The Implication of the Physical Violence, Psychological, Economical,

and Sexual Violence on the Pregnancy Period to the Baby: Mother

Interaction on the Post Partum Period at Public Hospital District

(RSUD) KOJA and Public Hospital Center (RSUP) Fatmawati

Jakarta

Tri Lestari Handayani

Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Jalan. Bendungan Sutami

No. 188A, Malang, East Java, Indonesia

Keywords: Violence during pregnancy, mother – baby interaction.

Abstract: The research is intend to analyze the physical violence, psychological, economical, and sexual influence on

the pregnancy period to the baby – mother interaction on the early post partum period. The research method

of which applied is quatitative by operating control cases design. The total sample which is gathred on the

research is 100 handeled care mothers post partum patients at RSUD Koja and RSUP Fatmawati both are in

Jakarta. The data gathred technique used observation sheet and quesionare. Approving the violence

implication with the baby – mother interaction is exercised with applying Chi Square technique test. Based

on the finding analyses on α 5% known that there are no physical violence, psychological, economical, and

sexual implication on the pregnancy period to the baby – mother interaction on the post partum period.

Confounding variabel on the marital ages, pareties, and pregnancy program both are not influencing the

baby – mother interaction. The useful suggestion to the nurses is that they are should be deep concerned to

the mother’s violence experience whom are victimize on the perinatal period. Besides, the nurses must be

supported the baby – mother interaction as early as possible.

1 INTRODUCTION

According to the Women National Commission

(Komnas Perempuan) Data in 2005 the violence

cases to the women is raising. In 2001 – 2005 there

are any raising cases as follows; in 2001 there are

any 3.165 cases, in 2002 there are any 5.163 cases,

in 2003 there are any 7.787 cases, in 2004 there are

any 13.968 cases and in 2005 recorded 20.391 cases

(Pambudy & Hartiningsih, 2006).

The violence victims are not only bearing to the

women but it is suffered by pregnant women as well.

According to Barirrier (1998 on Lowdermilk 2000)

its around 30% - 40% women are death and

murdered either by their own partner or by their ex-

couple. And around 25% - 45% of those victims

many of them are in pregnant. Based on the research

which is held in central Java there are found just a

little violence cases that bears pregnant women. It

recorded that physical violence during pregnancy

found only 1%, sexual violence during pregnancy

found 7%, and psychological violence during

pregnancy recorded 10% (Hakimi, et al., 2001).

The reason of the violence in pregnancy period

are caused such as many factors they are: (1)

biophysichosocial stress during pregnancy incapable

relation and cooping ability, and frustration are at

the end drives violence action, (2) the husband

jealousy with the infant and making his couple

becoming target of its angry, (3) either anger to the

infant or to the its wife, (4) the violence is caused

because of the husband confused and eager to abort

of its wife pregnancy (Lodermilk, et al., 2000).

The victim violence women in pregnancy period

usually they wounded to herself and its infant by

smoking and alcoholic consuming as the one way to

cooping to reduce psychological stressing. (Curry,

1998). If the emotion distress exercised continually it

can be caused suicide risk and refusing pregnancy

and may imply the violence to the child ( Hakimi, et

al., 2001).

Handayani, T.

The Implication of the Physical Violence, Psychological, Economical, and Sexual Violence on the Pregnancy Period to the Baby: Mother Interaction on the Post Partum Period at Public

Hospital District (RSUD) KOJA and Public Hospital Center (RSUP) Fatmawati Jakarta.

DOI: 10.5220/0009121800660072

In Proceedings of the 2nd Health Science International Conference (HSIC 2019), pages 66-72

ISBN: 978-989-758-462-6

The violence to the child may begin in early

baby period where the baby birth, his mother

experienced physical and emotional changing. Those

effects may pursue the victim violence pregnant

mother in interaction with her baby. Besides, the

mother might become the subject of the violence to

her baby if she can not reconcile her relationship

with her husband (Lowdermilk, et al., 2000).

The implication of the maladaptive action of the

post partum mother would like to influence the baby

– mother interaction. The other important bad

influence to the baby is a less of the fulfillment burst

milk because his mother refused to give breast

feeding, refused to care her baby, through away, and

killed her own baby. The action mother in

uncaring baby is close relation with the restless and

anxiety her psychological conditions besides she

refused to close with her baby (Shaw & Bell, 1993

dalam Wong, Perry & Hess, 1998). The ignoring

and violence towards the baby would like to disturb

his development besides it becoming sensitive to the

disease or raising emotional problem ( Klaus &

Kennell, 1982 ).

This research is intend to analyse the phisycal

influence violence, psychological, economical, and

sexual during pregnancy period and its influencial to

the baby – mother interaction in early post partum

period.

2 METHODS

The research design is non-experiment: comparative,

applying case control method with identify baby –

mother interaction during post-partum period. So,

retrospectively identify the violence action during

pregnancy. The population of the research is the

mothers whom are experiencing early post-partum

(24 – 46 post-partum hours) by spontaneous delivery

without any complications and their baby in health

condition. All of them are caring at RSUD Koja and

RSUP Fatmawati Jakarta. The population of the

research is divided into two groups, they are: (1)

cases group who are stand for all of the early post-

partum mother whom are experienced interaction

barrier with their baby or their interaction is

inadequate, (2) control group is stand for the early

post-partum mother whom are not experiencing

barrier interaction or their interaction is adequate.

Both of cases were found on the research which is

held on May – June 2006 by sample total for each

group is 50 women.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The research result is presenting with univariat and

bivariat analyses. The respondent characteristics are

describe based on the hospital where they were

cared, education, profession, marital old, parity, and

pregnancy planning. All of them are presenting on

the table 1.

Table 1: Frequency of demographic dominance

respondents.

Characteristic Case group

n (%)

Control group

n (%)

Hospital:

RSUP Fatmawati

RSUD Koja

21 (43,8)

29 (55,8)

27 (56,3)

23 (44,2)

Education:

Uneducated

Elementary school

Junior high school

Senior high school

Bachelor degree

2 (4,0)

14 (28,0)

10 (20,0)

19 (38,0)

5 (10,0)

1 (2,0)

14 (280)

13 (26,0)

17 (34,0)

5 (10,0)

Professions:

Housewife

Civil servant

Entrepreneur

Labor

Students

Peasants

House servant

34 (68,0)

7 (14,0)

1 (2,0)

4 (8,0)

1 (2,0)

28 (58)

Old Marital:

New Marital:

21 (42,0)

29 (58,0)

25 (50)

Parity:

Multipara

Primipara

35 (70,0)

15 (30,0)

30 (60,0)

20 (40,0)

Unwanted pregnancy

Wanted pregnancy

30 (60,0)

20 (40,0)

32 (64,0)

18 (36,0)

Table 1 shows that the most total respondents

were found in RSUD Koja by total cases up to

(55,8%) on this group there were often experiencing

baby – mother problem relation during early post-

partum period. The respondent characteristic based

on education most of them are from senior high

school (SMA). And the total on the cases group 19

or (38%) and on the total control group are 17 or

(34%). The most of the respondent profession are

house wife and on the control group 41 or (82%),

and the total respondent based on old marital and

new marital both of the total are almost the same by

total number (46%) for old marital and (54%) for

new marital.

The Implication of the Physical Violence, Psychological, Economical, and Sexual Violence on the Pregnancy Period to the Baby: Mother

Interaction on the Post Partum Period at Public Hospital District (RSUD) KOJA and Public Hospital Center (RSUP) Fatmawati Jakarta

Table 2: Result analyses based on the ages on the control

group and their cases (n = 100, cases = 50, control = 50).

Age Mean Median Min Max 95%

Case

group

30,48

31,00 18

42 28,66-

32,30

Control

group

29,28

29,00 18

43 27,63-

30,93

Based on the result analyses above show that the

most of the ages post-partum mother on the cases

group are 30,48, by the youngest ages 18 years old

with the oldest ages 43 years old.

The violence description of which experienced

by post-partum mother presented such as that the

violence in pregnancy can be divided into four

kinds, they are: physical violence, economical,

emotional psychology, and sexual violence. Those

of the violence which experienced by post-partum

mother can be observe at the table 3.

Table 3: Respondent distribution based on the kind of

violence which experienced during pregnancy (n = 100,

cases = 50, control = 50).

Types of violence Case group

n (%)

Control group

n (%)

Physical Violence:

Ever

Never

5 (10)

45 (90)

3 (6)

47 (94)

Economical Violence:

Ever

14 (28)

10 (20)

Never 36 (72) 40 (80)

Psychological

Violence:

Ever

Never

22 (44)

28 (56)

16 (32)

34 (68)

Sexual Violence:

Ever

Never

13 (26)

37 (74)

8 (16)

42 (84)

Physical Violence,

Psychological,

Economical, and

Sexual:

Ever

Never

4 (8)

46 (92)

1 (2)

49 (98)

Total Violence:

Ever

Never

26 (52)

24 (48)

20 (40)

30 (60)

On the Table 3 shows that the kind of violence of

which common experienced by post-partum mother during

pregnancy either on the control group or on the cases

group they are experienced emotional violence. On the

other hand, especially on the mother who are experienced

emotional violence the total number is 22 women or

(44%) and the total number of the control group is 16

women or (32%). And based on the observation on the

baby – mother interaction in the early post-partum period

for the first, the second, and the third days with applied

observation sheets were known that 50 mothers their

interaction with their babies are inadequate and the 50

mothers their interaction with their baby is adequate.

The violence influence during pregnancy towards

Baby – Mother interaction presented on the table 4.

Table 4: The violence influence during pregnancy towards baby – mother interaction on early post-partum period.

Variable

Mother – Baby Interaction

Post Partum

Total X

OR (95% CI)

Adequate Inadequate

Kekerasan Fisik

Never

(94%)

(90%)

(92%)

- 0,715 1,741(0,393-7,713)

Ever

(6%)

(10%)

(8%)

Total 50(100%) 50(100%)

100

(100%)

Psychological Violence

Never

(68%)

(56%)

(62%)

1,061 0,303

1,670(0,739-3,774)

Ever

(32%)

(44%)

(38%)

Total 50(100%) 50(100%)

100

(100%)

Economical Violence

Never

(80%)

(72%)

76%

0,493 0,482

1,556(0,615-3,935)

Ever

(20%)

(28%)

(24%)

Total 50(100%) 50(100%) 100

HSIC 2019 - The Health Science International Conference

(100%)

Sexual Violence

Never

(84%)

(74%)

(79%)

0,964 0,326

1,845(0,689-4,941)

Ever

(16%)

(26%)

(21%)

Total 50(100%) 50(100%)

100

(100%)

Physical Violence,

Psychological,

Economical and Sexual

Never

(98%)

(92%)

(95%)

0,362

4,261

(0,459-39,544)

Ever

(2%)

(8%)

(5%)

Total 50(100%) 50(100%)

100

(100%)

Violence

Total/Compounding

Never

(60%)

(48%)

(54%)

1,006 0,316 1,625(0,736-3,500)

Ever

(40%)

(52%)

(46%)

Total 50(100%) 50(100%)

100

(100%)

Table 5: The respondent distribution on the control group (adequate interaction) and the case of (inadequate interaction)

based on the old marital, parity, and the pregnancy planning.

Confounding

variable

Mother – Baby Interaction at

Post-Partum

Total X

OR (95% CI)

Adequate Inadequate

Old marital

Old

50%

42%

46%

0,362 0,547 1,381(0,627-3,040)

New

50%

58%

54%

Total 50(100%) 50(100%)

100

(100%)

Parity

Multipara

60%

70%

65%

0,703 0,402

0,643(0,281-1,472)

Primipara

40%

30%

35%

Total 50(100%) 50(100%)

100

(100%)

Pregnancy

planning

Unwanted

32%

40%

38%

0,042 0,837

0,844(0,376-1,894)

Wanted

64%

60%

62%

Total 50(100%) 50(100%)

100

(100%)

The Implication of the Physical Violence, Psychological, Economical, and Sexual Violence on the Pregnancy Period to the Baby: Mother

Interaction on the Post Partum Period at Public Hospital District (RSUD) KOJA and Public Hospital Center (RSUP) Fatmawati Jakarta

Based on the analyses on the table 4 that there are

not founded that the violence could influenced baby

– mother interaction on the post partum period

where the score p >0,05. The result is also suitable

with the violence subvariable and all of them were

not influencing the baby – mother interaction during

post partum period it shows the score p >0,05.

And the influencing of the confounding variable

such as (old marital, parity, and pregnancy Planning)

to the baby – mother interaction on the early post

partum presented at table 5.

The analyses on the table 5 show that all of the

confounding variable (old marital, parity, and the

pregnancy planning) are not influencing to the baby

– mother interaction during post partum period

where the score p >0,05.

The result of this research known that physical

violence during pregnancy is more larger than what

have found on the Hakimi’s research in Central Java

(2001) where he found 3,8% violence cases. From

of those presentation know that the physical violence

during pregnancy from its prosentation is very

varyative and always depend on the district position,

culture, religion, and values orientation.

Simultaneously, those of research finding refused

that pregnant women is not free from the violence

intimidation. Proportion that the violence

physically the pregnant mother is often experienced

by the mother whom are having interaction problem

or its interaction is inadequate. Eventhough the

statistics result show that there are no influence

among physical violence with the baby – mother

interaction (p=0,715).

The pregnant women is often experiencing

emotional/psychological violence it shows the score

for (38%), the result is almost equal with the

research of which done in Central Java where the

total presentation of the psychological violence to

the pregnant women is (38,4%). The result is

suitable with the opinion of many scholars where the

psychological violence is the common experience

for the pregnancy women ( Buzawa & Carl 1990;

Ammerman, 1992). According to many scholars

assumsution that the highest total number is caused

by psychological of the pregnancy women who is

more sensitive, more emotional, and tend to ask

many attentions. The pregnancy women commonly

need of the good conditions but for the husband the

situations is very pressing because of the husband is

still unready to prepare the burden because of the

attended baby. The incapable of the husband

adaptation commonly is expressed by uttered the

hard words. By the way, the special of the

“specific character” (sensitive caharacter) is giving

positive influence to do her responsibility to pregnat,

to birth, giving bearst feeding, and caring child.

(Syuqqoh, 1999).

According to the other data which based on the

economical violence the total score is 24%, this is

the second binggest score for the violence action

under psychological violence action. Economical

violence is the basic to raise domestic violence such

as physical, mental, and sexual violence (Mardiana

& Hartiningsih, 2000). Those of situation imply to

the less of nutrition and may influnce of the health

condition either to the baby or mother. The

implication of the economical violence were forced

the mother working eventhough they have just birth

and it is also influencing to the bearst feeding or

affecting to the interaction process. Statictically this

research is approve that (p=0,482) the economical

violence is happend. Sometimes, the most of

scholars have some assumsions that the sample total

which is limited is difficult to work. So, it is difficult

to work statistically. To gather the data is limited by

time therefore it is possible to presented the trully

data. It is similar to Adiningsih’s opinion (2003),

that the violence score in domestic area especially in

Indonesia is more higher than what have written.

Her reason is that of the problem is the shame for

family that must be protected and it is very impolite

if it were told to the other men.

For the other analyses show that 21% the

pregnant mother experiencing sexual violence. the

data on this research is the same with what have

found by Hakimi et al.(2001). On the face-to-face

interviews, the one among 5 women (20%) are

victims of the sexual violence. The pression feeling

in the intercourse on the pregnancy period is

possible caused by reduced of the passionate women

sexual and their afraid because their limited

knowledge about the intercourse risk and threatening

her pregnancy. The lack of the right sexual

education and the minimizing of the responsibilities

were caused miss perception in fulfilling sexual need

in pregnancy period (Pangkahila, 1997).

Statistically, (p=0,326), the intercourse influnce

towards baby – mother interaction is not approved

eventhough the mother who are their interaction is

inadequate they are more often experiencing of the

sexual violence (26%) if it were compared with the

mother of whom their interaction are adequate

(16%).

This research is also states that physical violence,

emotion, economical, and sexual violence are most

experienced by the mother whom are their

interaction is inadequate (8%) where for the mother

whom are their interaction is adequate they are less

HSIC 2019 - The Health Science International Conference

violence experience the score is recorded 2%. Hal

tersebut menunjukkan bahwa riwayat kekerasan

tersebut walaupun prosentasenya kecil tapi memang

sering terjadi pada ibu dengan interaksi yang tidak

adekuat. The analyses result among two variable

relationship showing that there are no influence to

the physical violence, emotional, economical, and

sexual violence with the baby – mother interaction

(p fisher exact = 0,362). The result according to the

researcher is caused by the less of the sample from

the mother historical physical violence background,

emotional, economical, and sexual violence and

even those of the historical background procentage

are not significance for the victim violence mother

yet in interaction but it adequate is larger than

inadequate interaction among baby – mother

interaction in early post partum period. The other

reason is caused by the limited information from the

respondent because of her frighten in opening her

real condition especially where the researcher

gatherd the data. The frigthen of which the women

shadow is of her unreadiness in facing the stressing

from the other side. The other side of the reason is

caused of the dependent of the wife to her husband

besides it supports of the social and cultural system

stigma in Indonesia to the widow judgment that it

status is inhonoured. The argument is supported by

Purnianti and Kalibonso (2003) which stated that the

most of women are dislike in giving information

related to the violence that they were experienced

because of the reason that she would like to covered

her husband. She is also wish that for the next time

the husband caharacters would be changes. Besides,

the wife have many dependents to her husband on

the financial, social, emotional, and physical. The

other aspect of the reason is law concequence that

were caused the victim violence mother did not want

to confess the violence that were happened to

themselves (Thompson & Atkins, 2003).

The result of the research show that the total of

the violence that could be happend to the women is

around on the one of the items they are; physical,

emotion, economic, and sexual. The one of the items

could be experienced by the women who were their

interaction is inadequate it shows on the number

(52%), and for the adequate interaction the violence

experience is less than inadequate interaction it

showed by total number 40%.

Two variables analyses of the research show that

there are no implication directly with the baby

mother interaction (p = 0,316). According to the

researcher assumsion is that eventhough there are no

direct implication on the baby – mother interaction

but the other analyses result is indicated too that the

historical background of the interaction is

inadequate. The result is also indicated that the

importance of play of the hard provider (especially

in hospital) in order to give councelling and health

education about cooping and stress adaptation

during the pregnancy period it is also can avoid of

the violence in domestic area in solving every

problems that are raised.

4 CONCLUSIONS

There are no physical violence implication to the

baby – mother interaction on the early post partum

period. This statement is suitable with the violence

subvariable that there is no one factor which were

influnced baby – mother interaction on the early post

partum period. On the other hand, all of the

compounding factors such as (old marital, parity,

and pregnancy planning) are also indicated that there

are no any implications at all that are implicated

directly to the baby – mother interaction in early

post partum period.

Based on the research above which has been

concluded therefore it is suggested that (1) to the

nurses who are in maternity room it is better for

them to join on the specific training in caring,

analysing, approaching, and handling the victim

mother’s; (2) It is urgent for hospital to give specific

integreted service to handle the pregnancy women

victim violence; (3)It is possible to the other

researcher to make a reseacrh by applied kohort

design and compiled with qualitative research

method; (4) to the mother who are experiencing the

violence action it must be looking for aid and

protection; (5) to the people is sugessted in order to

carefull and giving aid and protection if they were

found the mother who are becoming victim

especially when they are in pregnant condition.

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HSIC 2019 - The Health Science International Conference