Construction Design and Performance of Dry Leaf Shredder with
Vertical Rotation for Compost Fertilizer
Syawaldi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Islam Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia
Keywords:
Machine, Leaf , Crusher, disposal
Abstract:
One of the large private universities (PTS) in Riau Province is known as Universitas Islam Riau (UIR). UIR
is a large university and has extensive land infrastructure that is planted with a variety of green plants such
as trees and flowers. These trees have encountered many problems, namely producing leaf litter and causing
problems. Lots of leaf litter is collected and disposed of at the final disposal site. Some can be processed
into compost manually and some are burned. In the composting process, the processing time is too long, so it
is necessary to design a construction machine for crushing dry leaves. This machine consists of an inlet and
outlet, a tube made of drums, a five-level shredder and with an electric motor. From the results of the design of
the construction size length 60 cm width 60 cm and height 100 cm made of angle iron L profile size 40 x 40 x
4 cm with a power of
1
2
HP and 1400 rpm motor drive rotation. From the results of engine performance tests,
the production capacity of 40 kg/hr in the form of final process chips size of 5-10 mm and 92% efficiency.
From the results of this machine design can accelerate the process of making compost and can be used by
students in developing the entrepreneurship unit of the Faculty of Engineering students.
1 INTRODUCTION
One of the private Universitas Islam Riau (UIR). UIR
is the oldest university in Riau Province. In addition,
the university has large land and green land. So that
many found in the rubbish foliage. This garbage is a
problem that is collected every day by campus clean-
liness. This the garbage is disposed of at the final
disposal site. Some can be processed into fertilizer
manually and some are burned. So the waste has not
been used much for the more efficient once such as
compost.
The use of waste from leaves can be used as com-
post, known as leaf compost. This can be a good and
creative solution so that the campus becomes clean,
it also empowers the community and students to be-
come Student Entrepreneurship Enterprises. (Setyan-
ingsih et al., 2017).
As for organic waste such as fallen leaves, waste
from agricultural residues, garbage from kitchen veg-
etables, and other types of organic waste. Can be pro-
cessed by the community itself into compost, which
will certainly provide more benefits to the commu-
nity and students (Nasution et al., 2013; Yamin et al.,
2008). One of the processing must use technology
to speed up work. This technology has also been and
many are made in the form of chopped /flake. Besides
technology also helps the composting process (Hande
& Deshpande, 2014; Kumar & Kumar, 2015).
In managing traditionally destroying leaves and
organic waste by the community, there are those who
do it by manually storing up the tones. Traditional
management requires large labor and long time. The
design of a leaf chopper in increasing the business of
making compost. The special garbage shredder for
the leaves has not been sold in the market. Existing
machines are made in multi-use so that the price of
the machine is quite expensive. In addition, the re-
search into the manufacture of dry leaf shredder has
been carefully studied by several researchers (Hande
et al., 2015). In addition, research on the manufacture
of dry leaf shredder has been studied thoroughly by
several researchers (Nithyananth et al., 2014).
The purpose of this study is to design a shredder
to form flakes / fine grains to facilitate and speed up
the process of making compost. Besides that, from
the design results in the form of leaf crusher in or-
der to build a compost processing center in the En-
trepreneurship Unit of the Faculty of Engineering,
Universitas Islam Riau.
Syawaldi, .
Construction Design and Performance of Dry Leaf Shredder with Vertical Rotation for Compost Fertilizer.
DOI: 10.5220/0009129601090113
In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology (ICoSET 2019), pages 109-113
ISBN: 978-989-758-463-3
Copyright
c
 2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
109

2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Garbage from the campus field or yard is generally
rubbish from leaves (organic waste). Where waste is
managed properly will get high benefits. Waste from
leaves is very good to be used as compost fertilizer.
Compost will be able to fertilize the agricultural area
in the form of land acquisition (Budihardjo, 2006;
Sulistyorini, 2005).
The leave are of the leaves are burned by the com-
munity, which also causes air pollution. The man-
agement of these leaves if done properly through an
appropriate process will have a positive impact in the
form of compost (Nasution et al., 2013; Setyaningsih
et al., 2017). The management process is by con-
structing a technology to destroy leaves. The results
of the work process of the machine depends on the
results of the design (Nwakaire et al., 2011). Much
research has been done on the design and construc-
tion of machinery related to demolition (Hassan et al.,
2009). In the process of crushing the engine compo-
nents are needed to produce power.(Nwakaire et al.,
2011). Power can be determined by the following
equation:
Power,P = work done/second
= work done/time
= (Force x distance)/time
= Force x velocity
P = F.V (1)
Where, P = Power (Nms
−1
), F = Force of crushing
(N), and Velocity is , V = r.ω (m/s).
Force required to thresh the leaf is given by
F = m.ω2.r (2)
Where F is the force needed to chop leaves in con-
tainers, m is the mass of the chopper, ω the angular
velocity on the shaft with equation 2.π. N / 60, where
n is the round per minute. Power on the shaft can be
F.ω.r. For the motor drive, the electric motor is de-
termined based on the power contained in the shaft.
(Suga et al., 2004). The relation of the pulley to the
one driven through the driving force is:
N
1
D
1
= N
2
D
2
(3)
Where N
1
is the driving speed, the driven N
2
speed, D
1
the drive pulley diameter and D
2
are the
driven pulley diameters. The mass weight (m) of pul-
leys in the shaft can be determined,
m = ρv (4)
where ρ pulle density and v are pulley volume.
Pulley weight,
W p = ρ × (π.d
2
/4) × l
p
(5)
Where d is the pulley diameter and lp pulley length.
If the pull on the pull side and the slack side of the
pulley are F
1
and F
2
respectively, then the magnitude
of the tensile is effective (F
e
),
F
e
= F
1
− F
2
(6)
T
s
p (torque on the shaft) is:
T
sp
= F × r (7)
where F force works counting leaves, this is the
same as torque (T
s
) in the system.
T
s
= F × r (8)
Where T
m
(motor torque) = F × r
where
T
s
= T
m
(9)
Power required,
P
m
= ω.T
m
(10)
Tensile is effective F
e
is
F
e
= P
m
/(ω.r) (11)
MT (torque moment) = (F
1
− F
2
) r
1
. The power
transferred to the belt is:
P = (F
1
− F
2
).V (12)
Where, V (Velocity)
V = (π.D.n)/60 (13)
Also
F
1
/F
2
= exp(µ θ) (14)
Where θ the contact angle of the belt on the driv-
ing pulley groove, and µ is the real friction coefficient
between the belt and pulley, the dry surface µ = 0.3.
The magnitude of the contact angle on the drive belt
is ;
θ = 180 − (57(D
1
− D
2
)/C) (15)
Determining the pulley length is as follows,
L = 2C + π/2(D + d) + 1/4C(D − d)
2
(16)
The minimum diameter of the shaft can be deter-
mined:
ICoSET 2019 - The Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology
110

d
3
= [(5,1/τ
a
)K
t
C
b
T ]
1/3
(17)
Where d is the shaft diameter, K
t
collision correc-
tion factor (1.0) if the load is applied subtly (1.0-1.5)
if there are a few surprises and collisions and (1.5-3.0)
if the load is subjected to a shock or a large collision.
If indeed it is expected that usage will occur with a
flexible load, it can be considered the use of the C
b
factor (1.2-2.3). For general use on a shaft with a
strength marked with a permit voltage τa are:
τ
a
(kg/mm
2
) = σB/(S f
1
xS f
2
) (18)
Where :
S f
1
(6,0)
S f
2
(1,3-3,0)
is safety factor.
The leaf chopping machine is tested to determine
the effectiveness of the equipment performance in its
use with respect to engine performance. One of the
performance carried out is the production ability of
Q
T
= W
T
/t
T
, where W
T
is the weight of the process
and t
T
is the process work time in units (kg/hr)
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Design Considerations
The method used in the construction design consists
of:
• Field survey
• Coordination with related institutions and the
cleanliness of the field at Riau Islamic University.
• Coordination with student entrepreneurship units.
3.2 Calculating Design
The spin speed of the dry leaf chopper knife is 1866
revolution per minute (rpm), with a counter force of
13.05 Newton is blades, angular velocity (ω) 195.3
radians per second.
3.3 Description of Machine Parts
In the figure 1.1. explained that some machine and
construction parts of the design.
• The Main Frame
The main frame work functions as a buffer for
components or machine elements that work. This
counter frame is made of structural steel with a
size (60 mm x 60 mm x 100 mm) and a right an-
gle iron profile (40 mm x 40 mm x 4 mm).
• The Hopper
The hopper function is where the channel en-
ters the leaves into the drum for the destruc-
tion/enumeration process. Where this carriage has
a diameter of 27.5 mm and a height of 25 mm
which is made of carbon steel while being shaped
sheet plate with a thickness of 2 mm. The position
of the design hopper is placed at the top of the tub.
• The Screen
The Screen located inside serves to filter or sep-
arate granules and debris from the results of enu-
meration by the chopper knife. The results will
come out through the outlet in fine grains and with
a size of 5-10 mm.
• The Outlet
The outlet is designed as a place to exit the results
of the leaves counting. Where the design is made
of steel plate sheets with a size of 2mm thick.
• Shaft Design
Shaft is a very important element in machine
movement in moving power and rotation. Usually
on installed shafts such as gears, pulleys, sprocket
and other engine elements. The shaft is made
from ST 37 Steel with a length of 65 cm and a
diameter of 19 mm and is mounted on the middle
side of a leaf chopping tool using a bearing. The
bottom and middle end of the bearing is attached
and the upper end of the blade is attached on po-
sition vertical.
• The Cutter
The knife is a machine element for chopping
leaves. The design of this knife is used as many
as 5 (five) levels (as shown in figure 2). The blade
material is made of steel plate from the spring of
the vehicle. This knife is connected by welding
and in the middle is given a hole to insert the shaft
and locked.
• The Pulley
– Drive Pulley, The drive pulley is enabled to
continue the 1400 rotation per minute and the
power of the
1
2
HP Electric motor drive. Where
is the size of the pulley diameter of the 75 mm
drive made of aluminum.
– Movable pulleys, The driven pulley is used to
rotate the shaft to chop leaves of leaves. In the
pulley there is a rotation of 1400 rpm to 1866
rpm with a diameter of 100 mm and made of
aluminum.
– The Bearings Bearings are the main parts of the
engine component. It functions as a rotating
and stationary shaft position. From the results
Construction Design and Performance of Dry Leaf Shredder with Vertical Rotation for Compost Fertilizer
111

Figure 1: Orthographic view Constructions of the machine
of the design the bearing has a hole diameter of
19 mm. Where these bearings are mounted on
the bottom of the engine shells.
– The Prime Mover The starting drive functions
to divide the power and rotation to the shaft,
which is moved through the pulley. The power
and rotation of the machine are used to cut leaf
leaves to produce products in the form of fine
grains and flakes. The drive used is an Electric
motor with
1
2
hp and 1400 rpm.
– The Transmission System The transmission
system on the leaf counter machine consists
of an Electric motor as a driver, drive pulleys,
driven pulleys, v-belts and shafts. The aim is
to regulate the distribution of power and rota-
tion needed in the process of counting leaves.
Transmission system as shown in Figure 1.2.
4 DESIGN CALCULATION AND
RESULTS
Machines designed using drives are electric mo-
tors with
1
2
HP power and 1400 rpm rotation. Where
the rotation is changed from 1400 rpm to 1866 rev-
olution per minute. The average rotational speed of
the engine shaft is 1866 rpm, then the results of other
engine components with a shaft size of 19 mm, shaft
mass and blade is 2.5 kg, with a length of 65 cm, on
the shaft there are 5 level crushing blades with size
with crushing force 24,5 N.
Figure 2: Orthographic view Constructions of the machine
5 PERFORMANCE TEST
Based on the results of testing the design of dried fo-
liage leaf chopper, the production capacity of 40 kg
/ day with flake-shaped size of 5 to 10 mm and effi-
ciency of 92% is obtained. In addition there is also
vibration in the construction due to the absence of a
balance of force between the contraction and the ro-
tating force on the shaft. In addition, the results of the
enumeration work process production capacity is still
low. Based on the results of testing the design of a
dry leaf chopper machine using 5 levels/10 knives, a
production capacity of 40 kg/hr in the form of flakes
measuring 5 to 10 mm and 92% efficiency. This is
compared to a machine that is almost similar to us-
ing a chopper as many as 40 knives (Akbar, 2015).
Besides that, the corn thresher can efficient of 79.3%
(Chuan-udom et al., 2013).
6 CONCLUSION
From the results above, the design of the dried foliage
leaf enumeration machine has been successfully made
and tested as the central need of the Student Business
Unit at the Universitas Islam Riau and the commu-
nity of making compost fertilizer. Where this ma-
chine is easy to use and carry because it has wheels.
In addition, usage can be arranged for approximately
ICoSET 2019 - The Second International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology
112

8 hours/day. Electricity saving is only 350 watts.
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