Reviewing Literature Research on Integrity Issues

Rini Sudarmanti, Kurniwaty Yusuf

Universitas Paramadina

Keywords: Research, Integrity, Review Literature

Abstract: These days, the record number of criminal demonstrations of defilement in Indonesia is still at a high level.

Integrity turns into a significant value that is expected to forestall the event of degenerate conduct. The

developing number of integrity and debasement research intrigued numerous researchers with regard to high

education institutions in Indonesia. The point of this study is to portray mapping ideas subject of interest from

the certain purpose of perspectives. Information was gathered from 93 research article which is published and

documented on Portal Garuda Indonesia. From this exploration, we can infer that the majority of research on

integrity was oriented on the social environment rather than individual object points of view and still is very

limited on social and local wisdom culture perspective.

1 INTRODUCTION

The idea of integrity deals with association of words

with activity. It can likewise be translated that

honesty is a frame of mind that is inborn inside an

individual to have the option to assume liability for

his self-activities. This sort of mentality must turn

into a day by day propensity that shows up in

somebody's conduct.

This integrity turns into a significant worth, which

should be imparted in each person since at an early

age. Respectability is expected to forestall

demonstrations of debasement, where these activities

can be perceived in light of the fact, that they are self-

arranged, and further detrimentally affect others

Nowadays, the record number of criminal acts of

corruption in Indonesia is still at a high level. Data

from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) in 2017

shows that the Indonesian Corruption Behaviour

Index (IPAK) data is at 3.71 (Source: kompas.com,

2017). On a scale of 0-5, it means that Indonesia still

has a lot of corrupt behavior.

Meanwhile, between January and 30 June 2017,

Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW) recorded that 226

cases of corruption, with a total of 587 suspects. The

action cost the state around Rp 1.83 trillion and Rp

118.1 billion in bribes. (Source: detik.com, 2017)

The efforts to prevent corruption continuing cases

not only carried out by the Corruption Eradication

Commission (KPK) but also by higher education

institutions and other social community-based. These

efforts can be made in 4 (four) approaches that are

often applied in developing countries.

The approach was explained by Wijayanto (2009;

43-48), namely the lawyer approach (lawyer

approach), the entrepreneur approach (business

approach), the market or economic approach (market

or economist approach), and the cultural approach

(cultural approach). The lawyer approach, the

entrepreneur approach, and the economic approach

are often implemented in the public and private

sectors. Meanwhile, the fourth approach, culture

(Cultural approach), emphasizes the micro sector,

where each individual is raising awareness of the

integrity attitude in daily life.

This examination endeavors to follows the

thoughts from past inquire about which has been

finished by researchers. Literature was reviewed in

order to find mapping topic and domain research.

2 CONCEPTUALIZATION OF

INTEGRITY

Integrity is the main concept in this study, and needs

to be determined in advance. Integrity is an attitude

that is needed to prevent the occurrence of corrupt

behavior, as explained earlier.

David H. Barley (in (Robert, 2005) explains the

notion of the concept of corruption is relating to acts

of bribery includes the abuse of authority for personal

102

Sudarmanti, R. and Yusuf, K.

Reviewing Literature Research on Integrity Issues.

DOI: 10.5220/0009400601020106

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Anti-Corruption and Integrity (ICOACI 2019), pages 102-106

ISBN: 978-989-758-461-9

benefits, which are always monetary in nature.

Corruption is also defined within Pasal 2 ayat (1) UU

No. 20 in 2001, revised from UU No. 31 in 1999

concerning about Eradication of Corruption, as,

"Setiap orang baik pejabat pemerintah maupun

swasta yang secara melawan hukum melakukan

perbuatan memperkaya diri sendiri atau korporasi

yang dapat merugikan keuangan negara atau

perekonomian negara." (Everyone, both government

and private officials who unlawfully commit acts of

enriching themselves or corporations that can harm

the country's finances or the country's economy).

According to Montefiore and Vines (1999: 22),

“Integrity is the capacity to stick to one's fundamental

commitments or principles in the face of other

pressures.” Integrity is the basic ability of a person to

commit or strengthen himself when faced with

pressure conditions that coincide to make a decision

immediately.

An important aspect of character integrity is

"Honesty and sensibility-a capacity to see truly and a

capacity to feel deeply-are ideally brought together in

a morally mature response to the world." (Montefiore

& Vines, 2005) The most important part of the value

of integrity is honesty and high sensibility.

The Ministry of Education and Culture then tries

to compile an Anti-Corruption Education lecture

module for tertiary institutions (Kemendikbud,

2013). Within these modules, 9 (nine) concepts of

integrity are compiled, namely, honesty, caring,

independence, discipline, responsibility, hard work,

simplicity, courage, and justice.

The dimensions of integrity values that form the

terms of reference in this study refer to honesty and

sensibility. The value of honesty is identified from

behavior that reflects transparency, independence,

discipline, responsibility, and hard work, while the

value of sensibility is identified from behavior that

reflects caring, simplicity, courage, and fairness.

3 LITERATURE REVIEWS

DISCUSSION

Data is collected from Garuda Portal

(http://garuda.ristekdikti.go.id). This portal contains

lots of research documents which have been done by

various higher education institution in Indonesia area.

3.1 Research Domain

The Concept of “integrity” was used to find out any

researches which have been published in 5 (five)

years ago, between 2014-2019. We have 106 research

from various major which can be accessed to gain full

article paper. For the following second step, we

separated again to choose for just social research, and

after that, we have just 93 test articles.

From the list, we acknowledged that academic

publication with “integrity” word within their tittles

not rooting from any major science. The implication

of integrity can be found from various points of view.

The discussion not only limited in law or social

science but also used in nature or physical science

such as construction, biology, nursing, medical term,

and others.

3.2 Discussion of Literature Review

The concept of integrity is often associated with

honesty. Individuals will accept individuals who have

good high integrity as great individuals (Macfarlane,

Zhang, & Pun, 2014). The individuals who have

integrity have sufficiently high mindfulness to

separate themselves. In social situations where many

people have a conflict of interest, people who have

high honesty will not find it difficult to refrain from

impulses to commit fraud. He will easily consider any

situation that he has to make a decision between main

rights and obligations when in the public sphere.

An understanding of the concept of integrity is in

line with understanding from the law. Integrity can be

comprehended as having a frame of mind regarding

or regarding the presence of others (Fielden & Joyce,

2008) is an intelligent outlook to perceive what is the

property of one's own and which is the property of

others or shared property. The suggestion will be

progressively entangled while the property put in

open space.

This study seeks to find important concepts of

public concern when researching by carrying out anti-

corruption issues. The word integrity is often used as

an antidote to corruption. In spite of the fact that the

issue of integrity can form into a few equivalent

words. In this paper, we need to attempt to explore by

just utilizing one idea of “integrity.”

3.2.1 Science Category

We listed the research articles one by one. Then we

examined it by using several concepts to create

subcategories. The results are quite interesting and

should be proposed to develop as the subject of

concern for academics.

Research publications on the subject of integrity

do not start from a solitary control of strength. The

concept of integrity can be investigated through

Reviewing Literature Research on Integrity Issues

103

different logical points of view. Hence investigate the

issue of integrity is discussed in different fields of

science.

We emphasize that our discoveries demonstrate

that examination that tends to the issue of integrity

does not begin in a solitary order's underlying

foundations. It didn't concentrate on one subject of

learning.

From this, it tends to be presumed that scholastics

don't scrutinize the premise or underlying logical

foundations of honesty, the act of respectability as a

part of human ethics can be found in sharing parts of

life. On account of the decent variety of these

controls, the issue of integrity still should be

investigated all the more profoundly.

Unfortunately, we see that this part of research -

with the issue of integrity, despite the fact that it

originates from a wide range of sciences, it ends up to

be less varied.

Table 1. Science Category

In general, people will be more easily relate to the

discussion of integrity issues with Legal Studies. It is

closest to the issue of integrity. However, from this

study, it can be inferred that not all integrity cases can

be referred to as legal studies issues.

The accounting studies look more often using

integrity as one of its central subject research. They

are highlighted on integrity by relating the concept

with transparency and professionalism, especially in

the working situation.

As many as 43% of research addresses the issue

of integrity in financial statements. These amounts

showed that the researches tend to emphasize that the

issue of integrity is often related to material

ownership. The implications of the concept of

integrity will very often be practiced in matters of

financial accounting — financial bookkeeping, which

generally involves organizations of legal entities that

involve many interested parties.

The same conditions are also found in economic

studies and management, which are in the same field

as an accountant. Integrity is also playing a very

important role when discussing economic problems

and human resource quality of management.

The economic modality will show its performance

if collaborating with the quality of the people who

manage it. If the manager is not professional in

carrying out his task or his job, then the financial

performance or administration will be ruined or

decrease.

Unfortunately, the issue of integrity, which

emphasizes more on human quality, is still rarely

explored by scholars from other fields of social

science. For example, integrity issue is likely not an

important subject in the fields not only of

communication, psychology, education but also in

socio-cultural change while the socio-cultural of

integrity is a significant aspect in the construction

process of social life in society.

People live in groups, ranging from family, home

environment, and so on. The everyday life act will

always be confirmed with the surrounding norm of

the social environment. Integrity would not be an

important idea in the mind of people if the community

considered it, such as honesty, as less important. It is

not placed on the main community group

considerations. For example, it will not be a kind

attitude giving money to parking man while parking

your car if surrounding communities think that

tipping is unnecessary because parking land is used to

be a public service. You do not need to give such kind

of extra fees.

The education aspect is also not considered as

important even though the anti-corruption attitude

needs to be instilled at an early age. Likewise, in the

field of communication, academies do not look at the

issue of integrity as a major issue. Though

communication plays an important role when

socialization is carried out.

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Table 2. Mapping Portrait of Integrity Research

3.2.2 Topic of Interest

Furthermore, we also examine that integrity issue is

divided into at least 3 (three) important orientation

parts, namely the study of the internal aspects of

individuals, teams or groups and the general

community social environment.

The results of our study see that 39% of research

is oriented to the individuals or the internal aspects of

integrity. The attention of this orientation emphasizes

self that determines one's integrity capital. Man is the

center of his actions. From this point, people

considered as who needs to be encouraged to play a

greater role in upholding the issue of integrity. It is a

main problem to solve and have a free will to

determine the course of action.

What's also interesting is knowing that there are

about 60% of research-oriented to the social

environment in which individuals are located. In this

case, the environment is a factor that plays a more

important role in upholding one's integrity capital.

Humans are considered easily influenced by their

environment. The researchers looked at aspects of the

work environment where individuals or groups are in

a team or community is important to be studied.

Unfortunately, the results of our study

documented research more oriented to the work

environment. Social, environmental factors are seen

more determines the integrity of a person. The

amount of research that addresses humans in the

school and family environment is very limited —

likewise, broader aspects of the social environment,

which is oriented to the law.

3.2.3 Choice of Research Methods

The research methods used to examine the issue of

integrity are also not diverse. Most studies use an

empirical approach that emphasizes questionnaire

data collection techniques and data processing using

statistical procedures.

Such conditions certainly need attention: behavior

or moral integrity of humans as something that can be

calculated. Humans are like robots, where their

actions can be predicted. Such conditions are

different from the understanding that humans are

social creatures that are difficult to predict.

Nevertheless, there are about two studies that use

the quasi-experimental method. The researcher tries a

treatment action and then observes or measures the

changes that happened after then. Research like this

is interesting to develop when breakthroughs on

integrity campaign messages are played to the public.

Such an evaluation is needed to measure its

effectiveness rather than just testing rigid hypotheses.

The inquiries about the integrity issues in people

society, managing a subjective methodology, is

discovered very little documented. Only about 10%

of 93 articles use qualitative approach research by

using interviews and observations for collecting data.

We expect that the understanding or idea

importance of honesty is a fascinating viewpoint that

ought to be studied further. The significance of

integrity is, at some point, regularly out of reach when

just depending on quantitative research. Numbers can

just only depict. However, it could not explain more

or clarify.

The results of the study also found that there were

24% of article documentation using literature studies.

It seems to discuss and use the concept of integrity is

more important than trying to examine integrity with

the approach of other alternatives such as a qualitative

approach

4 CONCLUSIONS

At the end of this description, our researchers can

conclude that integrity is a significant aspect in

society, but the understanding of the academics on the

issue needs to be continuously sharpened.

Research that emphasizes the word or concept of

integrity in the last 5 (five) years of documentation is

not diverse. The issue of integrity is discussed in a

simple and limited context. However, the problem of

corruption in society is far more complex.

The mapping of research results, as illustrated in

the study of this literature, becomes an opportunity as

Reviewing Literature Research on Integrity Issues

105

well as a challenge for all academics from all

disciplines to work together and expand the scope of

the discussion. This step is needed to help reduce the

number of corruption cases in Indonesia. Research on

the issue of integrity in educational institutions and

the government still seems to be wide open for

analysis and also local wisdom cultural issues.

REFERENCES

Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW), 2017.

https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3621894/icw-dalam-6-

bulan-226-kasus-korupsi-rugikan-negara-rp-183-t)

Kemendikbud RI. 2013. Modul Pendidikan Anti Korupsi.

Jakarta: Universitas Paramadina.

Wijayanto, 2010. Memahami Korupsi. dalam Wijayanto,

et al., Korupsi Mengorupsi Indonesia, PT Gramedia

Pustaka Utama: Jakarta

Fielden, K., & Joyce, D. (2008). An analysis of published

research on academic integrity. International Journal

for Educational Integrity, 4(2).

Macfarlane, B., Zhang, J., & Pun, A. (2014). Academic

integrity: a review of the literature. Studies in Higher

Education, 39(2), 339-358.

Montefiore, A., & Vines, D. (2005). Integrity in the public

and private domains: Routledge.

Robert, K. (2005). Penuntut, Pemberantasan Korupsi

Dalam Pemerintah Daerah. In: Yayasan Obor

Indonesia, Jakarta.

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