Designing Safety Maturity Level Questionnaire of Construction

Project

Anny Maryani, Adithya Sudiarno and Ratna Sari Dewi

Industrial Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia

Keywords: Human factor, safety in construction, Safety Maturity Level (SML), fuzzy method

Abstract: The high fatality in construction occurs due to the characteristics of construction projects involving

equipment, permanent workers and subcontractors, construction work methods, and open fieldwork. The

human factor is essential in construction. Workers have contributed as a cause of accidents due to unsafe

actions they take. Knowing the level of maturity of safety in construction projects is important to prevent

work accidents. Therefore, in this research, a safety questionnaire was designed in the field of construction so

that it can be used to assess the safety maturity level of a construction project. The method used is a literature

study and in-depth interviews with relevant parties in construction projects of apartments> 20 floors. The

questionnaire was prepared considering three aspects, namely psychological, behavioral, and situational.

While the factors considered are Information and Communication (IC), Commitment (CM), Organizational

Learning (OL), Leadership (LI), and Competence (CP). The final results obtained are three types of

questionnaires, namely the HSE Questionnaire with 40 questions, Staff/Management Questionnaire with 25

questions, and Foreman and Worker Questionnaire with 15 questions. Furthermore, this questionnaire is used

to assess the construction project to determine in which level of safety maturity. Based on data collection and

processing, shows that the safety maturity level of the construction project observed is calculative.

1 INTRODUCTION

Occupational accident data based on the Social

Security Administrator (BPJS) Employment of

Indonesia shows an increase from 2017 of 123,041

cases and in 2018 of 173,105 cases. Work accident

cases consist of light, moderate, severe, and fatality

categories. The high fatality cases occur in traffic

accidents, manufacturing, and construction.

A construction project is a prone to occupational

accidents due to its dangerous characteristics and

unpredictable changes (Maryani, et al, 2015).

The high fatality in construction occurs due to the

characteristics of construction projects involving

equipment, permanent workers and subcontractors,

construction work methods, and open fieldwork. The

human factor is essential in construction. Workers

have contributed as a cause of accidents due to unsafe

actions they take.

Based on Haslam et al. (2005), more than 70% of

occupational accidents in construction were due to

unsafe actions and unsafe behavior of workers.

The safety culture maturity model was first

introduced by the International Atomic Energy

Agency (IAEA) in 2002. According to the IAEA,

there are three stages in the development of safety

culture maturity that occurs in organizations. Each

stage involves a different awareness and impact on

human safety. This model is used by Hudson (2004)

in developing new models. The model developed uses

five levels in determining the stages of a safety

culture maturity.

Knowing the level of maturity of safety in

construction projects is important to prevent work

accidents. Therefore, in this research, a safety

questionnaire was designed in the field of

construction so that it can be used to assess the safety

maturity level of a construction project.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

According to ASCNI in the journal Cooper (2000),

safety culture is the interaction between humans

(psychological aspects), work (behavioral aspects),

and organization (situational aspects).

a. The psychological aspect is also called climate

safety and has the analogy of "how people

Maryani, A., Sudiarno, A. and Dewi, R.

Designing Safety Maturity Level Questionnaire of Construction Project.

DOI: 10.5220/0009423001090114

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICONIT 2019), pages 109-114

ISBN: 978-989-758-434-3

109

feel." Psychological aspects can be measured

through interviews and/or short questionnaires

(Lefranc, 2012).

b. The behavioral aspects have the analogy of

"what people do." According to Lefranc, 2012,

the measurement of behavioral aspects can be

done by direct observation, while according to

Boughaba (2014), it can also be done through

questionnaires and/or interviews.

c. The situational aspect has the analogy of "what

the organization has." Measurement of

situational aspects through comparison of the

application of company management systems

and applicable regulations (Lefranc, 2012).

While Filho et al. (2010) developed safety

culture measurement methods based on

situational aspects by taking into account the

policies compiled by the company in making

strategic plans and actions relating to the

activities, awareness, and quality of the

company's OHS.

The description of each stage in the development

of safety culture, according to Hudson (2004), is as

follows.

1. Pathological: pure accident mistakes from

workers. The management system is only in

compliance with regulations so that business

remains legal and legally recognized.

2. Reactive: the company starts to take serious

action in managing OHS, but only based on

events that have occurred (curative), and there

is no management to prevent accidents.

3. Calculative/Bureaucratic: the company has

established an OHS management system and

implemented OHS data collection. Awareness

of OSH is only in the management sector or

related to the OSH division, so there are

significant differences in behavior patterns

among workers associated with OSH.

4. Proactive: the OHS management system starts

to involve workers in the improvisation of OHS

management and begins to change the pure top-

bottom management approach into two-way

communication.

5. Generative: all levels of position actively

participate. Safety is a culture and is part of the

company's habits.

Choudhry et al. (2007) explain about construction

project characteristics that project planning and

execution are under limited time and budgetary

pressure. This condition shows the differentiate

construction project comparing other industries.

The concept of the maturity level of safety in

construction is new. Machfudiyanto and Latief, 2017

formulated a conceptual framework for building a

safety culture in construction in Indonesia. The

results of this research are:

a. Policy input with four latent variables, there are

safety policy, safety cost policy, reward policy,

and punishment policy.

b. Institutional input with five latent variables,

there are program objectives, benchmarks,

major constrains, institutions involved, and

patterns of roles and relationships.

c. Construction safety occupational culture

includes physical culture, behavioral culture,

ideological culture, and culture of management

norms.

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The method used is a literature study on the level of

safety maturity in manufacturing and in-depth

interviews with relevant parties in construction

projects of apartments, offices, and malls> 20 floors.

The questionnaire was prepared considering three

aspects, namely psychological, behavioral, and

situational. While the factors considered were

determined based on literature review and in-depth

interviews with OSH Manager. Table 1 shows the

dimensions used.

Table 1 Dimensions that are used in the Construction Safety

Maturity Level

Factors/

Dimension

Description

Information

and

Communication

(IC)

Describe awareness, attention, and

willingness to communicate

information and problems related to

OSH.

Commitment

(CM)

Company support for aspects of

health and safety, which includes

planning, priorities, training,

auditing, awards, investments,

procedures, and team formation.

Honesty with commitment is more

meaningful than a written statement

that says that occupational safety

and health are important.

Organizational

Learning (OL)

The learning process that focuses on

aspects of practice, reporting,

culture, and learning from mistakes

and failures.

Leadership (LI) Describe the leadership style of a

supervisor or supervisor that can

affect the OSH performance of

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Factors/

Dimension

Description

employees while working.

Managers at all levels (including

senior superiors) are very concerned

about OSH aspects, which are

proven in their consistency in the

implementation and OSH behavior

in the field.

Competence

(CP)

The ability of each employee to

manage and carry out work in the

work area in accordance with the

job description provided with due

regard to work safety.

Then the questions and answers were drawn up,

which described the five safety maturity levels. In

contrast to the manufacturing industry, construction

requires a grouping of workers based on their level of

understanding of OSH. So that obtained the HSE

category, staff, and foreman and workers. Pre

questionnaires were distributed to them to get

validation of questions that would be used in data

collection.

After the questionnaire is arranged, then data is

collected by filling out the questionnaire for each

category of workers.

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Construction Safety Maturity Level

Questionnaire

The final results obtained are three types of

questionnaires, namely the HSE Questionnaire with

40 questions, Staff/Management Questionnaire with

25 questions, and Foreman and Worker Questionnaire

with 15 questions. Table 2 shows the detail of the

question and categorize based on the type of worker.

Table 2 Construction Safety Culture Maturity Level

Question HSE STAFF

Foreman

& Worker

Do you often

talk about

workplace

safety with

coworkers?

IC1 IC1 IC1

Does

managing

information

about OSH

affect the safe

IC2

Question HSE STAFF

Foreman

& Worker

way of

working?

What do you

usually do

when facing

near misses?

IC3 IC3 IC3

Does the

project

management

(main

contractor)

ensure that

workers know

information

about safety?

IC4 IC4

Is there a

discussion

between

workers and

project

management

(main

contractor)

regarding

OHS?

IC5 IC5 IC5

Has the OSH

program been

understood by

all

Department

members?

IC6

Does the

project

management

(main

contractor)

prioritize

handling OHS

issues?

CM1

Does training

on OSH have

an impact on

workers'

ability to

work?

CM2 CM2

Do you get a

penalty or a

fine if you

violate OSH

rules?

CM3 CM3 CM3

How is

compliance

with the use

of PPE in the

work area?

CM4 CM4 CM4

Are there

procedures

for working

IC7 IC7

Designing Safety Maturity Level Questionnaire of Construction Project

111

Question HSE STAFF

Foreman

& Worker

and using the

equipment?

How does the

company

manage

worker

health?

CM5 CM5

Does the

project

management

(main

contractor)

often have

discussions

about OSH

knowledge

and

experience?

OL1

Are activities

to reduce

hazards well

planned?

OL2

Does HSE /

OSH provide

analysis/reco

mmendations

based on

accidents that

occur?

OL3 OL3

Does the

project

management

(main

contractor)

motivate

workers to

report work

errors openly?

OL4 OL4

Does the

employer

assess

workers in

terms of

OSH?

OL5 OL5

Does the

project

management

(main

contractor)

periodically

follow up on

the OSH

document?

OL6

Do your

supervisors

and

coworkers

respond well

LI1 LI1

Question HSE STAFF

Foreman

& Worker

to your

opinions

during OSH

discussions?

Does project

management

(main

contractor)

pressure

workers to

implement

work safety?

LI2 LI2

Has the

worker helped

with the

operation of

the OSH in

your area?

LI3 LI3

Do superiors

prioritize

performance

targets over

safety?

LI4 LI4

Does the HSE

/ OSH team

prioritize an

OSH

guidance

program that

involves

workers?

LI5

Is the lack of

ability of

workers to be

the cause of

work

accidents?

CP1 CP1

Are workers

leading

directions to

reduce the

impact of

work

accidents

during

emergencies?

CP2 CP2

Are there

workers who

can make

emergency

response

efforts

according to

procedures

and control

themselves

from panic?

CP3 CP3 CP3

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Question HSE STAFF

Foreman

& Worker

Do you

understand

and apply

OSH

procedures in

the work

area?

CP4 CP4

Does the

project

management

(main

contractor)

provide

details of

tasks clearly

about the

main duties,

responsibilitie

s, and

competencies

CP5 CP5

Do you get

work safety

training

according to

the type of

work?

CP6 CP6 CP6

Is the project

management

(main

contractor)

committed to

carrying out

safety

procedures

adequately

and correctly?

CM6 CM6 CM6

Does your

supervisor

always

monitor

(supervise)

your safe

workings?

CM7 CM7

Has the

project

management

(main

contractor)

planned the

OSH routine

and taken it

seriously?

CM8

Do you have

the ability to

learn from

experience to

prevent

CP7

Question HSE STAFF

Foreman

& Worker

accidents

from

happening

again?

How do you

get

information

about the

OSH policy?

IC8 IC8

Does the

project

management

(main

contractor)

measure OSH

performance?

OL7

Do safety-

assessment

indicators on

your work

affect

performance?

OL8 OL8

Does the

project

management

(main

contractor)

carry out

OHS risk

control for

guests, third

parties, and

subcontractor

LI6 LI6

Does the

project

management

(main

contractor)

conduct strict

handling of

violations of

smoking in

the work

area?

LI7 LI7 LI7

Does the

project

management

(main

contractor)

involve you

in formulating

OHS

policies?

LI8 LI8

Does project

management

(main

LI9 LI9 LI9

Designing Safety Maturity Level Questionnaire of Construction Project

113

Question HSE STAFF

Foreman

& Worker

contractor)

motivate you

to work

safely?

4.2 Assessment result

The data processing of this questionnaire is using a

fuzzy method. Furthermore, this questionnaire is used

to assess the construction project to determine the

level of maturity of its safety at the level of

pathological, reactive, calculative, proactive, or

generative.

In this study, questionnaire filling data was

obtained by 21 HSE people and 26 staff with the

results of the questionnaire showing a value of 4.08,

namely in the proactive category. While filling the

foreman and worker questionnaires got 117 people

with a value of 3.56, namely the calculative category.

Overall, the level of maturity for an apartment project

that is the object of observation is calculative.

5 CONCLUSION

The conclusion that can be drawn from this research

is that it is important to obtain guidance on assessing

the level of safety maturity for construction projects.

The aspects used in the assessment are psychological,

behavioral, and situational aspects. While the

factors/dimensions that are appropriate for

construction are Information and Communication

(IC), Commitment (CM), Organizational Learning

(OL), Leadership (LI) and Competence (CP).

The questionnaire generated for HSE consisted of

40 questions, for staff 25 questions, as well as

foremen and workers 15 questions. Data processing

found that the construction project observed was at

the calculative level.

For further research, data processing should be

done on each of the observed factors. The purpose is

to get an assessment of each factor and can then be

used to develop recommendations for improving the

level of safety maturity.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thank you to the HSE Manager of the apartment

construction project that was the object of

observation. Besides, the surveyors distributed

questionnaires.

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