Validation of the Standford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale form C as a

Hypnosis Module in Indonesia

Erydani Anggawijayantov, Thomas Dicky Hastjarjo

Faculty of Psychology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta

Keywords: Standford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Validation, Hypnosis Module

Abstract: This study determined the content validity of the Indonesian version of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility

Scale form C (SHSS: C) module. SHSC form C has been used and is known as a module suitable for

hypnosis research so that efforts are needed to translate the module into Indonesian. Hypnosis therapy or

hypnotherapy began to be recognized as a valid therapeutic technique since imaging technologies such as

EEG, MRI, and fMRI were used to prove the scientific basis of the therapy. Indonesian version of SHSS: C

was validated through the assessment of three hypnosis experts consisting of a clinical psychologist at a

Community Health Center (Puskesmas), a clinical psychologist who is also a lecturer in a state university in

Yogyakarta and a certified hypnosis practitioner in Yogyakarta. Statistical analysis with Aiken's V resulted

in an adequate overall module validity coefficient, namely V = 0.759. The results of empirical

measurements in 20 participants yielded a significance of p <0.01.

1 INTRODUCTION

As an area of scientific interest and clinical practice,

hypnosis has emerged more than 220 years ago, and

until now interest in hypnosis has remained strong.

Initially hypnosis was considered unscientific and

difficult to study (Nash & Barnier, 2009).Hypnosis

contributes to the consciousness revolution (i.e.

consciousness revolution) in cognitive science and

psychological repertoire (Kihlstrom, 2012).

Hypnosis shows conformity with changes in the

experience of consciousness and gives each other

influence between the process of intentional and

unintentional actions, so that hypnosis can be said to

be in accordance with cognitive psychology

(Hilgard, 1980). However, part of cognitive

phenomena that are widely studied with the

viewpoint of hypnosis is memory (Kihlstrom, 1997).

The use of hypnosis methods in particular can be

used to see the neurological relationship between

conscious and unconscious to perception and

memory (Kihlstrom, 2012).

Now hypnotherapy has undergone a scientific

test of validity using brain imaging technology,

especially modern medical imaging techniques such

as EEG, fMRI and PET. Hypnotherapy will be

considered in several applications that allow the

therapy to add value to physiotherapy practices

(Wehbe& Safar, 2015). In other words,

hypnotherapy will be increasingly recognized as a

psychotherapy technique when used widely and

shows positive results for clients.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Hypnosis

Hypnosis is a process of imaginative experience

offered by a hypnotherapist to a subject that involves

changes in perception, memory and action

(Kihlstrom, 2009). The definition of hypnosis

contains two elements, namely hypnosis as a

procedure and hypnosis as a product. As a

procedure, hypnosis requires two components, the

first is an introduction where subjects are told to be

given suggestions to create imaginative experiences,

while the second component is an initial suggestion.

In the process of hypnosis, the subject will be guided

by the therapist to respond to suggestions to make

some changes including subjective experiences,

perceptions, sensations, emotions, thoughts and / or

behavior. Hypnosis as a product occurs when the

introduction stage and initial suggestion have been

154

Anggawijayanto, E. and Hastjarjo, T.

Validation of the Standford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale form C as a Hypnosis Module in Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0009439201540160

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Psychology (ICPsy 2019), pages 154-160

ISBN: 978-989-758-448-0

made. This means that the hypnotized subjects are

those who have been given a hypnotic procedure

(Nash & Barnier, 2009).

In addition to these definitions, hypnosis is

defined by the French Association of Medical

Hypnosis Studies (AFEHM) in Wehbe and Safar

(2015) as a relation process that is accompanied by

sequences of physiological phenomena such as

muscle changes, reduced sensory abilities and

perceptions, focus on attention, physiological and

behavioral changes in an effort to unite with the

totality of someone's existence . Whereas according

to the British Medical Association Committee,

hypnosis is a temporary condition of attention

modification in the subject, a condition that might be

produced by someone where different phenomena

may appear spontaneous or only limited to the

response to the stimulus. This phenomenon includes

changes in awareness and memory, increasing the

susceptibility of the subject to suggestions and

appearing through responses and ideas familiar to

the person (Wehbe& Safar, 2015).

Hypnosis can be explained by several basic

principles, namely the process of interviewing,

suggestion, induction, and visualization (Wehbe&

Safar, 2011). From these principles, induction is a

structure of hypnosis which becomes the whole of

the hypnotherapy process. Induction is the process

of changes in brain activities when the hypnosis

process is carried out (Elias, 2009).

2.2 Standford Hypnotic Susceptibility

Scale, Form C

The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C

(SSHS: C) developed by Weitzenhoffer and Hilgard

(1962) and modified by Kihlstrom (1996) is a

hypnosis protocol developed for specific purposes,

one of which is research. SSHS form C is known as

the best tool for measuring one's response to

hypnosis (Benham, Woody, Wilson, & Nash, 2006).

The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C

(SHSS: C) has five main principles, namely: Words

for induction by closing eyes, age regression,

anosmia (olfactory ability), post-hypnosis amnesia,

post hypnosis suggestion tests.

2.3 Validation of the Standford

Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale

Module

The structure of the Stanford Hypnotic

Susceptibility Scale form C module (SHSS: C) has

three main parts, namely building rapport, induction

procedure, and suggestion.

Table 1: The Module Structure of The Standford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale Form C

Sub Activity Item No Description

Building Rapport 1 Introduction (Perkenalan terapis dan partisipan)

2 Education relate to hypnosis process (Psikoedukasi tentang

hipnosis dan mempersiapkan partisipan)

3 Preparation, make participant ready for therapy (Memastikan

Partisipan siap menjalani penelitian, meminta untuk konsentrasi

dan fokus pada terapis).

4 Education relate to induction stage and last preparation (Edukasi

terkait induksi, mempersiapkan partisipan untuk proses induksi)

Induction process by Eye Closure 5 First induction, helping participant to reach comfort and relax

condition (Induksi tahap awal, membantu partisipan mencapai

kondisi rileks dan nyaman).

6 Helping participant for maintain his/her focus. Keep focus on

therapist voice (Induksi membantu partisipan untuk tetap fokus

dan memperhatikan suara terapis).

7 Supporting participant to hold his/her relax condition and release

the tension (Induksi membantu partisipan untuk rileks dan

melemaskan ketegangan-ketegangan otot).

8 Deep induction, make participant to feel heavy and tired (Induksi

mendalam, membuat klien merasa lelah dan berat)

9 Deep induction, ensure the participant to feel more comfort, relax

and quiet (Induksi dalam, memastikan partisipan merasa tenang,

rileks dan merasa nyaman ditubuhnya)

10 Ensure the participant to attracted with therapist voice (Membuat

Validation of the Standford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale form C as a Hypnosis Module in Indonesia

155

Sub Activity Item No Description

klien merasa tertarik pada suara terapis dan merasa lebih rileks)

11 More induction to make participant feel sleepy, but keep focus on

therapist voice (Induksi membuat partisipan merasa mengantuk

namun tetap mampu fokus pada suara terapis)

12 Counting from 1 to 20, ensure participant in deep hypnosis

condition but keep possible to hear therapist voice (Menghitung 1

- 20, partisipan jatuh tertidur namun masih bisa mendengar suara

terapis).

Hand Lowering (Tahap Menurunkan

Tangan)

13 Participant will asked to raise the hand, and requested to move

His/Her wrist. Participant asked to imagine He/She brought a

heavy item. (Partisipan diminta mengangkat tangan,

menggerakkan pergelangan tangan. Meminta partisipan

membayangkan membawa barang berat.)

Moving Hand Apart (Menggerakkan

tangan kearah berbeda)

14 Asking the Participant to move His/Her Hand apart in different

way. (Meminta partisipan menggerakkan tangan kearah berbeda,

tangan kanan kearah kanan dan tangan kiri kearah kiri.)

Mosquito Hallucination (Halusinasi

suara nyamuk)

15 Participant hear mosquito buzzing voice near His/Her ears.

(Partisipan merasa mendengar desis suara nyamuk didekat

telinganya.)

Taste Hallucination (Halusinasi Rasa) 16 Participant suggested taste sweet and sour. (Partisipan di sugesti

akan merasakan rasa manis dan asam.).

Arm Rigidity (Kekakuan lengan) 17 Participant feel His/Her arm cannot be moved and feel rigid.

(Partisipan merasakan kedua tangannya kaku tidak dapat dilipat)

Dream (mimpi) 18 Suggesting participant to dream about hypnosis (Memberikan

sugesti bahwa partisipan akan bermimpi tentang hipnosis).

Age Regression (Regresi usia) 19 Suggesting participant that He/She younger than reality.

(Memberikan sugesti pada partisipan memiliki usia lebih muda

daripada usia saat ini).

(Arm Immobilization) Imobilisasi

lengan

20 Suggesting participant that His/Her Arm immobilize. (Sugesti

partisipan merasakan tangannya berat tidak dapat digerakkan)

Anosmia 21 Suggesting Participant that unable smell everything, although

there is odorous substance near His/Her body. (Sugesti partisipan

tidak mampu mencium aroma apapun, meski ada zat berbau

didekatnya).

Hallucinated Voice (Halusinasi suara) 22 Suggesting participant can hear some voice that asking to them.

(Mensugesti partisipan seakan-akan ada orang yang bertanya

padanya).

Negative Visual Hallucination

(Halusinasi visual negative).

Suggesting participant watching 2 boxs only, although 3 boxs is

exist in front of Him/Her. (Mensugesti partisipan hanya melihat 2

kotak didepannya padahal ada 3 kotak)

Posthypnotic Suggestion and Amnesia

(Sugesti pasca hipnosis dan Amnesia)

24 Start to wake up the participant from hypnosis condition (Mulai

membangunkan partisipan dari kondisi hipnosis dengan hitung

mundur.)

Post experimental interview

(Wawancara paska eksperimen)

25 Simple interview about His/Her last hypnosis experience

(Menanyakan pengalaman hari ini, pikiran, perasaan, dan

komentar terkait proses hipnosis).

Module validation involves two stages namely

content validity with professional judgment and

functional or empirical validity by conducting

experiments (Azwar, 2018). Adaptation of the

SHSS: C module into Indonesian as a valid module

requires confirmation procedures or judgment by a

group of experts in the field (Azwar, 2018) in this

case hypnosis experts. The results of the assessment

conducted by a number of experts on a module

validity are the content validity coefficients

formulated with the letter V (Aiken, 1985 : 2003).

To get a valid module, the considered good

coefficient of content validity is a score of V> 0.5

(Azwar, 2013 : 2018).

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156

Content validity places fundamental logical

validity in the psychometric evaluation of a module,

but the evaluation becomes less meaningful if the

intervention module does not have an empirical or

functional function that fits its purpose. To prove a

module has an empirical/functional function, it

requires experimental research (Azwar, 2018).

To determine the functional validity of a module,

it can be seen from the significance of the dependent

variable scores that occur after treatment (Azwar,

2018). There are several ways to find this out, one of

which is comparing the average posttest score

between the experimental group and the control

group. In this study, the functional validity of a

module was seen from the comparison of posttest

average scores between the experimental group and

the control group. Posttest measurement was done

shortly after giving hypnosis therapy was complete.

3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to determine the

validity of the Standford Hypnotic Susceptibility

Scale form C (SHSS: C) module that has been

adapted into Indonesian. So that the SHSS: C

module can be used in hypnosis studies in Indonesia.

To get a valid module, the content validity of the

module as well as the functional or empirical

validity of the module must be determined first

(Azwar, 2018).

4 RESEARCH DESIGN

This study was a validation process of the Stanford

Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale form C (SHSS: C)

module that has been translated into Indonesian. The

validation process used professional judgment

methods carried out by three hypnosis experts. One

person was a clinical psychologist who practices at

one of the general health service, known as

PUSKESMAS, in Yogyakarta, one Psychology

Faculty Lecturer at one of the Universities in

Yogyakarta and a certified hypnotherapy practitioner

who practices in Yogyakarta.

The experts assessed the module consisting of 25

items, each item has a score between 1 and 5.

Experts gave a score based on the suitability of the

module items with the hypnosis therapy procedure.

With this procedure it is expected that the

Indonesian hypnosis module would produce good

content validity.

To obtained the functional validity, the module

was given to twenty participants who were divided

into two independent groups randomly. The

experimental group was given hypnosis therapy by a

certified therapist based on the SHSS form C

module which had been translated into Indonesian.

4.1 Data Analysis

The analysis used is Aiken's V Statistics to obtain

the module content validity coefficient. The

coefficient of module validity that is considered

good is the coefficient value of more than 0.50. The

average result of the V score for all items is the

content validity coefficient of the entire module. The

content validity coefficient is obtained using the

following formula:

V =



௦

௡ሺ௖ିଵሻ

(1)

s = r – lo

lo = lowest rating (in this case = 1)

c = highest rating (in this case = 5)

r = the rating given by the appraiser

To determine the functional validity of the SHSS

form C hypnosis module which has been translated

into Indonesian, an experimental study was

conducted using twenty participants who were

divided into two independent groups through a

randomized procedure. The statistical analysis of

this study used the Mann-Whitney non-parametric

test because the research data were assumed to be

not normally distributed.

5 RESULT

Table 2: The Results of The Item Evaluation and The Content Validity Coefficient (V) of Each Item

No Activity

Expert

1 Introduction (Perkenalan terapis dan partisipan) 5 4 4 0,833

2 Education relate to hypnosis process (Psikoedukasi tentang hipnosis dan 5 1 4 0,583

Validation of the Standford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale form C as a Hypnosis Module in Indonesia

157

No Activity

Expert

mempersiapkan partisipan)

3 Preparation, make participant ready for therapy (Memastikan Partisipan

siap menjalani penelitian, meminta untuk konsentrasi dan fokus pada

terapis).

5 3 4 0,75

4 Education relate to induction stage and last preparation (Edukasi terkait

induksi, mempersiapkan partisipan untuk proses induksi)

2 4 4 0,583

5 First induction, helping participant to reach comfort and relax condition

(Induksi tahap awal, membantu partisipan mencapai kondisi rileks dan

nyaman).

2 1 4 0,333

6 Helping participant for maintain his/her focus. Keep focus on therapist

voice (Induksi membantu partisipan untuk tetap fokus dan memperhatikan

suara terapis).

4 5 4 0,833

7 Supporting participant to hold his/her relax condition and release the

tension (Induksi membantu partisipan untuk rileks dan melemaskan

ketegangan-ketegangan otot).

4 5 4 0,833

8 Deep induction, make participant to feel heavy and tired (Induksi

mendalam, membuat klien merasa lelah dan berat)

3 2 4 0,5

9 Deep induction, ensure the participant to feel more comfort, relax and quiet

(Induksi dalam, memastikan partisipan merasa tenang, rileks dan merasa

nyaman ditubuhnya)

4 5 4 0,833

10 Ensure the participant to attracted with therapist voice (Membuat klien

merasa tertarik pada suara terapis dan merasa lebih rileks)

4 5 4 0,833

11 More induction to make participant feel sleepy, but keep focus on therapist

voice (Induksi membuat partisipan merasa mengantuk namun tetap mampu

fokus pada suara terapis)

3 5 4 0,75

12 Counting from 1 to 20, ensure participant in deep hypnosis condition but

keep possible to hear therapist voice (Menghitung 1 - 20, partisipan jatuh

tertidur namun masih bisa mendengar suara terapis).

3 4 5 0,75

13 Participant will asked to raise the hand, and requested to move His/Her

wrist. Participant asked to imagine He/She brought a heavy item.

(Partisipan diminta mengangkat tangan, menggerakkan pergelangan

tangan. Meminta partisipan membayangkan membawa barang berat.)

4 4 5 0,833

14 Asking the Participant to move His/Her Hand apart in different way.

(Meminta partisipan menggerakkan tangan kearah berbeda, tangan kanan

kearah kanan dan tangan kiri kearah kiri.)

4 4 4 0,75

15 Participant hear mosquito buzzing voice near His/Her ears. (Partisipan

merasa mendengar desis suara nyamuk didekat telinganya.)

4 5 5 0,917

16 Participant suggested taste sweet and sour. (Partisipan di sugesti akan

merasakan rasa manis dan asam.).

3 5 4 0,75

17 Participant feel His/Her arm cannot be moved and feel rigid. (Partisipan

merasakan kedua tangannya kaku tidak dapat dilipat)

4 5 4 0,833

18 Suggesting participant to dream about hypnosis (Memberikan sugesti

bahwa partisipan akan bermimpi tentang hipnosis).

3 5 4 0,75

19 Suggesting participant that He/She younger than reality. (Me

mberikan

sugesti pada partisipan memiliki usia lebih muda daripada usia saat ini).

4 3 5 0,75

20 Suggesting participant that His/Her Arm immobilize. (Sugesti partisipan

merasakan tangannya berat tidak dapat digerakkan)

4 4 5 0,833

21 Suggesting Participant that unable smell everything, although there is

odorous substance near His/Her body. (Sugesti partisipan tidak mampu

mencium aroma apapun, meski ada zat berbau didekatnya).

4 4 5 0,833

22 Suggesting participant can hear some voice that asking to them.

(Mensugesti partisipan seakan-akan ada orang yang bertanya padanya).

3 5 5 0,833

23 Suggesting participant watching 2 boxs only, although 3 boxs is exist in

front of Him/Her. (Mensugesti partisipan hanya melihat 2 kotak

didepannya padahal ada 3 kotak)

2 4 4 0,583

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No Activity

Expert

24 Start to wake up the participant from hypnosis condition (Mulai

membangunkan partisipan dari kondisi hipnosis dengan hitung mundur.)

4 5 5 0,917

25 Simple interview about His/Her last hypnosis experience (Menanyakan

pengalaman hari ini, pikiran, perasaan, dan komentar terkait proses

hipnosis).

5 5 5 1

Table 2 shows two items that have a poor V

score, namely item number 5 with a score V = 0.333

and number 8 which scores V = 0.5. The item with

the highest V score is item number 25 which has a

score of V = 1, which means that all experts give the

highest score for this item. The average V score for

all items, amounting to 0.759 which shows the

overall module content validity coefficient is V =

0.759.

Table 3: Result of Posttest Analysis Between Group

Description Result

Mean Ranks Experimental Group 15.50

Mean Rank Control Group 5.50

Asymp. Sig (2 tailed) .000

Table 3 showed that there wais a significant

difference between the experimental group given the

SHSS form C module and the control group with a p

<0.01 score.

6 DISCUSSION

The results of statistical analysis carried out on the

Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale form C

(SHSS: C) version of the Indonesian Language

resulted in the overall module content validity being

0.759, with the lowest V item score being the item 5

with V = 0.333 and the highest V score. = 1 in item

number 25.V values close to 1 will be interpreted as

high coefficients, while those approaching 0 will be

interpreted as low coefficients (Azwar, 2013, 2018).

In estimating validity a very high coefficient cannot

be demanded, the score V = 0.5 is considered

sufficient while the V score < 0.30 is considered

inadequate (Azwar, 2013). Because all items obtain

a V value above 0.30 then all items are adequate.

Functional or empirical validity by comparing

posttest scores between the experimental group and

the control group was also significant. This means

that the validity of the Indonesian version of the

SHSS: C module was adequate.

7 CONCLUSIONS

Hypnosis has not been accepted as a therapy in the

practice of psychology in Indonesia, although in the

international world hypnosis has gotten a place.

APA (American Psychology Association) as an

association that accommodates American

psychology to place hypnosis in division 30. This

situation has caused the absence of validated

hypnosis therapy modules in Indonesian. This is the

reason for the translation into Indonesian and the

validation of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility

Scale form C module as an effort to provide valid

hypnosis modules used in Indonesia. The results of

the V Aiken statistical test for each item produced

one item having a low V score, namely item number

5 with a score V = 0.333, one item received a

sufficient score, namely item 8 with V = 0.5, and the

rest had a score considered good. Overall, the results

of the professional judgment of this module obtain a

score of V = 0.759. The complete Indonesian

language SHSS form C module can be considered a

hypnosis module with content validity. The results

of experimental research using the SHSS form C

module produced a significant difference with p

<0.01, therefore so the module has adequate

functional validity. The Indonesian version of

Standford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale form C

(SHSS: C) module is valid for use as a research and

therapeutic tool in Indonesia.

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