-

being through potential fulfillment that functions at

the optimal level or true nature of a person and how

a person can function fully.

3 RESEARCH METHOD

A total of 400 Aceh youths (87 males and 313

females) with a range of ages 16-30-year-old were

involved in this research. The Warwick-Edinburgh

Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) composed by

Tennant, Hiller, Fishwick, Platt, Joseph, Weich,

Parkinson, Secker, and Stewart-Brown in 2007 was

employed as an instrument in this study. WEMWBS

was developed since the importance of mental well-

being has been recognized in leading to positive

consequences in terms of health and social costs and

of preventive programs on the community. The

The Important of Youth Mental Well-being in the 4.0 Era

307

function of WEMWBS to screening the general

population may allow identifying those people who

are at risk of developing mental diseases (Bianco,

2012). This scale is not designed to measure

depression, but a low score does relate to depression.

The concept of mental wellbeing defined by

WEMWBS is therefore much more than the absence

of mental illness (The University of Warwick,

2015).

WEMWBS consists of 14 items which are

arranged based on two well-being concepts, hedonic

and eudaimonic. The 5-point Likert scale (none of

the time, rarely, some of the time, often, all of the

time) is used to answer the WEMWBS instrument.

All items are positively worded and the total score

ranges between 14 and 70, it means that the higher

score subject gets, the higher the level of one's

mental well-being and the lower score subject gets,

the higher one's risk to suffer from depression and

need for help. The reliability score of the WEMWBS

instrument in this study is 8.41.

This study used descriptive statistics for analysis

to seek the level of mental well-being of youths in

Aceh. In addition, Chi-Square Test for Independence

was used as an additional analysis to seek the

correlation between the level of mental well-being

with demographic's data such as sex, age,

employment status, marital status, education, and

religion by using SPSS 20.0 software analysis.

4 RESULT

Table 1 shows that most subjects were 21 to 25-

year-old - 160 (40%). Their employment status was

mostly student - 215 subjects (53.8%). Based on

marital status, most subjects were single - 312

(78%). Most of the subjects' educations were senior

high school - 205 (51.3%) and most subjects were

Muslim - 396 (99%).

Table 2 shows that 66.3% subjects had a high

level of mental well-being, 32.3% subjects were at

moderate, and 6 (1.5%) subjects were at low. Mental

well-being shows low risk to suffer from depression

or psychological distress, the individuals with a low

score of mental well-being could be at risk to suffer

from depression or other psychological distress,

while those with moderate scores of mental well-

being should find help immediately (The University

of Warwick, 2015). Therefore, It can be concluded

that Aceh youths had good mental well-being which

means that they were at low risk of suffering from

depression or other mental disorders.

Table 1: Sosiodemographic’s data

Sosiodemo

hic data N %

Sex

Male

Female

313

21.8

78.3

Age

16-20

21-25

26-30

121

160

119

30.2

29.8

Employment Status

In work

Unemployment

Student

141

215

35.3

53.8

Marital Status

Married

Single/ Widowed/ Divorced

312

Education

High School

Bachelor

Master/Docto

205

144

51.3

12.8

Religion

Moslem

Hindu

Buddha

Christian

396

0.3

0.5

Table 2: The level of Mental Well-Being of Aceh Youths

Score Cate

’s level N %

51-70

34-50

14-33

High

Average

Low

265

129

66.3

32.3

1.5

Conducting the Chi-Square Test of Independence

was to seek the correlation between the level of

mental well-being and sex, age, employment status,

marital status, education, and religion on youths in

Aceh. Chi-Square test of independence could be

done by looking at Asymp. Sig. (2-sided), if the

significance score of analysis results from less than

0.05 (<0.05), there is a correlation between variable

(demographic data) and the level of mental well-

being. However, if significance scores more than

0.05 (>0.05) its means that there is no correlation

between tested variables (Machali, 2015). Based on

the resulting test of demographic data and mental

well-being, the significance score was .000 (r=.000)

for a category such as age, employment status,

marital status, and education. Meanwhile, the

category of sex has shown that the p-value was .021

(<0.05). It means that those categories of

demographic data were correlated with the level of

mental well-being of youth in Aceh. Therefore, the

category of religion shown that does not correlate

ICPsy 2019 - International Conference on Psychology

308

with the level of mental well-being, with p-value =

.914 (>0.05).

Table 3: The Chi-Square Test of Independence

Chi-Square Test of

Inde

endence

Category (N=400)

Sociodemographic

Data

Asymp.

Sig.

(2-sided)

High

n (%)

Average

n (%)

Low

n (%)

Level of mental

well-being *Sex

Male

Female

,021

200

110

Level of mental

well-being *Age

16-20

21-25

26-30

,000

102

100

Level of mental

well-being

*Employment

status

In Work

Unemployment

Student

,000

119

120

Level of mental

well-being

*Marital status

Married

Single/ Widowed/

Divorce

,000

191

116

Level of mental

well-being

*Education

Senior High School

Bachelor

Master/Docto

,000

110

111

Level of mental

well-being

*Religion

Moslem

Hindu

Buddha

Christian

,914

261

129

5 DISCUSSION

This study is to see the level of mental well-being of

Aceh youths by using the WEMWBS instrument.

The instrument was developed because its mental

well-being positively influences health and social

costs as preventive for people. WEMWBS screens

the population to identify people who are at risk of

developing mental disorders (Bianco, 2012).

Although it is not developed to measure depression,

the score of which could relate to depression.

WEMWBS shows the mental well-being concept

more than about the absence of mental illness (The

University of Warwick, 2015).

The result has shown that 66.3% (N=265) of the

subjects had a high category of mental well-being.

The individuals with high of mental well-being have

hedonic and eudaimonic perspective by which they

provide positiveness (cheerfulness, optimism, and

relaxation) and experience satisfying interpersonal

relationships as well as positive functioning

(personal development, competence, autonomy, self-

acceptance, clear thinking, and energy) (Bianco,

2012). Hedonic is associated with feelings or

emotional well-being which is shown into several

positive or negative effects and life satisfaction, for

instance, feelings could be variously manifested,

they depend on circumstances that mostly out of

control (Stewart-Brown, 2017). Meanwhile,

eudaimonic is about how an individual functions

individually or socially (e.g., psychological well-

being, social well-being). It could be gained by

developing character traits and behavior (Stewart-

Brown, 2017). An individual who has good

eudemonic has had a sense of purpose and direction,

is self-determined, and can make positive

relationships with others (Ryff, 1989). An individual

with social well-being tends to have a broader

community, not only close friends and family, the

relationships are frequently evaluated based on

social criteria like community acceptance and one's

contribution to the community (Keyes, 2002).

People with high mental well-being are at low risk

of suffering from a psychological disorder, and they

could control social costs because of it (Bianco,

2012).

Mental well-being is the main focus of mental

health and public policy, means that it is not only

just becoming a good person without mental illness,

however, a person should be an individual who feels

good and has a good function with optimism,

happiness, self-esteem, endurance, autonomy,

agency, and good relationship with others (Stranges,

Samaraweera, Taggart, Kandala, & Brown 2014).

Brown and Jonmohamed (2008) also explained that

mental well-being is the way of an individual to stay

mentally healthy, more than curing or preventing

mental illness. So, it concluded that mental well-

being is the most important to describe an individual

in a mental health perspective.

The individuals with a low level of mental well-

being are at high risk of suffering from depression

hence they need help or should be under a

psychologist or psychiatrist monitor. The individual

with mental disorders will experience mental well-

The Important of Youth Mental Well-being in the 4.0 Era

309

being when they are not at an unpleasant condition

due to mental disorders (The University of Warwick,

2015). Previous studies reported that a low level of

mental well-being was associated with mental illness

(Lasser, Boyd, Woolhandler, Himmelstein,

McCormick, Bor,2000; Crawford 2001; White,

Adamson, Chadwick,& Stamp, 2007).

The authors added data analysis on the

correlation between the level of mental well-being

and demographic data such as sex, age, employment

status, marital status, education, and religion. The

result showed that the level of mental well-being

was correlated with sex, age, employment status,

marital status, and education (p=.000). Meanwhile,

the result showed that there was no correlation

between religion and mental well-being (p=914).

The results reported that females had a higher level

of mental well-being (n=200) than males (n=65).

Nevertheless, previous studies consistently showed

that there was no significant correlation between

gender and well-being (Roothman, Kirsten,

&Wissing, 2003). The high mental well-being of

females in this study was caused by unequal data

distribution between males and females.

The level of mental well-being of Aceh youths

based on age in this study was mostly high. The

result is supported by Easterlin (2006) on the study

of the interpersonal well-being index, which showed

that middle-aged individuals scored high, while old-

age individuals scored low. Blanchflower and

Oswald (2008); McManus, Chanfreau, and

Lloyd(2013); Steptoe, Deaton, and Stone (2015)

mentioned that mental well-being had a non-linear

relationship with age. They were linked with good

physical health and longevity among older adults.

Therefore, an older-age could increase one's mental

well-being.In the employment category, unemployed

subjects had a lower level of mental well-being than

employed subjects or students had. Stewart-Brown

and Janmohamed (2008) also proved that

unemployed individuals had a lower level of mental

well-being than employed or studying ones. Diener

(2009) explains that a job could become important

and meaningful by which an individual will be

satisfied in life. Satisfaction is an indicator of the

hedonic mental well-being aspect.

Based on marital status, single subjects

dominated the high level of mental well-being

category. However, 74 married subjects (n= 88) are

at a high level of mental well-being. Several studies

show that psychological advantage is one of the

marriage advantages (Coombs, 1991), it also gives

interpersonal (Shapiro & Keyes, 2008), community

(Symoens, Van de Velde, Colman, & Bracke, 2014),

physical (Bookwala, Marshall, & Manning, 2014),

and economic well-being.The study found that

subjects with higher education had a high level of

mental well-being. In the United States, the highly

educated individual has a better relationship than the

low educated one (Rentfrow, Mellander, & Florida,

2009). People with higher education have better

physical (Marmot, Ryff, & Bumpass, 1997),

psychological (Keyes, 2012), and economic well-

being (Tsou &Liu, 2001) than those with lower

education.The result showed that there was no

correlation between the level of mental well-being

and religion. It occurred because only one religion

was dominant in this study and no items on an

instrument related to spirituality (Stranges, et.al,

2014).

6 CONCLUSIONS

Generally, the result shows that Aceh Youth has a

high level of mental well-being (66.3%). It means

that many Aceh youths have good mental well-

being, which canbe seen from an individual's

perspective for having positivity, optimism,

cheerfulness, relaxation, satisfying interpersonal,

and positive functioning (personal development,

competence, autonomy, self-acceptance, clear

thinking, energy) in their life. The individual with

high mental well-being has no mental impairment

and depressive symptoms. People with mental well-

being feel good and function well, some people call

this positive mental health.

This study has some limitations either due to the

researcher's limitation or the process. First, the

process of collecting data that was done online is

possible to not research all people to participate in

this study. Second, the subjects were inequal based

on age. Even though all subjects are youths, the

subjects in this study are less from other age groups

like comparing youths at <16-year-old to <30-year-

old. Future researchers should see the development

of mental well-being in Aceh and conduct further

analysis to keep good mental well-being and

improve low mental well-being.

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