Tourism, Communications, and Disasters:

Political Communication Management in Government Institutions on

the Development Policy of Tourism Industry in Disaster-prone Areas

Case Study: Planning on Special Economic Zones in the Mentawai

Islands

Neneng Susilawati, A. G. Eka Wenats Wuryanta

Universitas Paramadina

Keywords: Political communication, Institution, Policy, Tourism, Disaster risks.

Abstract: The archipelago of Indonesia hosts rich natural resources and beautiful tropical nature. Tourism is currently

the leading sector and national as well as regional development priority in Indonesia. Besides having the

famed natural beauty, Indonesia hides the potential threat of natural disasters. Therefore, disasters and tourism

in development plans do not always go hand in hand. The perception of disaster for the tourism industry is

often seen as a threat. Development policies do not yet seriously consider disaster risks as a part of the calcu-

lation of development investment in order that casualties and losses of every disaster event can be minimized,

especially in areas of tourism destinations. In the last two years, losses from disasters reached 68.66 Trillion

rupiahs. Of the new 50 Special Economic Zones planned by the central government of Indonesia, most of

them are located at places with a high risk of natural disasters. The lack of consideration of potential threats

of natural disasters can be perceived as the absence of political communication management. This research

thus examines how political communication management is applicable in government institutions to make

tourism development policies sustainable and safer for people in disaster-prone tourism destinations. The

importance of this research is to contribute several indispensable ideas academically in political communica-

tion and practice in sustainable development policies in disaster-prone areas.

1 INTRODUCTION

Geographically, Indonesia is an archipelagic country

with a coastline length of 99,093 kilometers. This ar-

chipelago consists of 13,466 islands, extending from

Sabang to Merauke. Indonesia is a wealthy country

with natural resources and world-famous natural

beauty. According to the report Travel and Tourism

Competitiveness Index (TTCI), Indonesia succeeded

in upgrading its 42nd place on tourism, rising 8 levels.

In the eyes of the world, Indonesia is recognized for

its achievements in utilizing its natural resources at a

very affordable price. This has placed Indonesia in the

5th place. In building its assets, Indonesia is sadly

pressing cultural resources in order to prioritize the

Travel and Tourism sector as a driving factor of eco-

nomic development (TTCI Report, 2017).

Besides the beauty and the availability of rich

natural resources, Indonesia is facing a lot of

problems regarding natural disasters. Geologically,

the Indonesian Archipelago is formed of three active

plates in the world, namely the Eurasian, Indian-

Australian, and Pacific plates. These plates constantly

move against and push each other. In the course of

time, moves of earth plates often cause small and

large scales of earthquakes, tsunamis, and other

natural disasters such as volcano eruptions.

According to Disaster Management Law, number

24 / 2007, events or series of events of natural

disasters are explained to have potential threats to

people's lives and human livelihoods. The threats

generated by natural factors and/or non-natural

factors as well as human factors that have

consequences to human casualties, environmental

damage, property losses, and psychological impacts.

Disasters caused by natural factors are unpredictable,

and people are fragile on this matter as their

knowledge and capacity in dealing with natural

disasters are relatively limited.

Susilawati, N. and Wuryanta, A.

Tourism, Communications, and Disasters: Political Communication Management in Government Institutions on the Development Policy of Tourism Industry in Disaster-prone Areas Case

Study: Planning on Special Economic Zones in the Mentawai Islands.

DOI: 10.5220/0009401001230130

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Anti-Corruption and Integrity (ICOACI 2019), pages 123-130

ISBN: 978-989-758-461-9

123

According to a report by the National Disaster

Management Agency (Badan Nasional

Penanggulangan Bencana – BNPB), a number of

2,572 catastrophic events had caused the loss of 4,814

people’s life, and 10,239,522 others were displaced in

2018. Due to the earthquake occurred in Lombok in

2018, the ministry of tourism calculated that a number

of 100,000 foreign tourists did not visit Lombak every

month. By assuming that a foreign tourist would

spend US$ 1,000 per visit, the economic loss was of

US$ 100 million.

Earthquake and tsunami disasters in Sulawesi,

according to BNPB report, the loss and damage in the

region due to earthquake and tsunami reached up

to13.82 trillion rupiahs. The tsunami disaster in the

Sunda Strait has an impact on the economic loss from

the tourism sector up to 42.72 billion rupiahs.

According to the Meteorology, Climatology, and

Geophysical Agency (Badan Meteorologi,

Klimatologi dan Geofisika – BMKG) from 2013 to

2018 were 11,920 earthquake events in Indonesia.

The potential risk of earthquakes to people’s

livelihoods in Indonesia is relatively high as those

natural disasters occurred in the areas where the

population is densely inhabited.

According to Government Regulation, Number

50 / 2011 about the National Tourism Development

Master Plan (Rencana Induk Pembangunan

Kepariwisataan Nasional - RIPPARNAS) for 2010-

2025, and the Tourism Industry Strategic Plan for

2015-2019 (PDIP Strategic Plan 2015-2019), the

policy of the development of the national tourism

industry is expected to be competitive, credible

tourism industry, driving business partnerships, and

being responsible for the environment and socio-

culture. These embodied in the development of the 5

pillars of the tourism industry, namely (1)

strengthening the structure of the national tourism

industry, (2) competitiveness of tourism products, (3)

tourism business partnerships, (4) business

credibility, and (5) responsibility for the environment,

the environment what is meant here is the business

environment, to standardize and certify businesses

(Kementrian Pariwisata, 2015).

In preparing for the development of the mass

tourism industry, the government has prepared a legal

umbrella of tourism development policies, which are

directly overseen by two main coordinating

ministries, namely the Coordinating Ministry for

Maritime Affairs and the Coordinating Ministry for

Economic Affairs. Now the efforts to improve the

national economy are through the tourism industry

called “Special Economic Zones (SEZ)” (Kawasan

Ekonomi Khusus - KEK). The central government has

been focusing on this sector, much more focused on

the second period of Joko Widodo's administration,

as mentioned in the first point of the President 2019-

2024 vision speech. Infrastructure development will

continue, connecting large-scale infrastructure with

small industrial estates, and with the Special

Economic Zones.

According to Presidential Decree Number 3 /

1989, the Indonesian government has commenced

campaigning the tourism program of the “Visit

Indonesian Year” in 1991. The Indonesian

government has been focusing on gaining national

income by strengthening the tourism sector. In order

to stimulate the growth of the regional economy,

tourism destinations are mostly directed to densely

populated areas in Indonesia. Another reality is that

those destination areas have high potential risks for

causing many casualties, damage, and losses as they

mostly locate in disaster-prone zones. Development

policies in disaster-prone areas are not well evaluated

and considered.

The economic whirlpool should be interconnected

with public and industrial facilities, as well as tourism

destinations, by considering threats of natural

disasters. From a row of national tourism destinations

spread across 50 regions of Indonesia, most of them

are located at a big risk of threat. The series of natural

disaster events that have occurred in the last two years

should be taken into consideration of the tourism

development policy, not only responding to

anticipating the impacts of natural disasters on

tourism but also on the policy consolidated at the

level of government institutions.

In order to understand the correlation between

tourism industry policies and the threat of natural

disasters, this study focuses on a case taken from one

of the tourism destinations, which is the Mentawai

Islands. The District Government of the Mentawai

Islands has been at the position as a backward and

underdeveloped region and considered to be less

developed compared to other regions on a national

scale since it is part of Indonesia. Poor economic

matters, lack of human resources, insubstantial

infrastructure, poor financial capacity, limited

accessibility to the outside world, and traditional

cultural characteristics have been perceived

disadvantageous to Mentawai's current

circumstances. Nonetheless, this region is rich in

natural resources like the timber of the rainforest. It

also has great potential for marine tourism because

the islands have beautiful nature. Therefore, the

central and provincial governments, as well as the

district government, intend to promote the tourism

development in this region by planning to develop

ICOACI 2019 - International Conference on Anti-Corruption and Integrity

124

particular areas in the concept of a special economic

zone.

According to a masterplan of regional

development, a particular area of Siberut Island of

Mentawai district exactly located in Southeast

subdistrict government of Siberut Island (kecamatan

Siberut Barat Daya) will soon be undergoing massive

construction for the tourism industry of the so-called

Mentawai Bay Resort. Its initial plan is to use an area

of 2,639 hectares. However, this plan never officially

announced to the public. Local government does not

open any discussion to share what the benefits or

consequences of the tourism industry to the local

people. It means that the plan of development of

Mentawai Bay Resort is not communicated to the

public openly.

The local people were encouraged to sale the land

for the sake of development by individuals from the

local government. It is obvious that land in the

selected area that initially belongs to the local people

has been bought with insignificant prices by

individuals representing the company.

Furthermore, the study of potential disaster risks

in the selected area on Siberut is not considered

seriously, and the area was not studied properly.

According to earth scientists, the District Government

of Mentawai Islands is one of the regions which has a

potential rapture of a large earthquake. According to

Danny H. Natawidjaja, who intensively conducted

seismic research in Mentawai in the last 30 years,

Mentawai has been accumulating large energy that

can generate a large earthquake with a magnitude

(Mw) of 8.8 (Natawijdjaja in Documentary

Repdeman, 2018).

By seizing economic opportunities for central and

local governments through tourism, this research has

been intended to figure out the roles of political

communication in government institutions in

formulating policies, specifically the policy of

developing tourism destinations in dealing with

potential threats of natural disasters in the concept of

sustainable development.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Tourism is one of the main economic activities in

many countries. WTO statistics show that tourism is

the largest industry in the world because it is one of

the main sources of state income. The tourism sector,

if managed maximally, can make a major contribu-

tion to national and global development outcomes. In-

donesia occupies the top 10 positions in the last few

years competing in China, and India according to the

global travel and tourism economy (WTTC, 2011,

2017).

In the latest report of the Travel and Tourism

Competitiveness in 2017, written by the World

Economic Forum (WEF), Indonesia was at the rank

of 42 out of 136 world indexes by exploiting the

natural resources for tourism industry at the rank of

14th out of 136 countries, but in managing

environmental sustainability Indonesia is at the rank

of 131 out of 136 (WEF, 2017). Looking at this

ranking, Indonesia is considered successful in

utilizing natural resources for the tourism industry,

but bad in the management and improvement of a

sustainable environment.

Challenges of the tourism industry are not only a

matter of economic considerations but social,

environmental matters, which are the domain that

directs the development of tourism policies and

promotion, especially in developing countries and

countries with economies in transition (Shurland et

al., 2008). The tourism destination business,

especially in the coastal areas, is increasingly

challenged by the potential danger of natural

disasters. Such as the case of the 2004 tsunami

disaster in Aceh caused 270,000 casualties and

massive destruction of physical infrastructure. Beach

resorts in India and Malaysia were the hardest hit

resulting in a massive exodus of tourists and booking

restrictions. In 2005 there was a decrease of 85% of

international tourists, and around 500 tourism

companies went bankrupt (Henderson, 2007).

According to data from the Ministry of National

Development Planning (Kementrian PPN / Badan

Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional – BAPPENAS)

in 2018, noted that the loss in the economic value of

the disaster's economic activities in 2004-2016 was

estimated to reach a total of 166.6 trillion rupiahs.

This was caused by 21 major disaster events. It was

coupled with the value of losses from the 2017-2019

disaster with an estimated reach of 85 trillion rupiah

(BNPB, 2019). The increasing frequency of disasters

becomes problematic for a country like Indonesia

because of high recovery costs for rebuilding and

reconstructing settlements of the post-disaster area.

At the global level, there have been many efforts

and recommendations made to address disaster risks

in the policy of the tourism industry. One of them is

the organization of Asia Pacific Economic

Coordination (APEC). There are 21 countries that

join together to overcome disaster risks and protect

the tourism economy. The implementation of disaster

risk management in the tourism industry has been

carried out by the Government of the kingdom of

Thailand. For example, Phuket Island is the most

Tourism, Communications, and Disasters: Political Communication Management in Government Institutions on the Development Policy of

Tourism Industry in Disaster-prone Areas Case Study: Planning on Special Economic Zones in the Mentawai Islands

125

popular tourist center known as Andaman Pearls.

During the peak season, the island received more than

2.5 million visitors in 2005. The Thai kingdom

established a National Disaster Prevention and

Mitigation Committee (NDPMC) chaired by the Thai

prime minister. Disaster risk management in the

tourism industry in Phuket and Bahamas is part of the

state disaster risk management. Disasters are still at

the level of a paradigm of response rather than

prevention. This is similar to the Indonesian context.

To manage the tourism industry is more about to

tackle crises in order to overcome the loss of tourism

material due to disasters (Kurniasari, 2017).

The impact of population, economic, and social

growth on the tourism industry is very influential. An

obvious example is Bali. Since 1959 Bali relies on

tourism as a means of foreign exchange earnings. The

tourism industry has become the backbone of the

economy in Bali. Most of Balinese people are

attracted by tourism. Since 1971 tourism has

contributed a significant income to Bali compared to

other regions in Indonesia. Bali contributed 33.36%

of Gross Regional Domestic Product from the tourism

sector in 2000, and this increased up to 69.71% in

2002-2003 (Erawan, et al., 2002; 2003). The role of

the central government, foreign investors, Indonesian

Chinese, and military investors in the tourism

industry is influential to the growth of the tourism

industry in Indonesia (Suparwoko, 2012).

Governments at all levels expect economic

benefits from tourism, especially from taxes on

payment of tourists, hotels, and restaurants (Elliot,

1997). Therefore, Indonesia has made tourism a

leading sector and has become a key factor in the

development of welfare, export earnings, job

creation, business development, and infrastructure

development. Tourism has experienced continuous

expansion and diversification and has become one of

the largest and fastest-growing economic sectors in

the world. Even though the global crisis has occurred

several times, the number of international tourists

continue to support positive growth in this sector

(UNWTO, 2015).

Some scholars proposed a framework for

integrative analysis of tourism vulnerability to

potential natural disasters in small island tourist

destinations. The framework offered is to consider

aspects of a vulnerability that have an impact on

society, the economy, and the environment, with a

series of actions called PPRR (Prevention,

Preparedness, Response, and Recovery) (Becken et

al., 2014). Risk or impact becomes a barrier to

vulnerability. The proposed framework is divided

into two external parts, namely ‘external

environmental influence’ and ‘external human

influence.' As an external human influence, the

human can prevent any significant changes in

environmental conditions.

There is a strong political policy to bridge

between economic possibilities of the tourism

industry and the threat of natural disasters, which is

political communication. Roles of political

communication is to mediate stakeholders involved in

tourism industries. The authors use the critical theory

of communication in organizations from Stanley A.

Deetz (1995; 1992). Realizing that in many studies,

the use of this theory is more visible in corporate

communication. This theory was coined by Stanley

Deetz, who came from his thoughts on how a

company can be used as a land for politics and

economics at the same time (see also in Griffin,

2012).

Deetz explained how we realize that

communication apprenticeship is very important for

the delivery of information; these two things cannot

be separated. Deetz (1992), as also discussed by

Littlejohn (2009), states that critical theory is always

best when it starts with deep attention, but does not

end there, tracing historical social constructionism

without forgetting another basis and making general

statements without complacency, attracting attention

or simple (see also in Littlejohn, 2009: 391).

Tribe (2008) also uses critical theory in his article

titled Tourism: A Critical Business, saying that the

gap between research and the application of tourism

shows that tourism is not a critical business enough.

Tribe offers the concept of critical tourism, where a

critical approach can contribute to good tourism

management and governance by providing a rational

understanding that can be accepted by tourism

techniques. The critical theory used as an approach

criticizes complex tourism management practices

involving institutions in planning, regulation, and

control of tourism and the political environment in

which the industry operates (Tribe, 2008).

Political Environment in tourism requires support

in a stable and developing national environment. In

critical situations, the political environment of

tourism cannot easily recognize a crisis. This is

because tourism relies on a strong ideology to achieve

success. The World Tourism Organization (WTO)

said that tourism is the world's largest industry,

significantly contributing to world marketing

(Franklin, 2004).

In the context of interests, there is a sharp gap

between science and politics. It may not be in line

with, and the use of science in the realm of public

policy. Policymaking is far from the scope of science,

ICOACI 2019 - International Conference on Anti-Corruption and Integrity

126

where science can be neatly separated from politics,

but both must be united (Rose et al., 1992).

Meanwhile, the concept of politics is closely related

to conflict and the need for cooperation.

In contemporary writings on politics by political

scientists, it is more characterized as chaos,

unpredictable, and an obstacle to policy in an

unsupportive environment (Prewitt et al., 2012). The

policy should be a field of rational analysis,

objectivity, trust in science that has proven to be a

proven political consideration in the planned public,

and development policy options.

3 METHODOLOGY

The research method of this paper is qualitative. Cre-

swell (2008) defines qualitative research methods as

an approach or search to explore and understand cen-

tral phenomena. Data were gathered through inter-

views to follow suggestions given by Bernard (1994)

and Briggs (1986). To visit the selected areas for the

planning of a special economic zone on Siberut Island

was done several times in order to observe the real

situation in the field for several weeks in 2017 and

2018.

To meet and discuss with local people has been

done in order to get boarder perspectives on the

planning of a special economic zone for this island. It

is important to know what the local people know

about the government plan in their village. Secondary

data were gathered from regulatory policy

documents, previous research, and news searches on

the Internet. This research is still ongoing. It is a

temporary search and findings. This research is still

developing to gain its final result. Nevertheless,

preliminary findings are necessary to present for

gaining feedback from readers.

4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

As we said earlier that this research is still prelimi-

nary, the new analysis is based on preliminary data

searches and documents. In tracing the regulatory

documents, there are 53 regulations for the legal um-

brella of the tourism industry's destination develop-

ment policy that has been issued and have been estab-

lished. They are overseen by two main coordinating

ministries, namely the Coordinating Ministry for

Maritime Affairs and the Coordinating Ministry for

Economic Affairs. The Ministry of Communication

and Culture coordinates four ministries, namely the

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the Min-

istry of Transportation, the Ministry of Maritime Af-

fairs and Fisheries, and the Ministry of Tourism. The

Coordinating Ministry for the Economy coordinates

10 ministries, including leading economic assets,

namely the Ministry of Finance, Labor, Industry,

Trade, Public Works Public Housing, Agriculture,

Environment and Forestry, Agriculture and Spatial

Planning / National Land Agency, Indonesian state-

owned enterprises (Badan Usaha Milik Negara), Co-

operatives, Small and Middle Businesses.

Apart from the ministries, currently there are 28

business operators, who have obtained a Business

Identification Number (BIN) to obtain facilities and

incentives as an investment return. Facilities and

incentive benefits include obtaining licensing,

taxation, excise, goods traffic, immigration,

employment, and land facilities.

The regulations do not mention disaster as

important factors in the planning of tourism

destination development. The disaster is perceived as

a threat, that may shrink tourists’ interest to visit a

place. Like the disaster happened at the end of 2018,

when the tsunami hit touristic places around the

Sunda Strait. According to the data of the Indonesian

Hotel and Restaurant Association (Perhimpunan

Hotel dan Restoran Indonesia - PHRI) of Banten

Province, the estimated value of the tsunami-affected

loss was 180 billion rupiahs, and the loss itself was

calculated only in the Tanjung Lesung area.

Pandeglang Regency has a Tanjung Lesung Special

Economic Zone (SEZ), which has been operating

since February 2015. Since its establishment until

2016, a number of 570,000 tourists visited the area

and have been targeted to continue to increase up to

6.1 million tourists when it fully operates in 2020. But

the 2018 tsunami has damaged some tourism facilities

and decreased tourist interest.

The problem is that 50 tourism industry

destinations spreading from Sabang to Merauke are

concentrated in the coastal areas. Where the areas also

have the potential threat of natural disasters such as

earthquakes and tsunamis. For example, three

locations are situated on the west coast off the

Sumatran mainland in Simeulue, Nias and Mentawai

Islands. These locations are selected and decided

according to the government regulation number 50 /

2011 concerning the master plan for national tourism

development in 2010-2025.

As a selected area for one of the special economic

zones (Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus – KEK) in

Indonesia with its focus on tourism destination, the

district government of the Mentawai Islands is one of

the areas included in the high-risk area of the

Tourism, Communications, and Disasters: Political Communication Management in Government Institutions on the Development Policy of

Tourism Industry in Disaster-prone Areas Case Study: Planning on Special Economic Zones in the Mentawai Islands

127

earthquake and tsunami. On 2,639 hectares of land, a

KEK will be built with 31 world-class resort facilities.

In the late 1980s, unique surfing spots were

discovered in Mentawai after first cultural tourism

activities commenced to be popular in the early

1980s. In the course of time, the Mentawai Islands

become a center and main destination for local and

international tourists in West Sumatra (Ponting at al.,

2009; Bakker, 1999). The Surabaya-based

development company PT. Putra Mahakarya Sentosa

will develop and build the KEK Mentawai Bay

Resort. In the masterplan document, surfing spots

become the allure of marketing strategies. And in the

Environmental Impact Assessments (Analisis

Dampak Lingkungan - ANDAL) document, 7-storey

resorts and hotels with five-star hotel facilities will be

built (Sentosa Group, 2017).

At the same time, the Mentawai Islands are also

predicted to be at high risk of the threat of a large

earthquake and tsunami. The current coastal area is

lush with mangroves, where this vegetation can

reduce large waves of tsunamis. Also, in the

development planning document, analysis of disaster

risk was not considered though the islands are very

famous for the “Megathrust” earthquake potential.

Scientific publications on this matter have been

widely discussed and published by earth scientists

(McCloskey, at al., 2008; Sieh, 2005).

In the analysis of political communication

management in government institutions, the realm of

disaster lies with the National Disaster Management

Agency (BNPB). BNPB is a Non-Ministerial

Government Agency, the head of BNPB is under the

President directly and is equal to the Minister

assigned to assist the President in coordinating the

planning and implementation of disaster and

emergency response activities in an integrated

manner. It also carries out disaster and emergency

response starting from before, during, and after a

disaster that includes prevention, preparedness,

emergency response, and recovery.

In the realm of disaster risk, tourism planning

seems to have no scientific consideration of disaster

risk in tourism destination development policies. This

can be seen that there is no discussion of disaster risk

in tourism policy regulations, and there is no analysis

of disaster risk calculations in the master plan for the

development of the KEK Mentawai Bay Resort or the

ANDAL document. According to Law number 24 /

2007, by representing government, BNPB has the

mandate to report the implementation of disaster

management to the President once a month under

normal conditions, and at any time in a state of

disaster emergency as the manifestation of political

communication. Certainly, the disasters that have hit

Indonesia in the last 10 years need to re-include

scientific considerations of disaster risks in

development planning.

While the problem of communication between

institutions still looks sectoral. In the analysis of

Deetz's Critical Communication theory, two

approaches are the information model and the

communication model (Deetz, 1992; 1995). The

policy formulation process is made in strategy,

approval, involvement, and participation. The

function of communication management between

institutions or across institutions is often an obstacle.

The coordinating ministry with the Agency (in this

case, BNPB) is often not considered equal, even

though in the hierarchy, both are directly under the

President's position.

Political communication in government

institutions should be a communication system that

synergizes and is directed at the national development

mission. The tourism industry becomes a superior

infrastructure. The realm of development is not only

concerned with economic and political factors, but

disaster risk considerations because being in a region

with high risks are important in sustainable

development investment. The fact has shown that

every time a disaster occurs, there is not a small

amount of loss and loss of life, not because of natural

factors that cannot be controlled, but the management

of the area and building structure makes the loss and

casualty value continue to increase while the risk of

disaster from the value of loss and damage and

fatalities can be calculated to minimize the impact of

disaster risk. Development policy must have

implications for the value of benefits and

sustainability.

Another fundamental problem is the paradigm of

disaster management in Indonesia today, still an

emergency response, not yet on mitigation measures.

So, it becomes difficult to manage disaster mitigation,

especially in the realm of policy. The integrity of

government institutions in producing policies,

especially development, must be sustainable.

Principle values in the integrity of government

institutions in disaster management in development

policies must be able to design sustainable

development so that every disaster event can

minimize the impact of disasters.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Tourism has become a continuous expansion and di-

versification and has become one of the largest and

ICOACI 2019 - International Conference on Anti-Corruption and Integrity

128

fastest-growing economic sectors in the world. De-

spite the global crisis, the number of international

tourist trips has continued to show positive growth.

On this basis, the government launched a national

tourism industry and destination development pro-

gram to target until 2025. It was a vacuum during the

Indonesian President Soesilo Bambang Yudhoyono's

administration, but since the issuance of government

regulation number 50/2011 during the President of

Joko Widodo’s administration the Special Economic

Zones commenced to resume as development model

for the income-generating sector through tourism ac-

tivities, and now Joko Widodo’s administration is in

the second period. The construction of tourism infra-

structure has been intensified again. The main market

is foreign tourists, especially in Asia. Indonesia in the

tourism industry competes with Malaysia and Thai-

land.

From the target of 50 tourism destinations, 12

locations are in operation, and the rest are still in the

process of being proposed and determined. The

District Government of the Mentawai Islands has

been in planning for implementation. However, it is

still kept from local public attention in order to avoid

social conflicts and protests against this development

planning. To achieve development goals, it is

necessary to approach optimizing the function of

political communication in government institutions

that are still sectoral, planning, and policy

formulation must be considered strategically,

including considering aspects of disaster risk, which

are excluded from the dominance of economic and

political interests.

REFERENCES

Arif, Ahmad. (2013). Ekspedisi Hidup Mati di Negeri Cin-

cin Api. Jakarta: Kompas Gramedia.

Bakker, Laurens. (1999). Tiele Turis! The social and ethnic

impact of tourism in Siberut (Mentawai). M.A.Thesis.

The Netherlands: Leiden University. Unpublished.

Briggs, Charles L. (1986). Learning how to ask: A sociolin-

guistic appraisal of the role of the interview in social

science research. Cambridge [ect.]: Cambridge Univer-

sity Press.

Becken, Susanne, and John E. Hay. (2007). Tourism and

Climate Change: Risk and Opportunities. UK: British

Library Cataloging.

Becken, Susanne., Mahon, R., Rennie, H. & Shakeela, A.

(2014). “The Tourism Disaster Vulnerability Frame-

work: An Application to Tourism in Small Island Is-

lands.” In Natural Hazards, 71 (1), 955-972.

Bernard, H.R. (1994). Research Methods in Anthropology:

Qualitative and quantitative approaches. London: Sage

Publications.

Deetz, Stanley A. (1995). Transforming Communication,

Transforming Business: Building responsive and re-

sponsible workplaces. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

Deetz, Stanley A. (1992). Democracy in an Age of Corpo-

rate Colonization: Developments in Communication

and the Politics of Everyday Life. Albany: State Uni-

versity of New York Press.

Erawan, I. N., & Setiawina, N. D. (2002/2003). Dampak

Tragedi Pemboman di Legian Kuta Terhadap Industri

Pariwisata di Bali. Denpasar: UNDP, USAAID, World

Bank, and Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Udayana.

Franklin, A. (2004). "Tourism as an Ordering: Towards a

New Ontology of Tourism." In Tourist Studies, 4 (3):

277-301

Griffin, Em. (2012). A First Look At Communication The-

ory, Eighth Edition. New York: McGraw Hill.

Kurniasari, Nani. (2017). “Strategi Penanganan Krisis

Kepariwisataan dalam Kebijakan Badan Nasional Pe-

nanggulangan Bencana (BNPB).” In Jurnal MediaTor

Vol 10. Accessed on 26 April 2019 at 10.30 WIB

Liberatore, A. (2001). “From Science / Policy Interface to

Science / Policy / Society Dialogue.” In Social Sciences

for Knowledge and Decision Making. Paris: Organiza-

tion for Economic Cooperation and Development.

Littlejohn, Stephen W., dan Karen A Foss. (2009). Teori

Komunikasi (Theories of Human Communication - In-

donesia Translation by Mohammad Yusuf Hamdan).

Edisi 9. Jakarta: Penerbit Salemba.

McCloskey, John, Andrea Antonioli, Alessio Piatanesi,

Kerry Sieh, Sandy Steacy, Suleyman Nalbant, Massimo

Cocco, Carlo Giunchi, JianDong Huang and Paul Dun-

lop. (2008). “Tsunami threat in the Indian Ocean from

a future megathrust earthquake west of Sumatra”. In

Earth and Planetary Science Letters 265: 61-81.

Ponting, Jess., Matthew McDonald., Stephen Wearing.,

(2009). De-Constructing Wonderland: Surfing Tourism

in The Mentawai Islands Indonesia. Universite de Que-

bec Press: Volume 28 No.1.2005.

Prewitt, Kenneth., Thomas A. Schwandt, and Miron L.

(2012). Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy.

Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Sieh, Kerry. 2005. “Sumatran Megathrust earthquakes –

From Science to Saving Lives”. In Royal Society, Lon-

don. http://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/sumatra/down-

loads/papers/Ssm.pdf

Suparwoko, Woko. (2012). Towards Responsible Tourism:

A Community-based Approach to Tourism Develop-

ment in Indonesia. LAP LAMBERT Academic Pub-

lishing.

Tribe, John. (2008). “Tourism: A Critical Business.” In

Journal of Travel Research. 46: 245.

Rose, Nikolas, and Peter Miller. (1992). Political Power Be-

yond the State: Problematics of Government. London:

The British Journal of Sociology. Vol. 43 No. 2.

World Tourism Organization. (2015). UNWTO Annual Re-

port 2015. UNWTO. Spain.

World Economic Forum. (2017). The Travel and Tourism

Competitiveness Report 2017: Paving the way for a

more sustainable and inclusive future. Geneva.

Tourism, Communications, and Disasters: Political Communication Management in Government Institutions on the Development Policy of

Tourism Industry in Disaster-prone Areas Case Study: Planning on Special Economic Zones in the Mentawai Islands

129

World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC). (2018).

Travel and Tourism Power and Performance Report.

UK. https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/re-

ports/2018/power-and-performance-rankings-2018.pdf

Documents and Regulations

Dokumen ANDAL (Analisis Dampak Lingkungan Hidup)

Rencana Pembangunan Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus

Mentawai Bay Resort, 2017: II-8.

Laporan Tim Kunjungan Kerja Spesifik Komisi XI DPR RI

Masa Persidangan I tahun Sidang 2017-2018 ke

Provinsi Sumatera Barat. 2017. diakses

http://www.dpr.go.id/dokakd/dokumen/K11-12-

8fb949259f087678c1d37ab43f79c17d.pdf pada

tanggal 17 Agustus 2019 pukul 19:02 WIB

Sentosa Group. 2017. Perencanaan Masterplan Mentawai

Bay Resort, Sentosa Group. Tidak dipublikasikan.

Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor. 50 tahun 2011 tentang

Rencana Induk Pembangunan Kepariwisataan Nasional

Tahun 2010-2025.

Peraturan Presiden Nomor 131 Tahun 2015 tentang Peneta-

pan Daerah Tertinggal Tahun 2015-2019.

Buku Peta Sumber dan Bahaya Gempa Indonesia Tahun

2017. Pusat Studi Gempa Nasional. 2017.

Undang-Undang No. 24 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanggulan-

gan Bencana.

Resume kajian LIPI dan EOS berkaitan dengan antisipasi

gempa dan tsunami di Mentawai dan Sumatera Barat,

2012.

Online Media

https://re-

gional.kompas.com/read/2011/09/14/04322058/tipisny

a.budaya.sadar.bencana diakses pada tanggal 17 Janu-

ari 2019 pukul 12:13 WIB

Film Dokumenter Repdeman- Mentawai, 2018

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yO_N1ZIDJSQ

diakses pada tanggal 17 Januari 2019 pukul 21:20 WIB.

Pro Kontra Penyerahan Lahan KEK Rawan Picu Konflik |

MentawaiKita.com diakses pada tanggal 18 Januari

2019 pukul 11:20 WIB

https://www.obsessionnews.com/menteri-arief-yahya-da-

pat-penghargaan-internasional/ diakses pada tanggal 6

Juli 2019 pukul 17:20 WIB

https://www.bnpb.go.id/kerugian-dan-kerusakan-dampak-

bencana-di-sulawesi-tengah-mencapai-1382-trilyun-

rupiah diakses pada tanggal 6 Juli 2019 pukul 18:30

WIB.

http://kek.go.id/kawasan/Tanjung-Lesung diakses pada

tanggal 6 Juli 2019 Pukul 21:10 WIB.

ICOACI 2019 - International Conference on Anti-Corruption and Integrity

130