The Effects of Active Recovery in Sprint Training on the Endurance

of Women’s Volleyball Athletes Aged 12-14 Years at Yuso Club

Yogyakarta

Danang Wicaksono

, Wasiman

Sport Coaching Department, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Jl. Colombo No. 1, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: The Effect of Active Recovery, Sprint Training, Endurance.

Abstract: This research aimed to examine the effect of active recovery in sprint training on increasing the endurance

in young women’s volleyball athletes aged 12-14 years. The benefits of this research were to provide

understanding and knowledge about training models and to find new methods of physical training for

women’s volleyball athletes aged 12-14 years and interrelation between fitness components. This research

was conducted in the form of experiment with “one-group pretest and posttest design” as its research design.

The research subjects were women’s volleyball athletes aged 12-14 years with a total of 24 athletes. The

instrument used was multistage fitness test (MFT). The data analysis used the t-test technique (paired

sample t-test). The conclusion of the research showed that there was an effect of active recovery from sprint

training on the endurance of women’s volleyball athletes aged 12-14 years. Earned t-count value (6.260) >

t-table (1.71) means that t-count value was greater from the t-table. The result of the pretest and posttest

values described before had a significant difference. The posttest value was better than the pretest and the

endurance of athletes was increased after being given the exercise program.

1 INTRODUCTION

Improving achievement especially in sports may

require a quite long period of time. Training starts at

early age and must be done periodically to

eventually reach the top of certain practiced sports.

Furthermore, performance in sports should be

improved from earlier stage to get the most out of it

in the future. The term latihan is derived from

English, meaning: practice, exercise and training

(Sukadiyanto, 2011). Latihan from the word practice

is an activity aims to enhance sport skills and utilize

the sport equipment based on the sport’s goals and

needs. From the word exercise, latihan means daily

routines aiming to improve the quality of body

organs so that it is easy for the athletes to execute

their movement. Latihan from the word training

means the application of sport skills improvement

plan involving theoretical and practical content,

methods and implementation principles based on the

goals and objectives aimed.

One of the most crucial factors to reach

excellence in sport is physical condition, beside

technique and tactic control as well as mental

condition. The component of physical condition is a

whole package of the component of physical fitness.

It is one of the indispensable prerequisite in

improving performance. Physical condition is one of

the essential requirements for athletes to improve

their performance, to the point that it becomes the

basis of their starting point in sport achievement

(Sajoto, 1995). Components of physical condition

are described as follows: strength, endurance, speed,

explosive power, flexibility, balance, coordination,

agility, accuracy and reaction. Endurance may refer

to a physical condition or situation where it can last

for a long period of time. An athlete is considered

having a great endurance when he hardly feels tired

or is able to keep moving when he gets tired, or else,

he performs without catching over fatigue after

completing a task. The impact of endurance training

is changes in skeletal muscles. In addition, according

to an introductory book of theory (Bowers and Fox,

1988) and physical training methodology

(Sukadiyanto, 2011), important changes that occur

in muscles include: myoglobin concentration,

burning of carbohydrates and fats, liver glycogen

deposits, phosphagen deposits and size and amount

Wicaksono, D. and Wasiman, .

The Effects of Active Recovery in Sprint Training on the Endurance of Women’s Volleyball Athletes Aged 12-14 Years at Yuso Club Yogyakarta.

DOI: 10.5220/0009205100090012

In Proceedings of the 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science in conjunction with the 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports

(YISHPESS and CoIS 2019), pages 9-12

ISBN: 978-989-758-457-2

of muscle fibers. Thus, the effect of exercises on

endurance covers increase in muscle and stamina.

The description above emphasizes on how

stamina in physical condition system affect every

branch of sport. Without good physical condition,

athletes cannot put up with exercises or fight in

tournament. Based on the observation during micro

lecture, PPL, internship in Yuso volleyball club

Yogyakarta, the athletes’ stamina was still

considered low since they felt worn out after using a

little amount of power for just an hour. As explained

above, there are several methods to improve stamina

such as continuous training, fartlek, interval training,

long running, long swimming, sprint training and

cross country. Aerobic capacity is determined by

organs’ ability inside the body to transport oxygen

throughout the whole body tissues. Oxygen transport

and circulation system improvement is one of the

goals of stamina training. Athletes who possess a

good aerobic capacity may recover themselves in a

jiffy and withstand an intense training in longer

term. Thus, stamina/aerobic capacity is determined

by: (a) Lungs as a place to transfer oxygen, (b)

Blood (Erythrocytes and Hb) oxygen carriers, (c)

Blood vessels in the body, (d) Heart that controls

blood flow, (e) Mitochondria in muscle cells, and (f)

Mitochondria that increases stamina.

Sprint training is a short-term running exercise

done repeatedly with high intensity. The principle of

sprint training is given maximum load in a short

term, repeated for several times. Active recovery is

given during the interval between sets and sessions

by doing basic technique such as lower passing and

upper passing. The goal is to make sure that the

athletes are still in training zone and to improve

basic technique of passing, especially when the ball

touches the hand. Sprint training is held in a flat

lane. It improves the ability of the body to get into

activities. Based on the characteristic, sprint training

improves anaerobic capacity, especially muscle

strength, speed and power, as well as endurance,

with the energy system of ATP-PC (Alactacid).

Yuso volleyball club Yogyakarta is a sport club

located in the Special Region of Yogyakarta with

members of certain age group and ability in

volleyball game. Based on the observation during

micro lecture, PPL, internship in Yuso volleyball

club Yogyakarta, athletes’ stamina was still

considered low since they felt tired after using a

little amount of power for just an hour. The given

training was less attractive and boring for the

athletes. The typical sprint training was done

unwillingly and less variative. After a deeper

observation via the coaches, it was found that they

had not learnt what training works better for

athletes’ stamina improvement, especially for

women athletes whose stamina had not yet been put

into test.

This research aimed to learn the effect of active

recovery in sprint training on the endurance of

women’s volleyball athletes aged 12-14 years. Thus,

the researcher eagerly studied about “The Effects of

Active Recovery in Sprint Training on the

Endurance of Women’s Volleyball Athletes Aged

12-14 years at Yuso Club Yogyakarta”.

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 Type of Research

This research is an experimental research that used a

one-group pretest-posttest design.

2.2 Place and Time of the Research

The research took place in YUSO volleyball club

Yogyakarta, held in the volleyball field of SMK

Negeri 2 Yogyakarta, AM Sangaji Street,

Cokrodiningratan, Jetis. The research was held from

August 9th to September 15th 2018. The treatment

was performed for 16 times with a cycle of 3 times

per week (Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday at 3 pm-

end).

2.3 Research Subject

The research subject was a total of 24 Yuso club

women’s volleyball athletes aged 12-14 years. The

sampling technique used was a purposive sampling

with the criteria of: (1) Women's volleyball athletes

aged 12-14 years, (2) able to participate in all

training programs that had been arranged during 16

meetings, (3) had been in training for at least 6

months, (4) had a minimum of 13.4 to 22.1

VO2Max.

2.4 Operational Definition of Variable

Research

2.4.1 Dependent Variable

Dependent variable in this research was the stamina

of women’s volleyball athletes aged 12-14 years.

Stamina may refer to a physical condition or

situation where it can last for a long term. An athlete

is considered having a great stamina when she

hardly feels tired or is able to keep moving when she

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

gets tired, or else, she performs without catching

extreme fatigue after completing a task.

2.4.2 Independent Variable

Independent variable in this research was an active

recovery in the sprint training. It is a continuous

movement of lower or upper passing during interval

of the sprint training. The exercise was an integrated

exercise with efficient time consumption. This

training program aimed to improve stamina, speed

and even volleyball technique.

2.5 Forms of Training (Experiment)

(1) The training method used was sprint interval

training.

(2) The distance was 35 meter long.

(3) Maximal intensity or as fast as possible.

(4) Active recovery in a set for three minutes and

between sets for five minutes using lower or upper

passing.

(5) As the sample reached the finish line, the

athlete went back to start jogging and take the ball

and do the lower and upper passing.

(6) The total of repeated sprint in a set was

between 10 to 16 times, divided into three to four

sets.

(7) The first to forth exercise used 4-3-3 pattern.

The fifth to eight exercise used 4-4-4 pattern. The

ninth to 12th exercise used 4-4-3-3 pattern and the

13th to 16th used 4-4-4-4 pattern.

(8) Ahead of set two, set three or set four, the

athletes were checked for heart rate frequency with a

target above 120. Those who did not meet the target

were monitored so that the next recovery they would

be more active.

(9) The first duration of sprint training was 1.5

minutes while the last duration was 2 minutes.

(10) The volume of twelve to sixteen times

running, or the first exercise was 32.5 minutes to 53

minutes.

(11) The overall practice time of playing

volleyball was two hours. Warm-up session

consisted of warming up, sprint training and

technical training followed by the game. Warm-up

exercises, techniques and the game were not

monitored.

(12) All samples outside the sprint training

period were assumed practicing the same load of

exercise.

2.6 Data, Instrument, and Technique of

Data Collection

This experimental research used a one-group pretest-

posttest design. The instrument used for the pretest

and posttest was multistage fitness test (MFT).

The sample of stamina taken using the multistage

fitness test (MFT) are mentioned as follows:

2.6.1 Equipments of the stamina testing

(a) A flat, non-slippery field or surface with a

minimum length of 22 meters, (b) Tape recorder

(music player), (c) MFT audio cassette, (d) Meter,

(e) Boundary mark or cone, (f) Stopwatch, (g)

Biodata assessment sheets and stationery.

2.6.2 Preparation

(a) Measure a distance of 20 meters and mark at the

end with a cone or another sign, (b) Insert the MFT

cassette into the tape recorder, (c) Make sure that the

cassette tape has curled back to the start.

2.6.3 Test Administration Procedures

(a) Check the timeliness before turning on the audio

player and then insert the available tape. Some

instructions along with a brief explanation regarding

the testee are available in the cassette tape. After

that, the cassette issued a single "beep" sign at

several regular intervals. The testees were expected

to get to the opposite end to coincide with the time

the first "beep" sound was made. Then the testee

must continue to run at a set speed, with the aim of

getting to one of both ends coincided with the sound

of the next "beep".

(b) After one minute, the time interval between

the two "beep” sounds will decrease, so the running

speed must be increased. Running speed in the first

minute is called level 1, the speed in the second

minute is called level 2, and so on. Each level went

on to level 21. The end of each run back and forth is

marked by a single "beep" sound, while the end of

each level is marked by the sound of "beep" three

times in a row as well as commentary from the

recording. It is important to know that the running

speed at the beginning of this multi-stage running

test is very slow. At level 1, within 9 seconds the

testees must have completed 20 meters-long running

for once.

at or behind the 20th meter mark at the end of each

run. If the testee reached one end of the running

limit before the next "beep" sound, the testee must

The Effects of Active Recovery in Sprint Training on the Endurance of Women’s Volleyball Athletes Aged 12-14 Years at Yuso Club

Yogyakarta

turn around (by leaning on the turning axis of the

foot) and wait for the "beep" sound signal then

resumed running and adjusted the running speed to

the next level.

(d) All testees must continue running as long as

possible until they were no longer able to keep up

with the speed that had been set, so the testee must

voluntarily withdrew from the test. In some cases,

the trainer conducting the test stopped the testee if

she started to lag behind the expected step. If the

testee failed to reach the distance of two steps before

the edge when the "beep" sound came on, the testee

was still given the opportunity to continue running

twice in order to regain the necessary steps before

being withdrawn. This multistage fitness test is

maximal and progressive, meaning that it is quite

easy in the beginning, but it is increasing and getting

more difficult towards the last moment. To obtain

good results, the testees must put their best effort

while undergoing this test, and therefore the testee

must try to reach the highest level possible before

the test ended.

2.7 Data Analysis Technique

Before testing the hypothesis, it is necessary to test

the prerequisites as parametric statistics. The

researcher needs to make sure that the data analyzed

must be normally distributed. For this reason, it is

necessary to conduct a normality test, in addition to

the homogeneity test of the data which aims to help

better the analysis (Arikunto, 2006). Kolmogorov-

Smirnov Test with the help of SPSS 16 was used for

testing the normality of data distribution.

Homogeneity was sought by the F test from the

pretest and posttest data using SPSS 16 assistance.

Data analysis in this study was carried out by

comparing the pretest and posttest data after the

training. If the value of t-count were smaller than the

value of t-table, Ho (Hypothesis 0) is accepted and if

the t-count were greater than the value of t-table then

Ho is rejected. In this study, the t-test used SPSS 16.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This research aimed to study the effect of active

recovery in sprint training on women’s volleyball

athletes aged 12-14 years.

The result of the test is shown below:

Table 1: Statistics of research on the stamina of women’s

volleyball athletes aged 12-14 years.

Description Pretest Posttest

Average 17.54 18.1

Median 17.4 18.5

Mode 17.1 18.5

Std. Deviation 2.36 2.22

Minimum 13.4 13.9

Maximum 22.1 22.6

Based on the results of the analysis of the t-

paired sample t-test on the endurance data of female

athletes aged 12-14 years, the t-value (6.260)> t

(2010) was obtained. Research Procedure A table

(1.71), and a p value (0.000) <of 0.05, these results

indicated that the t-value is greater than t-table. The

results of the pretest and posttest described above

have different results. The posttest results showed

better results or an increase in athletes’ endurance

than the pretest results. Thus, it can be assumed that

"there is an effect of active recovery in sprint

training program on the endurance of women’s

volleyball athletes aged 12-14 years".

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the result and discussion of this research, it

can be concluded that there is a significant effect

from active recovery in sprint training on the

endurance of women’s volleyball athletes aged 12-

14 years. From the t-test, there was a siginificant

difference between pretest and posttest data p value

of (0.000) < obtained from 0.05. The average score

of VO2 Maks posttest was 0.919, better than the

VO2Maks pretest score of 0.808.

REFERENCES

Arikunto, S., 2006. Metodologi Penelitian. Bina Aksara.

Yogyakarta.

Sajoto. 1988. Peningkatan dan Pembinaan Kondisi Fisik.

IKIP Semarang. Semarang.

Sukadiyanto, 2011. Pengantar Teori Metodologi Melatih

Fisik. Fakultas ilmu Keloahragaan. Universitas Negeri

Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta.

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)